考研考博-英语-南华大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南华大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ican'twaittohearaboutyourEnglishclass

问题1选项

A.ameagerto

B.amlateto

C.amindifferent

D.amhappyto

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语词义辨析。题目中can'twaittodosth表示“迫不及待去做某事”；A选项为“渴望去做某事”；B选项为“迟到”;C选项为“对……漠不关心”；D选项为“开心做某事”。由题意可知，我已经迫不及待要听你的英语课了。因此，正确答案是A项。

2.单选题

Indeed,withcomputersasbasicasaMacintosh,producerscanwritescripts,budgetproductionsand（

）schedulesandlocationsallonthesamemachine.

问题1选项

A.keepupwith

B.keeptrackof

C.keepabreastwith

D.keepawayfrom

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。Keepupwith赶得上；和······保持联系；keeptrackof记录；与······保持联系；keepabreastwith保持与······并列；不落后于；跟上；keepawayfrom远离；回避。句意：确实，随着计算机如同麦金塔电脑（苹果公司的一种个人电脑）一样简单，生产者可以在同一台计算机上编写脚本、安排生产、记录进度表和生产地点。由writescripts,budgetproductions与schedulesandlocations可知B符合。

3.单选题

Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.PriortoEinsteinianphysics,therewasnotrulyadequateformulationoftherelationshipoftimetootherforcesintheuniverse,eventhoughsomeempiricalequationsincludedtimequantities.However,eventheEinsteinianformulationisnotperhapstotallyadequatetothejoboffittingtimeintotheproperrelationshipwiththeotherdimensions,astheyarecalled,ofspace.Theprimaryproblemarisesinrelationtothingswhichmightbegoingfasterthanthespeedoflight,orhaveotherstrangeproperties.

ExaminationoftheLorentz-Fitzgeraldformulasyieldstheinterestingspeculationthatifsomethingdidactuallyexceedthespeedoflightitwouldhaveitsmassexpressedasanimaginarynumberandwouldseemtobegoingbackwardsintime.Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightisanapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjump-whichseemshighlyunlikelyformassesthatarelargeinnormalcircumstances-thentheothersidemaybeachievable.

Theideaofgoingbackwardsintimeisderivedfromtheexistenceofatimevectorthatisnegative,althoughjustwhatthismightmeantooursensesintheunlikelycircumstanceofourexperiencingthisstatecannotbeconjectured.Therehavebeen,infact,someobservationsofparticlechamberswhichhaveleadsomescientiststospeculatethataparticlecalledthetachyonmayexistwiththetans-lightpropertieswehavejustdiscussed.

Thedifficultiesofimaginingandcopingwiththesepotentialimplicationsofourmathematicalmodelspointsouttheimportanceofstudyingalternativemethodsofnotationforadvancedphysics.ProfessorZuckerkandl,inhisbookSoundandSymbol,hypothesizesthatitmightbebettertoexpresstherelationshipsfoundinquantummechanicsthroughtheuseofanotationderivedfrommusicalnotations.Tooversimplifygreatly,hearguesthatmusichasalwaysgivenparametersordimensions.Therefore,itmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplay,andcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.

Thepointofthis,oranyotheralternativetothecurrentmethodsofdescribingbasicphysicalprocesses,isthattimedoesnotappear-eitherbycommonexperienceorsophisticatedscientificunderstanding-tobethesamesortofdimensionorparameterasphysicaldimensions,andisdeservingofcompletelyspecialtreatment,inasystemofnotationdesignedtoaccomplishthatgoal.

Oneapproachwouldbetoconsidertimetobeafieldeffectgovernedbytheapplicationofenergytomass-thatistosay,bytheinteractionofdifferentformsofenergy,ifyouwishtokeepinmindtheequivalenceofmassandenergy.Themovementofanynormalsortofmassisboundtoproduceafieldeffectthatwecallpositivetime.Animaginarymasswouldproduceanegativetimefieldeffect.ThisisnotatvariancewithEinstein’stheories,sincethe“faster”agivenmassmovesthemoreenergywasappliedtoitandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandconfirmedbyexperienceare,itseem,consonantwiththisconcept.

1.Thepassagesupportstheinferencethat（）.

2.Thecentralideaofthepassagecanbebestdescribedasbeingwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,itistoosoonto（）.

4.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorseesZuckerkandlasbelievingthatmathematicsisa(n)（）.

5.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorrefersto“philosopher”aswellasto“scientist”because（）.

问题1选项

A.Einstein’stheoryofrelativelyiswrong

B.timetravelisclearlypossible

C.tachyonsdonothavethesamesortofmassasanyotherparticles

D.itisimpossibletotravelatpreciselythespeedoflight

问题2选项

A.Newobservationsrequirethedevelopmentofnewtheoriesandnewmethodsofdescribingthenewtheories.

B.Einsteinianphysicscanbemuchimprovedoninitstreatmentoftachyons.

C.Zuckerkandl’stheoriesoftachyonformationarepreferabletoEinstein’s.

D.Anomaliesintheoreticalphysicsnotationpermitintriguinghypothesesandindicatetheneedforrefinednotationofthetimedimension.

问题3选项

A.callBeethovenaphysicist.

B.planfortimetravel.

C.adoptproposalssuchasZuckerkandl’s

D.attempttoimprovecurrentnotation.

问题4选项

A.difficultfieldofstudy.

B.language.

C.necessaryevil.

D.greathindrancetofullunderstanding.

问题5选项

A.thisispartofalargerwork.

B.thenatureoftimeisabasicquestioninphilosophyaswellasphysics.

C.physicistsgetDoctorofPhilosophydegrees.

D.thestudyofthemethodsofanyfieldisaphilosophicalquestion.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightisanapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjump-whichseemshighlyunlikely…”，可知超过光速的障碍显然是需要有一个无限大的质量以光速运动。如果这种情况可以通过一个巨大的量子跃迁来跨越——这似乎极不可能的。可判断出以光速运动是不可能的。选项D符合题意。

2.主旨题。文章第一段提到总是难以让时间符合科学家和哲学家的宇宙观，即使爱因斯坦的公式也不能完全解释其中的关系。如果存在超过光速的物质，它可能会落后于时间。下文继续提到了新的理论提出如何解决其中的问题，并且与爱因斯坦的理论并不矛盾。可判断出本文的中心思想是新的观察需要发展新的理论和描述新理论的新方法。选项A符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Theideaofgoingbackwardsintimeisderivedfromtheexistenceofatimevectorthatisnegative,althoughjustwhatthismightmeantooursensesintheunlikelycircumstanceofourexperiencingthisstatecannotbeconjectured.”，可知时间倒流的概念来自于一个负的时间矢量的存在，尽管我们无法推测这对我们的感官意味着什么，当我们经历这种状态的不太可能的情况的时候，可知人们现阶段难以实现时间旅行。可推断出计划时间旅行还为时过早。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Therefore,itmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplay,andcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.”，可知他认为数学可能是一种更有用的语言，用来表达物理中的关系，在物理中，时间再次扮演着特殊的角色，而不能仅仅被视为另一个维度。可推断出Zuckerkandl认为数学是一种语言。选项B符合题意。

5.推断题。根据文章第一句，“Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.”，可知对哲学家或科学家来说，要把时间融入宇宙观中一直是困难的。可推断出时间的本质是哲学和物理学中的一个基本问题。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Jackneedsstraighteningout;hehasbeen_____thewholefemalepopulationofhisclass.

问题1选项

A.standingupto

B.owningupto

C.messingaroundwith

D.makingupfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。standupto“经得起，抵抗”；ownupto“承认错误”；messaroundwith“胡闹，玩弄”；makeupfor“补偿，弥补”。句意：杰克需要改正错误，因为他一直和班上女生打闹。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Thefirstanimalsonthislivingsphere,theEarth,wereprimitive（）animals,andthenaround500millionyearsagotheseseaanimalsdevelopedshells.

问题1选项

A.versatile

B.marine

C.predatory

D.feasible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。versatile“多才多艺的”；marine“海生的，海产的”；predatory“掠夺的，掠夺成性的”；feasible“可行的”。句意：地球上第一类动物是海洋类生物，5亿年前这些海洋生物逐渐长出了外壳。由后半句的“shells”可推知第一批动物是海生动物，没有外壳；而且只有B项能修饰动物。

6.单选题

Beforemovingtoanothercity,Amy（

）ofthehouseandthefurniture.

问题1选项

A.disposed

B.discarded

C.discharged

D.distributed

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。disposeof意为“处理，解决”；discardof意为“丢弃”；dischargeof意为“执行（职责）”；distribute意为“分发，分配”。

句意：在搬到另一个城市之前，艾米处理掉了房子和家具。

7.单选题

WhileParkerisveryoutspokenonissuesshecaresabout,sheisnot（

）

;sheconcedesthestrengthofopposingargumentswhensheexposesweaknessesinherentinherown.

问题1选项

A.validity

B.arrogant

C.congenial

D.fanatical

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词和形容词词义辨析。validity“有效性；正确；正确性”；arrogant“自大的；目中无人的”;congenial“意气相投的；一致的”；fanatical“狂热的”。句意：尽管Parker在自己所关心的问题上非常直言不讳，但是她却____；当自身的内在短处被暴露时她会承认对立观点的优点。由Sheconcedesthestrengthofopposingargumentswhensheexposesweaknessesinherentinherown.当自身的内在短处被暴露时她会承认对立观点的优点。可推断Parker不是一个傲慢无礼的人。故B项符合题意。

8.填空题

I'm（1）abirthdaypartyonFridayandIhopeyou（2）joinus.

【答案】1.having;

2.will

【解析】固定搭配。第一空需要填一个现在分词，用进行时态表示将来，故having合适。haveabirthdayparty举办生日派对。

9.单选题

Theboardofthecompanyhasdecidedto（）itsoperationtoincludeallaspectsoftheclothingbusiness.

问题1选项

A.extend

B.enlarge

C.expand

D.amplify

【答案】C

【解析】句意:公司董事会决定扩大经营范围，将服装业务的各个方面都包括在内。

考查动词辨析。extend延伸；扩大（尤指时间或空间的延长）；enlarge扩大（主要指面积或体积等的扩大）；expand扩张；发展（指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加）;amplify扩大；增强（常指声音的扩大或电磁波的增强，也指补充了细节、详述或扩大内容等。）。根据后面的句意“将服装业务的各个方面都包括在内”可知C项正确。

10.单选题

I_______myexcitementabouttheupcomingholiday.

问题1选项

A.crush

B.subdue

C.conquer

D.tranquilize

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。crush“压碎，镇压”；subdue“压制，征服”；conquer“征服”；tranquilize“使镇静，使安静”。句意：我压制住我对即将到来的假期的兴奋。选项B符合题意。

11.翻译题

1.科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解释的表达方式。（3）

2.按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）

3.就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）

4.正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）

【答案】1.Themethodofscientificresearchisnothingmorethananecessaryexpressionoftheactivityofthehumanmind,thatis,anexpressionthatcontemplatesandgivesapreciseandseriousexplanationofallphenomena.

2.FromSveiby’spointofview,sinceknowledgeisakeyintangibleasset,theabilitytotransferknowledgefromoneemployeetoanother,orfromexternalresourcestoemployees,isanimportantcapabilityofanenterprise.

3.Likeadriverstuckinanaccidentandfumingontheeveningrushhourroad,peoplewhosurftheInternetcangetfidgetyifthepageopensslowlyortheycan’tgettoitquicklyenough.

4.Itisthisinformationsystemthatinfluencesthescopeandqualityofpeople’shealthcare,itmakessocialservicesmorejust,itincreasesthecomfortofindividualsandtakesmoremeasuresforsafetyandfreemovement.

12.翻译题

PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Inindustrializedcountries,machinesaccomplishtheverytiringphysicalworkthatunskilledlaborersusedtodoinbothmanufacturingandagriculture.

Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarblebutstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.

Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.

Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesuffering,thatthereisnochanceofacure,andthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.

Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingers,givingrobotsasenseoftouch.

Electricpowerwastooimportanttohumanbeings.Shuttingitoffforevenashorttimewouldhavelettocompleteconfusion.

Successfulparentingbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheybelong,andarelovedfornootherreasonthanjustbecausetheyexist.

Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardthemselvesandothers.

Evidenceofthemoderationofthemajorpartiesisthatmuchbusinessisconductedacrosspartylines.

Ithasbeenfoundthatday-dreamingimprovesaperson’sabilitytobebetteradaptedtopractical,immediateconcerns,tosolveeverydayproblems,andtocomeupmorereadilywithnewideas.

【答案】在工业化国家，机器完成相当繁重的体力活，即非技术工人曾经在制造业和农业所做的工作。

设想一下地球缩小到玻璃弹子的大小，但仍然有同样的质量和重力，你就能对黑洞的力量有所了解了。

重要的是，在对与我们不同的人以及他们所过的生活有足够的了解之前，我们应当避免先入为主。

准则规定，当病人承受着极大的痛苦，没有治愈的可能，并且再三要求的情况下才能服用安乐死。

力争在其他方而有所突破的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。

电力对人类非常重要。短时间的电源切断都可能导致整体混乱。

成功的育儿之道源于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们被宠爱,不因为别的，只因为他们自身的存在。

由于没有健康的自尊心，他们在处理问题时，不是提出问题，而是用行动把问题表现出来，或是退缩以及采取对自己和他人保持冷漠的态度。

主要政党采取温和的政策,证据是许多事务都是超越党派界限进行的。

研究发现，做白日梦能提高一个人的能力，使其能更好地适应实践性和紧急性的事务，来解决日常问题，并且能更快想出新的办法。

13.单选题

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

问题1选项

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项trot“小跑”；B选项saunter“漫步；闲逛”；C选项stroll“漫步；闲逛；巡回演出”；D选项jog“慢跑；轻推，轻撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一种缓慢到中等步伐的跑步。结合此处语境，D选项正确。

14.单选题

TheyhaveleftNewYork（

）good;they’llnevergobackandlivethereagain.

问题1选项

A.by

B.at

C.for

D.in

【答案】C

【解析】句意:他们永远离开了纽约，再也不回去住了。

固定搭配。Forgood永远。

15.单选题

Shecontrivedtogetaglimpseofthelightoftruthhereandthere,andhopedthat（）raymightsufficetoguideher.

问题1选项

A.scant

B.scarce

C.meager

D.sparse

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scant“不足的，缺乏的”，强调的是勉强足够的；B选项scarce“缺乏的，稀有的”，强调的是“稀缺、珍贵”；C选项meager“贫乏的”，多指收入微薄；D选项sparse“稀疏的，稀少的”，强调人烟稀少，资源匮乏。句意：她设法在各处瞥见一点真理的光芒，希望那微弱的光芒足以引导她。这里强调的是勉强足够的，所以选项A更符合语境。

16.单选题

______advanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.

问题1选项

A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo

B.Asthetidesnotonlydo

C.Notonlydothetides

D.Dothetidesnotonly

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：不仅潮汐以它们永恒的节奏前进和后退，而且海面本身也从来没有静止过。根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒装，notonly放在句首的倒装结构为notonly+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以C选项Notonlydothetides符合题意。因此C选项正确。

17.单选题

Thepolicehaddifficultyin_____thefansfromrushingontothestagetotakephotoswiththesinger.

问题1选项

A.limiting

B.restraining

C.confining

D.restricting

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。limit限制，限定；restrain抑制，控制，制止；confine限制，禁闭；restrict限制，约束，限定。Restrict一般指限制某物的大小、数量等；limit一般指空间、时间或数量的极限；confine侧重于不可逾越的限制，比如束缚、囚禁。restrain指阻止,抑制,通常与from搭配,指阻止某人做某事。句意：警察很难阻止歌迷们冲上台与歌手合影。所以选项B更符合本句语境。

18.单选题

21-25

问题1选项

A.About10,000,000.

B.About1,000,000.

C.About100,000.

D.About10,000.

问题2选项

A.Acocktailofvitamins.

B.Acocktailofvitaminsplusmagnesium.

C.ThecombinationofvitaminsA,CandE.

D.E.D.

E.D.Thecombinationofminerals23.

问题3选项

A.Thedelicatestructuresoftheinnerear.

B.Theinnerearcells.

C.Theeardrums.

D.Theinnerearossicles.24.

问题4选项

A.GeneralMotors(通用汽车公司).

B.TheUnitedAutoWorkers(汽车工会).

C.NIH.

D.Allofabove25.

问题5选项

A.AnindustrialtrialinSpain.

B.Militarytrials(军事审判)inSpainandSweden.

C.IndustrialtrialsinSpainandSweden.

D.AtrialinvolvingstudentsattheUniversityofFlorida.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】(21)About10millionpeopleintheU.S.alone,fromtroopsreturningfromwartostudentswithmusicblastingthroughheadphonesaresufferingfromimpairingnoise-inducedhearingloss.TheriseintrendissomethingthatresearchersandphysiciansattheUniversityofMichiganCresgoHearingResearchInstitutearehopingtoreverse,withthecocktailofvitaminsandthemineralmagnesium(镁)thatshallpromiseasapossiblewaytopreventhearinglosscausedbyloudnoise.Thenutrientsweresuccessfulinlaboratorytests.Andnowresearchersaretestingwhetherhumanswillbenefitaswell.(22)ThecombinationofvitaminsA,CandEplusmagnesiumisgivenonpillformtopatientswhoareparticipatingintheresearch.DevelopedattheUMCresgoHearingResearchInstitute,themedication,calledOralQuell,isdesignedtobetakenbeforeapersonisexposedtotheloudnoise.Untiladecadeago,itwasthoughtthatnoisedamagedhearingbyintensemechanicalvibrationsthatdestroyeddelicatestructuresoftheinnerear.Therewasnointerventiontoprotecttheinnerearotherthanreducingtheintensityofsoundreachingit,suchasearplugswhicharenotalwayseffective.(23)Itwasthendiscoveredthatnoisecausedintensemetabolicactivityintheinnerearandproductionofmoleculesthatdamagetheinnerearcells.Andthatallowsthediscoveryofinterventiontopreventtheseeffects.(24)Thelaboratoryresearchthatledtoanewunderstandingofmechanismsunderlyingnoise-inducedhearinglosswasfundedbyNIH,thePreclinicalTranslationResearchthatledtotheformulationofOralQuellaseffectivepreventativewasfundedbyGeneralMotorsandtheUnitedAutoWorkers.NowOralQuellisbeingtestedinasetoffourmultinationalhumanclinicaltrials:(25)militarytrialsinSwedenandSpain,andindustrialtrialsinSpainandthetrialinvolvingstudentsattheUniversityofFloridawholistentomusicathighvolumesontheiriPodsandotherPDAs.

21.Accordingtothetalk,howmanyvictimsofhearingproblemarethereintheUnitedStatesalone?

【解析】原文一开头便提到：About10millionpeopleintheU.S.Alone…aresufferingfromimpairingnoise-inducedhearingloss，即听力受损的大约有1000万人。

22.WhichdidUMCresgoHearingResearchInstitutedeveloptopreventhearingloss?

【解析】原文中说该研究采用的是“combinationofvitaminsA,CandEplusmagnesium”，选项B“维生素和镁的混合药”正确。

23.Accordingtothelatestfindings,whatdoesloudnoisedamage?

【解析】文中提到“Itwasthendiscoveredthatnoisecausedintensemetabolicactivityintheinnerearandproductionofmoleculesthatdamagetheinnerearcells”，即噪音产生的原子能损害内耳的细胞。

24.Accordingtothetalk,whosupportedthelabresearch?

【解析】题目问这一研究由谁支持，文中提到了NIH国家卫生研究所。

25.WhichofthefollowingisnotincludedasthemultinationalhumanclinicaltrialsforOralQuell?

【解析】题目问哪一个不属于多国人类临床试验，只有C选项与原文不一致。

19.单选题

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.

Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivity,atthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaundermin/mum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthcenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,however,especiallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,failedtolinkunequivocallyterrestrialclimateandthesolar-activitycycle,oreventoconfirmthecycle’spastexistence

Ifconsistentandreliablegeological,orarchaeologicalandclimatologicalevidencetracingthesolar-activitycycleinthedistantpastcouldhefound,itmightalsoresolveanimportantissueinsolarphysics:howtomodelsolaractivity.Currently,therearetwomodelsofsolaractivity.ThefirstsupposesthattheSun'sinternalmotions(causedbyrotationandconvection)interactwithitslarge-scalemagneticfieldtoproduceadynamo,adeviceinwhichmechanicalenergyisconvertedintotheenergyofamagneticfield.InshorttheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.Thealternative,explanationsupposesthattheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldisaremnantofthefieldtheSunacquiredwhenitformed，andisnotsustainedagainstdecay.Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun'smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.ModemsolarobservationsspantooshortatimetorevealwhetherpresentcyclicalSolar-activityisalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,ormerelyatransientphenomenon.

1.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwomodelsofsolaractivityisaccurate?

3.Accordingtothepassage,lateseventeenthandearlyeighteenth-centuryChineserecordsareimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheargumentinfavorofthefirstmodelwouldbestrengthenedifwhichofthefollowingwerefoundtobetrue?

问题1选项

A.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesconcerningsolaractivityandevaluatinggeologicalevidenceoftencitedtosupportthem

B.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandassessingtheirimpactonfutureclimatologicalresearch

C.discussingthedifficultiesinvolvedinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowresolvingthatissuecouldhaveanimpactonourunderstandingofsolarphysics

D.outlinethespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarphysicshasnotyetbeensolvedandfaulttheoverlytheoreticalapproachofmodemphysicists

问题2选项

A.Inbothmodelscyclicalsolaractivityisregardedasalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,persistingwithlittlechangeoverbillionsofyears.

B.Inbothmodelsthesolar-activitycycleishypothesizedasbeingdependentonthelarge-scalesolarmagneticfield.

C.InonemodeltheSun’smagneticfieldisthoughttoplayaroleincausingsolaractivity,whereasintheothermodelitisnot.

D.Inonemodelsolaractivityispresumedtobeunrelatedtoterrestrialphenomena,whereasintheothermodelsolaractivityisthoughttohaveobservableeffectsontheEarth.

问题3选项

A.TheysuggestthatthedataonwhichtheMaunderminimumwaspredicatedwereincorrect.

B.TheysuggestthattheMaunderminimummightbevalidonlyforEurope.

C.TheyestablishtheexistenceofaspanofunusuallycoldweatherworldwideatthetimeoftheMaunderminimum.

D.TheyestablishthatsolaractivityatthetimeoftheMaunderminimumdidnotsignificantlyvaryfromitspresentpattern.

问题4选项

A.Episodesofintensevolcaniceruptionsinthedistantpastoccurredincycleshavingverylongperiodicities.

B.Atthepresenttimethegloballevelofthunder-stormactivityincreasesanddecreasesincycleswithperiodicitiesofapproximately11years.

C.Inthelastcenturythelengthofthesunspotcyclehasbeenknowntovarybyasmuchas2yearsfromitsaverageperiodicityof11years

D.Hundredsofmillionsofyearsago,solar-activitycyclesdisplayedthesameperiodicitiesasdopresent-daysolar-activitycycles.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讲解的是人们将太阳活动极小期与欧洲16世纪至19世纪初期不同寻常的低温联系起来，但是太阳活动极小的真实性还有待考察，如果同意可靠的地质、考古和气象证据能够与远古时代的太阳活动周期挂钩，也许可以帮助理解和确定太阳活动的两种模式。A选项“指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对其各自的地质依据进行评价”，B选项“简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并且就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”，C选项“讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”，D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化的方法进行指责”，C选项周期。

2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变。”可知在第一种模式中，太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的“Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.在这种模式中，与太阳磁场相关的太阳机制变化更快，因此，太阳活动周期的特点也会在很长一段时间后有所变化”可知在第二种模式中太阳活动的周期也是和太阳磁场相关的，但是太阳活动周期是会有所变化的。所以A选项和C选项错误，排除；B选项正确。D选项文章中没有提及，排除。

3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的“TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.太阳活动极小期的真实性还有待考证，特别是中国当时肉眼观察到的太阳活动的记录又与其相矛盾。”可知A选项‘他们认为，蒙德极小值所依据的数据是不正确的。’是中国17世纪末期至18世纪早期的记录的重要性的原因。

4.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变。”可知选项D“数亿年前太阳活动的周期性特征和如今太阳活动的周期性相同”是对第一种模式的支持。

20.翻译题

Ihavesuggestedthatself-actualizerscanbedefinedaspeoplewhoarenolongermotivatedbytheneedsforsafety,belongingness,love，status,andself-respectbecausetheseneedshavealreadybeensatisfied.Whythenshouldalove-gratifiedpersonfallinlove?（1）Certainlynotforthesamereasonsthatmotivatethelove-deprivedperson,whofallsinlovebecauseheneedsandcraveslove,becausehelacksit,andisimpelledtomakeupthisdeficiency.

Self-actualizershavenoseriousdeficienciestomakeupandmustnowbelookeduponasfreedforgrowth，maturation,development，inaword,forthefulfillmentandactualizationoftheirhighestindividualandspeciesnature.Whatsuchpeopledoemanatesfromgrowthandexpressesitwithoutstriving.（2）Theylovebecausetheyarelovingpersons，inthesamewaythattheyarekind,honest,natural,i.e.,becauseitistheirnaturetobesospontaneous,asastrongmanisstrongwithoutwillingtobe,asaroseemitsperfume,asacatisgraceful,orasachildischildish.Suchepiphenomenaareaslittlemotivatedasisphysicalgrowthorpsychologicalmaturation.

Thereislittleofthetrying,straining,orstrivinginthelovingoftheself-actualizerthatsodominatesthelovingoftheaverageperson.Inphilosophicallanguage,itisanaspectofbeingaswellasofbecomingandbanbecalledB-love,that,lovefortheBeingoftheother.

（3）Aparadoxseemstobecreatedatfirstsightbythefactthatself-actualizingpeoplemaintainadegreeofindividuality,ofdetachment,andautonomythatseemsatfirstglancetobeincompatiblewiththekindofidentificationandlovethatIhavebeendescribingabove.Butthisisonlyanapparentparadox.（4）Aswehaveseen,thetendenciestodetachmentandtoneedidentificationandtop