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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨华德学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题
Mysecondclaimconcernsindividualdifferences.Owingtotheaccidentsof(
),environment,andtheirinteraction,notwoofusexhibitthesameintelligenceinpreciselythesameproportions.
问题1选项
A.heredity
B.heir
C.heritage
D.supplement
【答案】A
【解析】名词辨析题。heredity“遗传,遗传性”;heir“继承人,后嗣”;heritage“遗产,传统,继承权”;supplement“补充,补充物,附录”。根据句意‘我的第二个声称关于个人差异。由于(
)、环境及它们之间的相互作用,我们中没有两个人以恰好同样的比例显示同样的智力。’确定A选项heredity“遗传,遗传性”的正确。
2.写作题
Directions:Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyonewordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassage,trytodetecttheerrorsandwritedownyourcorrectionsontheanswersheet.
【答案】答:
1.burglar改为burglary
2.it改为there
3.is去掉
4.the改为a
5.what改为that
6.may改为must
7.which改为that
8.of改为to
9.unprotect改为unprotected
10.out去掉
【解析】1.【解题思路】分析句子可知,burglar和assault是并列成分,burglar表示“入室窃贼”,而此句是表示“如果你担心不断上升的犯罪率,那么你可能知道你的房子、财产以及人正越来越处于急剧上升的盗窃和袭击案件的危险中”,所以要把burglar改为burglary,表示“入室盗窃”。
2.【解题思路】此句是表示“数据表明犯罪率不断上升”,应该用therebe句型,故把it改为there。
3.【解题思路】分析句子可知,show后面是一个省略了that的宾语从句,从句中的谓语动词是canhappen,所以要把is去掉。
4.【解题思路】此句表示“你若是住在城市,你成为受害者的风险是别人的两倍”,此处victim是泛指,所以要把表示特指的定冠词the改为不定冠词a。
5.【解题思路】分析句子可知,youcando是修饰前面的不定代词something,做定语从句,表示“幸亏还有些你肯定能做的事”,what只能引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句,故把what改为that。
6.【解题思路】may表示征求对方同意或允许,译为“可能,也许”,这里表示的是“你必须要记住”,表示必要或提出建议,故把may改为must更合适。
7.【解题思路】分析句子可知,which引导的是定语从句,先行词为indication,但是前面有限定词no修饰,如果先行词由限定词修饰,定语从句引导词要用that,故把which改为that。
8.【解题思路】indicate表示“表明;示意”,通常与介词to搭配使用,不与of搭配,故把of改为to。
9.【解题思路】unprotect是动词,表示“无保护”的意思,而此处是要做形容词修饰名词house,所以要用过去分词的形式作定语,故把unprotect改为unprotected。
10.【解题思路】complete是及物动词,表示“完成”,后面不用跟介词,故把out去掉。
3.单选题
Apersonwhois______isslowtoadapttoanewwayoflife.
问题1选项
A.nonchalant
B.intractable
C.rabid
D.insolent
【答案】B
【解析】【选项释义】
A.nonchalant若无其事的;冷静的B.intractable很难对付(或处理)的
C.rabid极端的;疯狂的D.insolent粗野的;无礼的
【答案】B
【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】根据关键信息slowtoadapttoanewwayoflife(很难适应新的生活方式)可知,这个人是一个比较固执的人,只有B项词义与之符合。因此,该题选择B项。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。
【句意】一个顽固的人很难适应新的生活方式。
4.单选题
Wateristhegiverand,atthesametime,thetakeroflife.Itcoversmostofthesurfaceoftheplanetweliveonandfeatureslargeinthedevelopmentofthehumanrace.Onpresentpredictions,itisancementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.
Throughouthistory,waterhashadahugeimpactonourlives.Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater,ontheonehandreceivingenormousbenefitfromit,notjustasadrinkingsource,butasaprovideroffoodandameanswherebytotravelandtotrade.Butforcedtoliveclosetowaterinordertosurviveandtodevelop,therelationshiphasnotalwaysbeenpeacefulorbeneficial.Infact,ithasbeenquitethecontrary.Whathasessentiallybeenanecessityforsurvivalwasturnedoutinmanyinstancestohaveaverydestructiveandlife-threateningside.
Throughtheages,greatfloodsalternatedwithlongperiodsofdroughthaveassaultedpeopleandtheirenvironment,hamperingtheirfragilefightforsurvival.Thedramaticchangestotheenvironmentthatarenowafeatureofourdailynewsarenotexactlynew:fieldsthatwereoncelushandfertilearenowbarren;lakesandriversthatwereonceteemingwithlifearenowlonggone;savannahhasbeenturnedtodesert.Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.
Today,wearemoreawareofclimaticchangesaroundtheworld.Floodsinfar-flungplacesareinstantnewsforthewholeworld.Perhapstheseeventsmakeusfeelbetteraswefacethedestructionofourownpropertybyfloodsandothernaturaldisasters.
In2002,manypartsofEuropesufferedsevereflooddamagerunningintobillionsofeuros.Propertiesacrossthecontinentcollapsedintotheseaaswavespoundedthecoastlinewreakinghavocwithseadefenses.Butitwasnotjusttheseas.Riversswollenbyheavyrainsandbytheeffectsofdeforestationcarriedlargevolumesofwaterthatwreckedmanycommunities.
Buildingstrongerandmoresophisticatedriverdefensesagainstfloodingistheexpensiveshort-termanswer.Therearesimplerways.Plantingtreesinhighlandareas,notjustinEuropebutinplacesliketheGangesDelta,isacheaperandmoreattractivesolution.Progressisalreadybeingmadeinconvincingcountriesthattheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesiscausingconsiderabledamagetotheenvironment.Butmoreeffortisneededinthisdirection.
Andthefuture?Ifwearetobelievetheforecasts,itispredictedthattwothirdsoftheworldpopulationwillbewithoutfreshwaterby2025.Butforagrowingnumberofregionsoftheworldthefutureisalreadywithus.Whilesomeareasaredevastatedbyflooding,scarcityofwaterinmanyotherplacesiscausingconflict.ThestateofTexasintheUnitedStatesofAmericaissufferingashortageofwaterwiththeRioGrandefailingtoreachtheGulfofMexicoforthefirsttimein50yearsinthespringof2002,pittingregionagainstregionastheyvieforwatersources.Withmanypartsofthegloberunningdrythroughdroughtandincreasedwaterconsumption,thereisnowtalkofwaterbeingthenewoil.
Otherdoom-ladenestimatessuggestthat,whiletropicalareaswillbecomedrieranduninhabitable,coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbytheseaasthepolaricecapsmelt.Popularexoticdestinationsnowvisitedbycountlesstouristswillbecomeno-goareas.Today'sholidayhotspotsofsouthernEuropeandelsewherewillliterallybecomehotspots—toohottoliveinorvisit.Withthecurrenterraticbehavioroftheweather,itisdifficultnottosubscribetosuchdespair.
Somemightsaythatthisdespondencyisill-founded,butwehavehadampleproofthatthereissomethingnotquiterightwiththeclimate.Manypartsoftheworldhaveexperienceddevastatingflooding.Astheseasonsrevolve,thefocusofthedestructionmovesfromonecontinenttoanother.Theimpactontheenvironmentisalarmingandthecosttolifedepressing.Itisapicturetowhichwewillneedtobecomeaccustomed.
1.Thewriterbelievesthatwater()
2.Humankind'srelationshipwithwaterhasbeen()
3.Thewritersuggeststhat()
4.Accordingtothepassage,plantingtrees()
5.By2025,itisprojectedthat()
6.Accordingtothepassage,inthefuturelow-lyingislands()
7.Accordingtothewriter,()
问题1选项
A.isgraduallybecomingofgreaterimportance
B.willhavelittleimpactonourlivesinfuture
C.issomethingwewillneedmorethananythingelse
D.willhaveevengreaterimportanceinourlivesinfuture
问题2选项
A.two-sided
B.one-side
C.purelyoneofgreatbenefit
D.fairlyfrightening
问题3选项
A.weareinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday
B.changetotheenvironmentleavesusspeechless
C.weshouldnotbeinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday
D.oursurpriseattheenvironmentalchangebroughtaboutbynatureissomethingnew
问题4选项
A.hastobecoordinatedinternationally
B.ismoreexpensivethanbuildingseaandriverdefenses
C.isalessexpensiveanswertofloodinginallregions
D.isnotananswertotheproblemoffloodinginallregions
问题5选项
A.atleasthalftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater
B.one-thirdoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater
C.themajorityoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater
D.freshwaterwillonlybeavailabletohalfoftheworldpopulation
问题6选项
A.willstillbehabitable
B.willnotbeunderwater
C.arelikelytobeunderwater
D.willprobablynotbeunderwater
问题7选项
A.peopledonotneedtogetusedtoenvironmentaldamage
B.peoplewillneedtogetusedtoclimatechangesthatcauseenvironmentaldamage
C.peoplearenowmoreusedtoenvironmentaldamagethantheyhavebeeninthepast
D.thegeneraldespondencyaboutenvironmentalchangesisill-founded
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:B
第6题:C
第7题:B
【解析】第1题:细节推断题。根据第一段的第一句“Onpresentpredictions,itisacementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.”可知选项D符合原文。
第2题:细节推断题。根据第二段的第二句“Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater.”人类与水一直有一种相当模糊的关系,一方面...(积极的),另一方面...(消极的)。所以说是双面性的,选项A正确。
第3题:细节推断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.”也许当我们面对自然的力量时,我们对此感到惊奇,觉得这是一件新鲜事。选项D符合原文。
第4题:细节推断题。根据关键词“plantingtrees”定位到第六段第三句“Plantingtrees...isacheaperandmoreattractivesolution.”选项C符合原文。
第5题:细节事实题。根据关键词“2025”定位到第七段第二句“Ifwearetobelievetheforecasts,itispredictedthattwothirdsoftheworldpopulationwillbewithoutfreshwaterby2025.”到2025年世界人口的三分之二将没有淡水。选项B世界人口的三分之一拥有淡水,换了一种表达方法,但符合原文。
第6题:细节事实题。根据关键词“low-lyingislands”定位到原文第八段首句“...coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbythesea...”沿海地区和一些低洼岛屿极有可能被海水淹没。选项C符合原文。
第7题:细节推断题。根据最后一段的最后两句“Theimpactontheenvironmentisalarmingandthecosttolifedepressing.Itisapicturetowhichwewillneedtobecomeaccustomed.”环境影响令人担忧,生活需要付出的代价令人沮丧。这是我们需要习惯的画面。选项B符合原文。
5.单选题
In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw,havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.
That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit.
Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.
Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.
Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren,thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.
36.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto()
37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat()
38.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?
39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis()
问题1选项
A.showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.
B.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.
C.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.
D.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.
问题2选项
A.DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.
B.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.
C.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife.
D.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.
问题3选项
A.Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.
B.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.
C.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.
D.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.
问题4选项
A.SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.
B.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.
C.Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.
D.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.
问题5选项
A.moralconsiderations.
B.militaryexperience.
C.financialconditions.
D.politicalstand.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:A
第5题:B
【解析】36.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】作者意图题。分析出作者是如何从华盛顿的轶事过渡到下文主题的,是本题的解题关键。纵观全文,从“华盛顿使用奴隶的牙”,到“华盛顿看到樱桃树的典型形象”,再到“奴隶制在开国元勋的生活中扮演的角色”可知,华盛顿是行文的线索,作者从讲述他鲜为人知的故事入手,引出话题,因此D选项“揭示了他生活中未知的一面”正确。
37.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】判断推理题。根据第二段第五句Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy(几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期领导人做出的道德妥协,以及这个国家初期的脆弱本质)可推断出,B选项“在建国初期,美国面临着微妙的局势”正确。
38.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate(虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里表达了对奴隶制的厌恶,但他们也明白,奴隶制是他们帮助创建的美国政治和经济基础的一部分)可知,虽然杰斐逊私下厌恶奴隶制,但也明白其政治生涯也得益于奴隶制,显然他对奴隶制的态度是复杂的,C选项正确。
39.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第四段第五句中的Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800…(这个五分之三的公式让杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱优势获胜)可以推断出,A选项“一些开国元勋在政治上受益于奴隶制”符合题意。
40.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据文章最后一段第二句Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill(华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争期间黑人士兵的英勇事迹后,开始相信人人生而平等。他克服了亲戚们的强烈反对,在遗嘱中赋予了他的奴隶自由)可知,B选项正确。
6.单选题
Itriedphoningheroffice,butIcouldn’t().
问题1选项
A.getalong
B.geton
C.getto
D.getthrough
【答案】D
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项getalong“进展,相处”;B选项geton“上车,进展”;C选项getto“到达,开始,接触到”;D选项getthrough“通过,接通电话,度过”。句意:我试图打电话到她办公室,但我没有打通。由选项意思和句意可知,D选项符合句意。
7.单选题
Aremarkablevarietyofinsectsliveinthisplanet.Morespeciesofinsectsexistthanallotheranimalspeciestogether.Insectshavesurvivedonearthformorethan300millionyears,andmaypossesstheabilitytosurviveformillionsmore.
Insectscanbefoundalmosteverywhere—onthehighestmountainsandonthebottomofrushingstreams,inthecoldSouthPoleandinbubblinghotsprings.Theydigthroughtheground,jumpandsinginthetrees,andrunanddanceintheair.Theycomeinmanydifferentcolorsandvariousshapes.Insectsareextremelyusefultohumans,pollinatingourcropsaswellasflowersinmeadows,forests,desertsandotherareas.Butlicksandsomeinsects,suchasmosquitoesandfleas,cantransmitdisease.
Therearemanyreasonswhyinsectsaresosuccessfulatsurviving.Theiramazingabilitytoadaptpermitsthemtoliveinextremerangesoftemperaturesandenvironments.Theoneplacetheyhavenotyetbeenfoundtoanymajorextentisintheopenoceans.Insectscansurviveonawiderange,ofnaturalandartificialfoods—paint,pepper,glue,books,grain,cotton,otherinsects,plantsandanimals.Becausetheyaresmalltheycanhideintinyspaces.
Astrong,hardbutflexibleshellcoverstheirsoftorgansandisresistanttochemicals,waterandphysicalimpact.Theirwingsgivethemtheoptionofflyingawayfromdangeroussituationsortowardfoodormales.Also,insectshaveanenormousreproductivecapacity:AnAfricanantqueencanlayasmanyas43,000eggsaday.
Anotherreasonfortheirsuccessisthestrategyofprotectivecolor.Aninsectmayberightbeforeoureyes,butnearlyinvisiblebecauseitiscleverlydisguisedlikeagreenleaf,lumpofbrownsoil,graylichen,aseedorsomeothernaturalobject.Someinsectsusebright,boldcolorstosendwarningsignalsthattheytastebad,stingorarepoison.Othershavewingpatternsthatlookliketheeyesofahugepredator,bitter-tastinginsects;hungryenemiesarefooledintoavoidingthem.
26.InsectscanbefoundinlargeamountsinthefollowingplacesEXCEPT______.
27.Insectsprotectthemselvesfromchemicalsby______.
28.Someinsectsdisguiselikenaturalobjectssoasto______.
29.Thepassagementionsthatinsects______.
30.Thepassageismainlyabout______.
问题1选项
A.onthemountainswithlittleair
B.inthecoldpolarareas
C.inthehotdesertareas
D.intheopenoceans
问题2选项
A.hidingintinyspaces
B.havingastrongshell
C.flyingawaywhennecessary
D.changingcolorsorshapes
问题3选项
A.frightenawaytheirenemies
B.avoidbeingdiscovered
C.sendwarmingsignals
D.lookbitter-tasting
问题4选项
A.canbefoundinanyextremeenvironments
B.havesurvivedlongerthananyothercreatures
C.canbefedonanynaturalorman-madefoods
D.areimportantforthegrowthofcropsandflowers
问题5选项
A.howinsectssurviveindifferentplaces
B.whyinsectscansurvivesosuccessfully
C.whatinsectscandototheenvironment
D.whereinsectscanbefoundinquantity
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:B
【解析】26.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“除……外,在以下地方可以看到大量昆虫”。文章第二段及第三段都提及昆虫大量生长的地方,其中第三段第三句提到Theoneplacetheyhavenotyetbeenfoundtoanymajorextentisintheopenoceans.(迄今为止,有一个地方还没有在很大程度上发现它们,那就是在广阔的海洋中),所以D项“在广阔的海洋中”正确。A项“在空气稀薄的山上”、B项“在寒冷的极地地区”和C项“在炎热的沙漠地区”在第二段都提到了,属于反向干扰。因此,该题选择D项。
27.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“昆虫通过……保护自己免受化学物质的侵害”。定位第四段第一句Astrong,hardbutflexibleshellcoverstheirsoftorgansandisresistanttochemicals,waterandphysicalimpact.(一个坚固、坚硬但有弹性的外壳覆盖着它们的软器官,可以抵抗化学物质、水和物理冲击),protect…from…是对resistantto的同义替换,所以B项“拥有一个坚固的外壳”正确。A项“躲在狭小的空间里”是昆虫可以在各种各样的天然和人工食物中生存的原因,该项张冠李戴。C项“在必要时飞走”和D项“改变颜色和形状”也不是昆虫免受化学物质伤害的原因,属于出处错位。因此,该题选择B项。
28.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“有些昆虫伪装成自然物体以便……”。定位最后一段第二句Aninsectmayberightbeforeoureyes,butnearlyinvisiblebecauseitiscleverlydisguisedlikeagreenleaf,lumpofbrownsoil,graylichen,aseedorsomeothernaturalobject.(昆虫可能就在我们眼前,但几乎看不见,因为它被巧妙地伪装成一片绿叶、一块棕色的土壤、灰色的地衣、一粒种子或其他自然物体),其中nearlyinvisible表明昆虫伪装是为了不被发现,所以B项“避免被发现”正确。A项“吓走他们的敌人”、C项“发出警告信号”和D项“看起来是有苦味”都是昆虫伪装的目的,但是都与伪装成自然物体无关,属于出处错位。因此,该题选择B项。
29.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“这篇文章提到了昆虫……”。定位第二段倒数第二句Insectsareextremelyusefultohumans,pollinatingourcropsaswellasflowersinmeadows,forests,desertsandotherareas.(昆虫对人类非常有用,在草地、森林、沙漠和其他地区,昆虫为我们的作物和花朵授粉),由useful及分词结构pollinating可推断昆虫对植物的生长有益处,D项“对农作物和花卉的生长很重要”正确。定位到第三段第二句和第三句Theiramazingabilitytoadaptpermitsthemtoliveinextremerangesoftemperaturesandenvironments.Theoneplacetheyhavenotyetbeenfoundtoanymajorextentisintheopenoceans.(它们惊人的适应能力使它们能够在极端的温度和环境中生活。迄今为止,有一个地方还没有在很大程度上发现它们,那就是在广阔的海洋中。)可知,昆虫虽然能在极端的温度和环境中生存,但不是在任何环境中。A项“在任何极端环境中都能找到”曲解原文。定位文章第一段最后一句Insectshavesurvivedonearthformorethan300millionyears,andmaypossesstheabilitytosurviveformillionsmore.(昆虫已经在地球上生存了3亿年多,并且可能有能力再存活数百万年)可知,文章虽在开头指出昆虫存活的年代久远,但全文未提到它是存活时间最长的生物,所以B项“比其他任何生物存活的时间都长”无中生有。定位第三段倒数第二句Insectscansurviveonawiderange,ofnaturalandartificialfoods—paint,pepper,glue,books,grain,cotton,otherinsects,plantsandanimals.(昆虫可以在各种各样的天然和人工食物中生存:油漆、胡椒、胶水、书籍、谷物、棉花以及其他昆虫、植物和动物),虽然提到昆虫可以在各种各样的天然和人工食物中生存,但只是awiderangeof,这与C项“可以吃任何天然的或人造的食物”中的any不符,属于曲解原文。因此,该题选择D项。
30.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章主要是关于……”。本文前两段首先描述了昆虫生存了很长的时间,并能在各种地方生长,然后第三段引出文章要讨论的重点,即昆虫为什么能成功存活,定位第三段第一句Therearemanyreasonswhyinsectsaresosuccessfulatsurviving.(昆虫如此成功的生存有很多原因),该句为本文的中心句,所以B项“为什么昆虫可以如此成功地生存”正确。A项“昆虫如何在不同的地方生存”和D项“能大量发现昆虫的地方”以偏概全。C项“昆虫对环境的影响”没有提到,属于无中生有。因此,该题选择B项。
8.单选题
Havinga(n)()attitudetowardspeoplewithdifferentideasisanindicationthatonehasbeenwelleducated.
问题1选项
A.analytical
B.bearable
C.elastic
D.tolerant
【答案】D
【解析】形容词词义辨析。analytical“分析的,解析的”;bearable“可忍受的”;elastic“有弹性的”;tolerant“宽容的,容忍的”。句意:一个人如果对持不同观点的人持宽容的态度,说明他受过良好的教育。选项D符合题意。
9.单选题
EveryU.S.Presidentmusttakeanoathtoupholdtheconstitution.
问题1选项
A.ritual
B.pledge
C.option
D.position
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ritual“仪式,惯例”,B项pledge“保证,誓言”,C项option“选项,选择权”,D项position“位置,姿态,处境”。句意:每一位美国总统都必须宣誓维护宪法。oath在句中表示“誓言”。因此,该题选择B项。
10.单选题
AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.
AftertheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)wasfoundedin1927,theparticularstyleofspeechoftheBBCannouncerswasrecognizedasStandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciation(RP)English.Now,mostpeoplestillconsiderthatthepronunciationanddeliveryofBBCannouncersistheclearestandmostunderstandablespokenEnglish.
Englishhashadastrongassociationwithclassandsocialstatus.However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery,andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.
Astheneedhasarisen,newwordshavebeeninventedorfoundfromotherlanguagesandincorporatedintoEnglish.Similarly,oldwordsandexpressionshavebeendiscardedastheirusefulnesshasdiminishedorthefashionshavepassed.Thisalsohappenstostylesandmodesofspeechwhichbecamefashionableataparticulartimeandinspecificcircumstances.
Bytheendofthe1960sitbecameapparentthatitwasnotnecessarytospeakStandardEnglishorevencorrectgrammartobecomepopular,successfulandrich.Thefashionablespeechofthedaywasnolongertheprerogativeofaprivilegedclassbutratheradefiantexpressionofclasslessness.
ThegreatestsingleinfluenceoftheshapingoftheEnglishlanguageinmoderntimesistheAmericanEnglish.Overthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.
Inthe1970s,fashionfavoredstresslesspronunciationandalanguagefullofjargon,slangand“in”words,muchofitquiteincomprehensibletotheoutsideworld.WhatisconsideredmodernandfashionableinBritaintodayisoftennotthekindofEnglishtaughtinschoolsandcolleges.
1.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
2.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“therehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery”(Para.3)?
3.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasatrendintheU.S.fortheyoungpeople______.
4.Theword“mid-Atlantic”inthepassage(Para.6)probablymeans______.
5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.
问题1选项
A.TheuseoftheEnglishlanguagehasnotchangedmuchinthiscentury.
B.TheBBCannouncersspeakStandardEnglish.
C.Englishhasnoassociationwithclassandsocialstatusnow.
D.YoungpeopleallspeakEnglishinthesameway.
问题2选项
A.PeopleallspeakEnglishlikeBBCannouncers.
B.ThereisagreatchangeofattitudeabouthowEnglishshouldbespoken.
C.Somepeoplestillthinktheirwayofspeakingisinferior.
D.Mostpeopledon’tbelievetheirwayofspeakingisinferior.
问题3选项
A.tospeakStandardEnglish
B.tospeakEnglishwithoutclassdistinction
C.tospeakEnglishwithclassdistinction
D.tospeakEnglishwithgrammarmistakes
问题4选项
A.AmericanandEuropean
B.AmericanandBritish
C.theAtlanticOcean
D.inthemiddleoftheAtlanticOcean
问题5选项
A.StandardEnglishistaughtinschoolandcolleges
B.theyoungpeoplearedefiantbecausetheyrefusetospeakStandardEnglish
C.EnglishlanguageisinfluencedbyAmericanEnglishinthelast25years
D.therehasbeenagreatchangeintheEnglishlanguageinthiscentury
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:B
第5题:D
【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.(在这个世纪里,随着英语语言的快速变化,英语语言的使用也在快速变化。),说明随着英语语言有了很大的改变,英语语言的使用也同样如此。因此A选项“本世纪以来,英语的使用没有什么变化”与原文不符,本题选A。B选项“BBC的播音员说的是标准英语”,C选项“现在英语与阶级和社会地位没有关联”,D选项“年轻人都以同样的方式说英语”在文中均有所提及,所以排除B,C,D。
2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery(然而,自第二次世界大战以来,人们对言语势利的态度发生了相当大的变化),“言语势利”是指通过言语判断社会阶层,说明大部分人不认为标准英语有什么了不起了。因此D选项“大多数人不认为他们的说话方式是低劣的”正确。A选项“人们都像BBC播音员一样说英语”在文中没有提及,所以A错误。B选项“对如何说英语的态度有了很大的改变”,原文只说对于言语势利的态度发生了变化,所以B错误。C选项“有些人仍然认为他们的说话方式是低劣的”与原文意思相反,所以C错误。
3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.(诸如言论风格等阶级区分的标志逐渐被摒弃,尤其是在年轻一代中。),说明年轻人使用英语没有了阶级划分。因此B选项“说英语不分等级”正确。A选项“说标准英语”,C选项“说有阶级差别的英语”,D选项“说有语法错误的英语”均不符合题意,所以A,C,D错误。
4.推理判断题。由题干关键词“mid-Atlantic”可以定位到文章第六段第二句Overthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.(在过去的25年里,许多人使用的英语,尤其是媒体、广告和演艺界使用的英语,在风格、表达方式和口音上越来越像大西洋中部的英语。),说明美式英语对英语影响很大,前文第二段又说到BBC英式英语一直是标准英语,那么现在的英语就必定是受美式英语很大影响的英式英语,而地理上大西洋正好位于英、美之间。因此B选项“美国和英国”正确。A选项“美国和欧洲”,C选项“大西洋”,D选项“在大西洋的中间”均不符合题意,所以A,C,D错误。
5.推理判断题。A选项“学校里教的是标准英语”,由原文可知,标准英语就是BBC英语,学校不可能都在教BBC英语,所以A错误。B选项“年轻人拒讲标准英语因为他们是叛逆的”,由原文可知,年轻人主要是不想在讲话时显出阶级差别,事实上二战后很多人都这样,不仅是年轻人,不能根据这一点说明年轻人是叛逆的,所以B错误。C选项“在过去的25年里,英语受到美国英语的影响”,由原文可知,语言的影响是一个长期的过程,不能说在特定一段时间影响,所以C错误。D选项“本世纪以来,英语有了很大的变化”,根据文章第一段AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.(在这个世纪里,随着英语语言的快速变化,英语语言的使用也在快速变化。)可知,本世纪以来英语有了很大的变化,所以D选项正确。
11.不定项选择题
ApaperpublishedinNatureinJulyfoundthatEstonia(爱沙尼亚)hadoneofthehighestratesofforestlossinEurope.TherehadbeenarapidincreaseinforestharvestingacrossmanyEuropeancountries,theauthorsofthestudyfound,whichseemedbroadlylinkedtoagrowingdemandforwoodproducts.
Worldwide,astheareacoveredbyforestshasdecreasedbymorethan440millionacressince1990,treeplantationshaveincreasedbymorethan300millionacres.Forestsareincreasinglybeingconvertedintoindustrialtreefields—andtinyEstoniahasbecomeapointedcasestudyinthisglobaltransformation.ThelossofforestscutsdeepintoEstonianhistoryandtradition.
TheEstonianCulturalAssociationlists80sacredsitesthathavebeenclearedbyindustrial
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