考研考博-英语-天津工业职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津工业职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thediscrepantinthecompanyaccountsisso（）thatnoauditorcouldhavefailedtonoticeit.

问题1选项

A.spontaneous

B.conspicuous

C.notorious

D.superfluous

【答案】B

【解析】考查同形词词义辨析。spontaneous“自发的；无意识的”；conspicuous“显而易见的”；notorious“臭名昭著的”；superfluous“多余的；奢侈的”，根据that后面的内容“任何一个审计员都能够发现”可知此处的discrepant“差异”非常明显，所以此处应该使用conspicuous。句意：这个公司账目上的不符非常……，任何一个审计员都能够发现。故正确答案为选项B。

2.单选题

ASurveyhasfoundthatthreequartersofmenquiteenjoytheirfoodshoppingexperienceandarehappyto______theirwayaroundtheaislessearchingoutproducts.

问题1选项

A.drive

B.steer

C.navigate

D.voyage

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析与搭配。drive“推动；驾驶；驱赶”；steer“控制；引导；驾驶”；navigate“操纵；导航；航行”；voyage“航行；渡过”。四个选项虽都与驾驶、航行有关，但其中只有navigate可与one’swayaround搭配。句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性非常享受他们的食品购物体验，他们很乐意推车购物车来回寻找商品。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

More____thannot,Dadisthelastonetospeak.

问题1选项

A.always

B.often

C.frequent

D.so

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.always总是B.often经常

C.frequent频繁的D.so这样

【考查点】固定搭配

【解题思路】根据前后有More____thannot推断，本题考查的是固定搭配moreoftenthannot“通常；往往”，因此，B选项often“经常”符合搭配要求。另外asoftenasnot也表示“通常；往往”。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原文搭配。

【句意】父亲通常是最后一个讲话的。

4.单选题

Women’smindsworkdifferentlyfrommen's.Atleast,thatiswhatmostmenareconvincedof.Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatterorfrustrationorajoke.Nowthebiologistshavemovedintothisminefield,andsomeofthemhavefoundthattherearerealdifferencesbetweenthebrainsofmenandwomen.Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse.

Thereis,however,adefinitestructuralvariationbetweenthemaleandfemalebrain.Thedifferenceisinapartofthebrainthatisusedinthemostcomplexintellectualprocesses-thelinkbetweenthetwohalvesofthebrain.

Thetwohalvesarelinkedbyatrunklineofbetween200and300millionnerves,thecorpuscallosum.Scientistshavefoundquiterecentlythatthecorpuscallosuminwomenisalwayslargerandprobablyricherinnervefibresthanitisinmen.Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmenanditmusthavesomesignificance.Thequestionis"What?'*,and,ifthisdifferenceexists,arethereothers?Researchshowsthatpresent-daywomenthinkdifferentlyandbehavedifferentlyfrommen.Aresomeofthesedifferencesbiologicalandinborn,aresultofevolution?Wetendtothinkthatistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences.Butcouldwebewrong?

Researchshowedthatthesetwohalvesofthebrainhaddifferentfunctions,andthatthecorpuscallosumenabledthemtoworktogether.Formostpeople,thelefthalfisusedforwordhanding,analyticalandlogicalactivities;therighthalfworksonpictures,patternsandforms.Weneedbothhalvesworkingtogether.Andthebettertheconnections,themoreharmoniouslythetwohalveswork.And,accordingtoresearchfindings,womenhavethebetter

connections.

Butitisn'tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis.Inschoolsthroughouttheworldgirlstendtobebetterthanboysat"languagesubjects"andboysbetteratmathsandphysics.Ifthesedifferencescorrespondwiththedifferencesinthehemispherictrunkline,thereisanunalterabledistinctionbetweenthesexes.

Weshan'tknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon’tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum.Butthisstrikingdifferencemusthavesomeeffectand,becausethedifferenceisinthepartsofthebraininvolvedinintellect,weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

2.Accordingtothepassageitiscommonlybelievedthatbraindifferencesarecausedbyfactors（

）.

3."Thesedifferences"inparagraph5refertothosein（

）.

4.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorproposesmoreworkon（

）.

5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Biologistsareconductingresearchwherepsychologistshavegivenup.

B.Braindifferencespointtosuperiorityofonesexovertheother.

C.Resultsofscientificresearchfailtosupportpopularbelief.

D.Thestructuraldifferenceinthebrainbetweenthesexeshaslongbeenknown.

问题2选项

A.biological

B.psychological

C.physical

D.social

问题3选项

A.skillsofmenandwomen

B.schoolsubjects□

C.thebrainstructureofmenandwomen

D.activitiescarriedoutbythebrain

问题4选项

A.thebrainstructureasawhole

B.thefunctioningofpartofthebrain

C.thedistinctionbetweenthesexes

D.theeffectsofthecorpuscallosum

问题5选项

A.Tooutlinetheresearchfindingsonthebrainstructure.

B.Toexplainthelinkbetweensexandbrainstructure.

C.Todiscussthevariousfactorsthatcausebraindifferences.

D.Tosuggestnewareasinbrainresearch.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。A:心理学家已经放弃，而生物学家正在展开研究工作。第一段指出:Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatteroffrustrationorajoke(心理学家把这个问题看成是挫折或笑话),原文表达的意思跟A项不一样。B:大脑区别显示出一个性别优于另外一个性别。第一段说:'Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse(他们指出尽管有区别，但并不能说明谁优谁劣),与B项不一致。D:两性大脑结构的区别早已为人所知。第三段:Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmen...(这是第一次发现男性和女性大脑的结构差异…),因此D项排除。所以本题选C。

2.细节题。第三段指出:Wetendtothinkthatistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences(我们倾向于认为正是社会的影响造成了这些差异),故选D。

3.细节题。第五段说:Butitisn’tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis(但在此基础上，要解释男女技能的实际差异并不是那么容易)。由此可见,“这些区别”指的是两性技能。

4.推断题。最后一段：Weshan'tknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon'tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum(我们暂时还不知道，部分原因是我们不知道学校受试者的能力和大脑两半的功能之间有什么精确的关系，我们也不知道两半是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的。)。后面:weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.间接地提出对于corpuscallos的影响应多作研究工作。

5.主旨大意题。A项(概述关于大脑结构的研究结果)比较能概括文章目的。

5.单选题

You’reresponsibleto（）isinchargeofsales.

问题1选项

A.who

B.whom

C.whoever

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查引导词。该空在从句中作主语，并引导主语从句。who表示人，常引导宾语从句，但不引导主语从句；而whoever表示“无论是谁”(anyonewho)，可引导主语从句。故C项正确。句意：你对任何负责销售的人负责。

6.单选题

Therewasonlyasmall（

）inthecity’spopulationoverthelasttenyears.

问题1选项

A.intimacy

B.immortality

C.incidence

D.increment

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在过去十年内这个城市的人口只有一个小幅度的增加。

名词辨析。Intimacy亲密，隐私;immortality永生,不朽;incidence发生率,影响;increment增加。故D项符合句意。

7.单选题

TheEuropeanunion,inparticular,Germany,aresearchingopportunitiestohelpUkraine（）itseconomy.

问题1选项

A.spray

B.sponsor

C.stiffen

D.stabilize

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项spray表示“喷射”；B选项sponsor表示“赞助，发起”；C选项stiffen表示“变硬，变猛烈”；D选项stabilize表示“稳固，安定”。由句意可知，欧盟，尤其是德国，正在寻找机会帮助乌克兰稳定经济。因此，stabilize的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为D选项。

8.单选题

Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,“ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy.”Theownersays,“It’sbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.

Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays“No!”toaserialsofchargeslike“You'redumb/'“You’relazy,”and“You'redishonest,”mayalsosay“NoP'andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis‘‘Andyou'regoodlooking.”

Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,“Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.

1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartnersif______.

2.“I’mlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph1means_____.

3.Thehouse-owner’sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans______.

4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif______.

5.Theword“ritualistically”inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone______.

问题1选项

A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas

B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings

C.theytrytounderstandeachother’sideasbeyondwords

D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords

问题2选项

A.I’mjustcallingyourattention

B.Pmjustkidding

C.Pmjustsayingtheopposite

D.I’mjustgivingoffsomesound

问题3选项

A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears

B.hedoesn’tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep

C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault

D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared

问题4选项

A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness

B.seenasone’shabitualpatternofbehavior

C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence

D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges

问题5选项

A.withouttrueintention

B.light-heartedly

C.inawayofceremony

D.withlessemphasis

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.（言语的确为我们提供了一些信息，但其意思是从如此多的其它来源中获取出来的，以至于过于依赖言语将阻碍我们与其他人交流的效果）可知D选项“他们能把自己的言语与意思联系起来”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”（有时我们的言语并没有什么意思，除了“我正在宣泄情绪。我实际上不想让你仔细听我说的话，而是注意我的感受”外）可知A选项“我只是提醒你注意”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章一段中的Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”（事实上，这个台阶已经有好几年不是这样的了，但暗含的信息是：“我不想修复它。我们能忍受它。你为什么不能忍受它了？）可知B选项“他认为没必要修台阶”符合题意。

4.细节推理题。题干意思是“有些反应和行为可能看起来非常不合逻辑，但如果……，是合理的”。根据第二段第五句Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.（一个朋友的异常温顺的行为，也许只能通过注意到它是以需要异常自信的情境为前提才能被理解）和第六句Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.（有些反应可能直接与反应的发展模式有关，而且不符合逻辑）可推断，如果要理解有些反应和行为，那么就需要注意到之前发生的事件的情况，所以C项“作为有序的续发事件的一部分”符合题意。A项“与一定反常程度的自信有关”，表述不够全面；B项“被视为一个人的习惯性行为模式”，文中没有提到习惯性行为；D项“表达了一系列指控”在文中只是举例说明，D项不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。

5.词义题。“ritual（仪式，惯例）”为副词ritualistically的名词形式，故ritualistically表述“仪式地”，因此选C。

9.单选题

Onlineservicesthatprovide（）loverssawariseinpopularitybeforetheValentine’sDay,whichiscelebratedeveryyearonFeb14.

问题1选项

A.humble

B.noble

C.radical

D.virtual

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项humble表示“谦逊的，简陋的”，B选项noble表示“高贵的，宏伟的”，C选项radical表示“激进的，根本的，彻底的”，D选项virtual表示“事实上的，（计算机仿真）虚拟的”。由句意可知，情人节前，网上提供（）情侣的服务日渐增多。由此可知，只有D选项最符合原文句意，virtuallover表示“虚拟情侣”。故本题正确答案为D选项。

10.单选题

Thesenator'sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermisfutile.

问题1选项

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.useless

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：这位参议员试图让公众相信她对竞选连任没有兴趣，但这只是徒劳。A选项laudable“值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere“真诚的”；C选项authentic“真正的，真实的”；D选项useless“无用的，无效的”。futile意为“无用的，无效的”，选项D与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

11.单选题

Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomosttreesinthetropicskeeptheirleavesyearround?WhyintheArctictundraaretherenotreesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknowmuchaboutwhatsetsthefashioninplantdesign.

Usingterminologymorecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist,wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.AplantbydayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongitabsorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventuallyitwoulddie.

Plantsgetridoftheirheatbywarmingtheairaroundthem,byevaporatingwater,andbyradiatingheattotheatmosphereandthecold,blackreachesofspacetemperatureistolerablefortheprocessesoflife.PlantsintheArctictundralieclosetothegroundinthethinlayerofstillairthatclingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.TundraplantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;theyprobablybalancemostoftheirheatbudgetsbyradiatingheattospace,butalsobywarmingthestillairthatistrappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycanbalancetheirheatbudgets.Butiftheyshouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlifttheirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.ThenitislikelythattheplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromtheSuntoavoidbeingcooledbelowacriticaltemperature.YourheatbudgetdoesnotbalanceifyoustandtallintheArctic.

Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.AdesertplantfacestheoppositeproblemfromthatofanArcticplant—thedangerofoverheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfbyevaporationwithoutdehydrating.Thefamiliarsticklikeshapeofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthesolutionstothisproblem:theshapeexposesthesmallestpossiblesurfacetoincomingsolarradiationandprovidesthelargestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcanradiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingsunisnotaproblemforplantsbecausethereissufficientwater.

Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnectthegeneralcharacteristicsoftheformsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresenceorabsenceofseasonaldifferences.OurEarthiscoveredwithapatchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions,andthepatternsofthispatchworkarefaithfullyreflectedbytheplants.

1.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsofplantsdoesthepassageprimarilyfocuson?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingismostresponsibleforpreventingtreesfromgrowingtallintheArctic?

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"sticklikeshapeofdesertplants"inLine3(Paragraph4)canbeattributedtothe（）

4.Allofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascontributionstotheplants,balancingtheirheatEXCEPT.

5.WhichistheTRUEstatementaboutthedifferentplants?

问题1选项

A.Theirabilitytogrowequallywellinallenvironments.

B.TheireffectsontheEarth'satmosphere.

C.Theirabilitytostorewaterfordryperiods.

D.Theirabilitytobalanceheatintakeandoutput.

问题2选项

A.Thehard,frozenground.

B.Thesmallamountofavailablesunshine.

C.Thecold,destructivewinds.

D.Thelargeamountofsnowthatfallseachyear.

问题3选项

A.inabilityoftheplantstoradiateheattotheairaroundthem

B.presenceofirregularseasonaldifferencesinthedesert

C.largesurfaceareathattheplantsmustexposetotheSun

D.extremeheatandaridityofthehabitat

问题4选项

A.radiatingheattotheatmosphere

B.warmingtheairaroundthem

C.absorbingheatfromthesun

D.evaporatingwater

问题5选项

A.Arcticplantsexposethesmallestpossiblesurfacetoincomingsolarradiation.

B.Tropicalplantsareusuallynotaffectedbythestrongsunshine.

C.Desertplantsgrowdenselyclosetotheground.

D.Plantsindifferentregionsshownorelationstotheseasons.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:主旨思想题。根据第二段的第一句"plantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets."植物作为生物体要保持热量的平衡，之后的段落主要说明植物是如何保持热量平衡的。所以本文主要围绕植物吸收与散发热量的平衡来展开说明。选项D正确。

第2题:根据第三段的内容可知，只要北极植物靠近地面，就能平衡热量收支，如果北极植物过高，则会受到北极风的影响，从而无法从太阳吸收足够的热量。所以，北极植物长得矮主要是受北极的风影响，选项C正确。

第3题:信息推断题。根据文章第四段第三句"Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfbyevaporationwithoutdehydrating"它缺少水，所以不脱水就不能通过蒸发来冷却自己。选项D符合原文。

第4题:细节判断题。根据第三段的第一句"Plantsgetridoftheirheatbywarmingtheairaroundthem,byevaporatingwater,andbyradiatingheattotheatmosphere"。只有选项C没有提及。

第5题:信息判断题。根据第四段的内容可知选项A指的是沙漠植物而不是北极植物；根据倒数第二段的最后一句"Intropicalrainforests,...thescorchingsunisnotaproblemforplants..."可知选项B正确；选项C描述的是北极植物；根据最后一段的第一句可知，不同地区的植物与季节相关，所以选项D也错误。

12.翻译题

(1)ThedevelopingcountriesofCentralandSouthAmerica,Africa,andAsiaoncemerelyexportedrawmaterialsandcashcropsinreturnformanufacturedgoods.Peopleinthesecountriesprovidedformostoftheirownneedsthroughsubsistenceagricultureandsmall-scalecrafts.Intime,though,peopleinthesecountriesgrewincreasinglydependentontheglobaleconomy,becauselocalcraftscouldnotcompetewiththecheap,factory-madeexportsofthedevelopedcountries,suchasEuropeannations,theUnitedStates,andJapan.Todecreasetheirdependence,manydevelopingcountriessoughttostrengthentheireconomiesbybuildingfactories,moderndams,androadsduringthe1960and1970s.Governmentfrequentlymadepoorfinancialchoices.However,infrastructureprojectssuchasdamsandhighwayswereoftentoomassiveforlocalneeds.Choicesaboutindustryweresometimesnotbasedonthebestinterestsofthecountry,andprotectionfromcompetitionfrequentlyresultedininferiorgoods.(2)Asresult,productscouldnotcompeteontheglobalmarketwiththehigher-qualitygoodsfromtheindustrializedcountries.Manydevelopingcountriesthenhadlittleincometopayoffdebtsincurred(招致)duringtheirexpansion.

Afewdevelopingeconomiessucceededinbuildingprosperitythroughindustrializationduringthe20thcentury.ThemostnotableofthesewereSouthKorea,Singapore,andHongKongS.A.R.LikeJapanduringthe19thcentury,theyestablishedtariffsandotherbarrierstoprotectlocalproductsfromforeigncompetitionandinvestedlocalwealthinindustrialdevelopment.(3)AlsolikeJapan,theyfocusedonsellingtheproductstheymanufacturedtoforeignconsumersinordertobringwealthintothecountry.Bytheendofthe20thcenturysomeexpertsconsideredtheseeconomiestobedeveloped,ratherthandeveloping,althoughmanyofSouthKorea’seconomicsuccesseswerereversedinthefinancialcrisisof1997.(4)Followingasimilarpath,Chinaadvancedeconomicallythrougharapidexpansionofmanufacturedexportsduringthelate20thcentury.

Meanwhile,multinationalsbasedintheeconomicallydevelopedworldsetuplow-wagemanufacturingfacilitiesinsomedevelopingcountries,particularlyinSoutheastAsiaandinCentralandSouthAmerica.Thesefactoriestypicallygeneratedfewlong-termbenefitsforthelocaleconomy.Theprofitsflowedoutsidethecountrytotheshareholdersoftheforeignmultinationals.Also,thedevelopingcountrieswereforcedtoparticipateina“racetothebottom”toattractmultinationalinvestment.(5)Ifadevelopingcountryoritspeoplesoughthigherwagesorenforcedlabororenvironmentalprotections,multinationalsoftensimplyrelocatedproductiontoacountrywithlowercost.

【答案】1.中南美洲、非洲和亚洲的发展中国家曾经仅仅依靠出口原材料和经济作物换取制成品。

2.因此，产品无法在全球市场上与工业化国家的高质量产品竞争。

3.也像日本一样，他们专注于向外国消费者销售他们制造的产品，来为国家带来财富。

4.20世纪末，中国通过制造业出口的快速扩张，实现了经济的快速发展。

5.如果一个发展中国家或其人民要求更高的工资、实施劳动保护或环境保护，跨国公司通常只需要将生产转移到成本更低的国家。

13.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

历史和个人的经历共同教育了那些处境不佳的人。他们在奋斗的道路上战胜重重困难，跨越种种障碍。不少穷人自学成才，通过鼓足勇气坚忍不拔地前进，取得卓越成就而赢得了全世界的瞩目和尊敬。

一生依赖别人帮助的人，在危机的时刻很少有所作为。当不幸来临时，他会四处寻求依靠。如果没有依靠，他将垂头丧气。一旦垂头丧气，他们就会像一只翻了身的乌龟，毫无办法。许多男孩出人意料地成功了，仅仅是因为他失去了一切支持而不得不自立。

【答案】Historyandpersonalexperiencetogethereducatethepoor.Theyovercomemanydifficultiesandobstaclesinthecourseofstruggle.Manypoorpeoplehavebecometalentsbyself-study.Theyhaveachievedremarkableachievementsandwontheattentionandrespectfromtheworldthroughforgingaheadwithcourageandperseverance.

Themanwhodependsonothersforhislifeseldommakesadifferenceintimesofcrisis.Whenmisfortunecomes,hewillseektohelpeverywhere.Hewillbelowspiritswithoutsupport.Oncedepressed,they,likeaturtlethathasturnedover,havenothingtodowithit.Manyboysaresurprisinglysuccessfulsimplybecauseheloseallsupportandhastostandonhisownfeet.

14.单选题

Facedwiththe______difficulties,theyaredeterminedtocarryontheirprogram.

问题1选项

A.satisfactory

B.attributable

C.innocent

D.intangible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项attributable“可归于……的、可归属的”；C项innocent“无辜的、无罪的”；D项intangible“无形的、触摸不到的”；句意：面对无形的困难，他们决心把计划进行下去。因此该题D项正确。

15.单选题

Inourearthsciencelab,wehadtodeterminewhichfossilsweregenuineandwhichwere______.

问题1选项

A.spurious

B.insuperable

C.ominous

D.querulous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项spurious“假的，伪造的”，B项insuperable“不能克服的，无敌的”，C项ominous“预兆的，不吉利的”，D项querulous“易怒的，暴躁的”。由determine（决定）和whichfossilsweregenuine（哪些化石是真的）可知，空格说是另外一个结果，跟“真的”对应的是“假的”，A项符合。句意：在我们的地球科学实验室，我们必须确定哪些化石是真的，哪些是假的。因此，该题选择A项。

16.单选题

Fromtheearliestdecadesofcolonizationtothe20thcentury,Americanshavecelebratedandlargelytakenforgrantedtheseeminglyendlessbountyoftheirland.NotuntiltheearlytwentiethcenturydidasignificantconservationmovementdevelopbeforetheproddingofprofessionalresourcemanagersliketheforesterGiffordPinchot,andpoliticianslikeTheodoreRoosevelt.Themovementwasaresponsetoanevidentdwindlingofknowmineralresources,thedecimationofvirginforests,andadeclineinthefishandgameavailabletosportsmen.Itwasalsoanintegralexpressionofthepoliticalmovementknownasprogressivism,whichstressed,amongotherthings,theuseofgovernmentpower,guidedbyscientificknowledgeanddemocraticprinciples,tosolvenational,social,andeconomicproblems.Theprogressiveconservationistspushedintoexistenceasubstantialbodyoflegislationatstateandnationallevelsthataimedattherationalmanagementofresources.Forthemostpart,however,theselawshadmoreformthansubstance,andinpracticetheexploitationofnaturecontinuedandlargelyunchecked.

Bythe1920’sprogressivismhadfadedaway,butitsenthusiasmforscientificmanagementandresearchremainedactiveinthebusinesscommunity.Boththecommitmenttoresourcemanagementresearchbyindustryandtheallocationoffundstoseekoutuntappedresourcesgrewrapidly.Scienceandtechnologylinkedupmorecloselythanbeforetodevisemeansfortheirexploitation.

Theamalgamofscience,technology,andbusinessinterestsnotonlyfosteredthecontinuedgrowthofolderindustries,butalsospawnednewindustriesthatfosteredeconomicexpansionatgreatenvironmentalcost.Thedevelopmentofelectricpowerraisedmanufacturingproductivityandthematerialstandardofliving,butalsopollutedtheairthroughthecombustionoffossilfuelsinhugeamounts.Thespreadofautomotivetransportationentailedmobilityandproductivity,butexactedthepriceoflong-termenvironmentalcosts,voraciousenergyconsumption,andexpropriationoflandforrailways.Themultifacetedpetrochemicalindustrylistedamongitsbenefitsbetteragriculturalproductivityfromtheuseofchemicalfertilizersandpesticides,butcontributedheavilytoair,water,andsoilpollution.TheaviationindustrypromotedmobilityandcohesionwithinthenationandhelpedtoendAmericanisolationfromtherestoftheworld,butpromotedanewdimensionofairandnoisepollution,energydemands,andpressureonscarcelandinurbanareasforairports.

AmericanurbanizationandindustrializationcontinuedtoacceleratebetweenWorldWarIandthe1970's,withonlyatemporaryslumpinthedepressionera.Demandforiron,steel,coal,oil,gas,water,andfoodrockedaheadduringtheseyears,stimulatedparticularlybytheeconomicgrowthassociatedwithWorldWarII.Bythe1970'stheindustrialmightoftheUnitedStateswasanoverpoweringnationalandglobalreality.Withsixpercentoftheworld'speople,itconsumesannuallysomethirty-fivepercentoftheworld'savailableresources,whilegeneratingproportionateburdensofharmfulwastes.WhileAmericanshavebeenproudoftheirtechnicalandindustrialpreeminence,itwasonlyinthe1950’sthatpersuasiveenvironmentalthinkingbegantoremindthemthatbeinganeconomicsuperpowerisamixedblessingwithprofoundecologicalconsequences.

1.TheAmericanshavealwaysbelievedthattheUnitedStates（）.

2.ProgressinenvironmentalprotectionintheUnitedStateswouldnothavebeenpossibleifithadnotbeenfor（）.

3.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsenvironmentallawsandregulationsintheUnitedStatesis（

）.

4.Inparagraph3,theauthortriestoaccountfor（）intheUnitedStates.

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassagemeansthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.hasthelargestlandareaintheworld

B.enjoysinexhaustibleresources

C.isademocracythatiscelebratedbyothercountries

D.willdevelopaconservationmovementbeforetheproddingofprofessionalresourcemanagersandpoliticians

问题2选项

A.thecommitmentsofkeyprofessionalsandpoliticians

B.hardevidencesofenvironmentaldegradation

C.theprevalentpoliticalideology

D.alltheabove

问题3选项

A.