考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Iwas（）bytheirkindnessandmovedtotears.

问题1选项

A.preoccupied

B.embarrassed

C.overwhelmed

D.counseled

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。preoccupied“全神贯注的”；embarrassed“尴尬的”；overwhelmed“被压倒的，被淹没的，使非常激动”；counseled“建议，劝告”。句意：他们的好意使我感动地流下了眼泪。C项符合题意。

2.翻译题

Iamgratefulfortheinvitationtoparticipateinthisimportantconference,andIinterpretitasevidencethatstudentsofcreativitythemselvespossessthesensitivitytodivergentapproachesthattheyseektoidentifyinothers.ButIamnotaltogethersanguineabouttheoutcomeofyourexperimentwithme.Asmostofyoualreadyknow,Iamnopsychologist,butratheranex-physicistnowworkinginthehistoryofscience.Probablymyconcernisnolesswithcreativitythanyourown,butmygoals,mytechniques,andmysourcesofevidencearesoverydifferentfromyoursthatIamfarfromsurehowmuchwedo,orevenshould,havetosaytoeachother.Thesereservationsimplynoapology;rathertheyhintatmycentralthesis.Inthesciences,asIshallsuggestbelow,itisoftenbettertodoone’sbestwiththetoolsathandthantopauseforcontemplationofdivergentapproaches.Ifapersonofmybackgroundandinterestshasanythingrelevanttosuggesttothisconference,itwillnotbeaboutyourcentralconcerns,thecreativepersonalityanditsearlyidentification.Butimplicitinthenumerousworkingpapersdistributedtoparticipantsinthisconferenceisanimageofthescientificprocessandofthescientist;thatimagealmostcertainlyconditionsmanyoftheexperimentsyoutryaswellastheconclusionsyoudraw;andaboutitthehistorianmaywellhavesomethingtosay.Ishallrestrictmyattentiontooneaspectofthisimage--anaspectepitomizedasfollowsinoneoftheworkingpapers:Thebasicscientist“mustlackprejudicetoadegreewherehecanlookatthemost‘self-evident’factsorconceptswithoutnecessarilyacceptingthem,and,conversely,allowhisimaginationtoplaywiththemostunlikelypossibilities”.Inthemoretechnicallanguagesuppliedbyotherworkingpapers,thisaspectoftheimagerecursasanemphasisupon“divergentthinking,thefreedomtogooffindifferentdirections,...rejectingtheoldsolutionandstrikingoutinsomenewdirection.”Idonotatalldoubtthatthisdescriptionof“divergentthinking”andtheconcomitantsearchforthoseabletodoitareentirelyproper.Somedivergencecharacterizesallscientificwork,andgiganticdivergenceslieatthecoreofthemostsignificantepisodesinscientificdevelopment.Butbothmyownexperienceinscientificresearchandmyreadingofthehistoryofsciencesleadmetowonderwhetherflexibilityandopen-mindednesshavenotbeentooexclusivelyemphasizedasthecharacteristicsrequisiteforbasicresearch.

【答案】

Normal

0

7.8磅

0

2

false

false

false

EN-US

ZH-CN

X-NONE

正如你们大多数人已经知道的那样，我不是心理学家，而是现在从事科学历史工作的一位前物理学家。也许我对创造力的关心程度不比你们少，但是我的目标、技巧和证据来源与你的有很大的不同，以至于不确定我们要做多少，或者应该对彼此说多少。这些保留并不意味着一种辩护，相反它们暗示了我的中心论点。在科学领域，正如以下我暗示到的，与其停下来去沉思不同的方法，不如好好利用手头的工具。

我将把我的注意力集中于这个形象的一个方面，我在论文中将这个方面进行了概括：基础科学家“一定要没有偏见，达到一种能查看‘不言自明’的事物或概念的程度，并且没有必要接受它们，相反地，允许自己的想象力发挥到最不可能的可能。

”我对“发散思维”的描述一点都不觉得怀疑，对那些能够进行发散思维的人伴随进行的搜寻是完全恰当的。所有的科学工作者都存在分歧，并且巨大的分歧在科学发展中存在于意义最为深重的核心中。但是通过我自己的科学研究经历和对科学史的阅读，我怀疑灵活性和无偏见是否被专有地强调成为基础研究的必要特征。

3.单选题

Theprisoner（）ameansofescapefromprison.

问题1选项

A.contrived

B.conspired

C.intrigued

D.plotted

【答案】D

【解析】contrive设计，谋划；conspire共谋，协力；intrigue用诡计取得；plot密谋。选项A强调设法得到；选项B强调两个人合作；选项C强调用诡计取得；选项D强调秘密的筹划。所以选项D更符合语境。

4.单选题

Notcontentwithmerespeech,shebroughtalongchartsandgraphsto______herarguments.

问题1选项

A.concede

B.coax

C.sanction

D.bolster

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.concede承认，让步B.coax哄诱

C.sanction制裁，处罚，批准D.bolster支撑，改善

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句子意思“她不满足于只有演讲，她还用了图表来______她的观点”，结合四个选项可知，空格处表示“支撑”符合句意。因此，该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】她不满足于只有演讲，她还用了图表来支撑她的观点。

5.单选题

Adrunkmanwalkedin,_____inappearance.

问题1选项

A.repulsive

B.reluctant

C.reproachful

D.reputed

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。repulsive排斥的，令人厌恶的；reluctant不情愿的，勉强的；reproachful责备的；reputed名誉好的。句意：一个醉汉走进来了,他看起来让人厌恶。

6.单选题

ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.

Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatiscalledthehydrographicnetwork.Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepointthatissealevel.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthroughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs—atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onanaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplaceduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedandtransportedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwocloselylinkedandinterdependentprocesses,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsandefficiencydependondifferentfactors.

1.Accordingtothepassage,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater（）?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthe"hydrographicnetwork"isto（）.

3.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,asdiscussedinthethirdparagraph?

4.AllofthefollowingareexamplesofsolubleionsEXCEPT（）.

5.Theword"efficiency"inlastsentencesisclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.precipitatingontotheground

B.changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate

C.evaporatingfromtheoceans

D.beingcarriedbywind

问题2选项

A.determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater

B.preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding

C.movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans

D.regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers

问题3选项

A.Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater.

B.Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalcompounds.

C.Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents.

D.Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas.

问题4选项

A.magnesium

B.iron

C.potassium

D.calcium

问题5选项

A.relationship

B.growth

C.influence

D.effectiveness

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据第二段的第一句"Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds"从海洋蒸发出的水蒸气形成了云。选项C正确。

第2题:事实细节题。根据关键词“hydrographicnetwork”定位到第二段"Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean."其中channel在这里做动词，是传输的意思。所以选项C与原文表述一致。

第3题:事实细节题。根据第三段的第一句"Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthroughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs."水分子的循环率不是随机的，而是对各种储层相对大小的一种度量。选项D符合原文。

第4题:事实细节题。根据关键词“solubleions”定位到最后一段的第二句"Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported."选项中只有选项B未提及。

第5题:词义推断题。根据最后一句可知，efficiency应该和前面的interactions（相互作用）意思相近。首先排除选项A和B，选项D与efficiency词根相同，意思更相近。

7.单选题

Thistransformationismarkedbyseveraldevelopments.Almostallthemajorarmedconflictsintheworldtodayareinternal,thereareunfoldingwithin（1）boundariesandtypicallyarebeingfoughtbymultiplesemi-autonomousarmedgroups.Theseconflictsare（2）byaparticularbrandoflawlessness,crueltyandchaos.Inparticular,theyaredefinedbythesystematicandwidespreadtargetingofcivilian（3）.（4）thesesituations,warringpartiesroutinelyignoreinternationalhumanitarianlaw,whichhastraditionallymoderated,ifnotgoverned,theconductofinter-state（5）.

Theseconflictstendtobeprotracted,lasting（6）ifnotdecades,ofteninrecurring（7）,thusexposingsuccessivegenera（8）soldiers.Anotherfeatureoftheseconflictsistheproliferationoflight-weight（9）thatareeasilyassembledandbornebychildren.Moreoverthe（10）useofanti-personnellandmineshasexacerbatedthevulnerabilityofchildreninthesesituations.

问题1选项

A.national

B.international

C.external

D.internal

问题2选项

A.named

B.characterized

C.labeled

D.called

问题3选项

A.peoples

B.person

C.men

D.populations

问题4选项

A.Under

B.On

C.In

D.With

问题5选项

A.wars

B.battles

C.fights

D.disputes

问题6选项

A.months

B.years

C.hours

D.days

问题7选项

A.recycles

B.circles

C.cycles

D.loops

问题8选项

A.infant

B.baby

C.children

D.child

问题9选项

A.guns

B.weapons

C.pistols

D.rifles

问题10选项

A.indiscriminate

B.discriminate

C.discriminating

D.discriminated

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:C

第8题:C

第9题:B

第10题:A

【解析】1.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项national表示“国家的”，B选项international表示“国际的，世界的”，C选项external表示“外部的，外面的”，D选项internal表示“内部的，国内的”。根据Almostallthemajorarmedconflictsintheworldtodayareinternal可知“当今世界，几乎所有主要的武装冲突都是内部的”可知，这些冲突不会逾越国家的范畴，因此withinnationalboundaries符合上下文，故本题正确答案为A。

2.考查固定搭配。词组becharacterizedby表示“具有……的特性；以……为特征”。四个选项中只有B选项可以与by构成搭配，故本题正确答案为B。

3.考查名词词义辨析。根据句意，空缺处应填入表示“人们”的名词且应为复数，故排除peoples（民族）和表示单数的person（人）。populations意为各地人口，表示一个群体，比一般意义的men更符合上下文语义，因此本题正确答案选D。

4.考查固定搭配。词组underthesesituations表示“在这种情形下”。

5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项wars表示“战争”，是总称，一般包括多个大规模战役；B选项battles表示“战争，竞争，搏斗”，侧重某一次具体全面的战斗；C选项fights表示“打架，斗争”，侧重描述战争的动作；D选项disputes表示“争论，争端”，侧重意见有分歧。四个选项中disputes“争端”范围最广。因此，本题正确答案为D项。

6.考查逻辑关系。根据句中关键信息decades“数十年”可知空缺处填years最符合句意。故本题正确答案为B项。

7.考查固定搭配。分析空缺处句子可知，inrecurring是方式状语，A选项recycles表示“回收，循环利用”，B选项circles表示“圆，循环”，C选项cycles表示“周期，循环”，D选项loops表示“环形，环状结构”。只有C选项可以与in构成词组incycles，表示“周期性地（发生）”，而inrecurringcycles表示“重复周期性地（发生）”。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

8.考查语法结构。空缺处填入的名词作soldiers的定语，soldiers为复数，所以修饰部分的名词也用复数，childrensoldiers表示“童子军”。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

9.考查名词词义辨析。空缺处填入的名词被light-weight（轻型的）所修饰。A选项guns表示“枪，炮”，B选项weapons表示“武器”，C选项pistols表示“手枪”，D选项rifles表示“步枪”。根据上下文可知，此处并不能确定使用的是哪种枪支，故选择weapons“武器”表示的范围最广。因此，本题正确答案为B项。

10.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项indiscriminate表示“任意的，无差别的，不分青红皂白的”；B选项discriminate表示“v.区别，辨别”；C选项discriminating表示“不公平对待的，有辨识的”；D选项discriminated表示“受歧视的”。根据句中关键信息hasexacerbatedthevulnerabilityofchildren（加剧了儿童的脆弱性）可知，空缺处选择A项最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为A项。

8.单选题

Wearemeanttolivedangerouslyandshouldnotbesheltered.Lifeisaperilousadventure;itsrichnessisinits（

）.

问题1选项

A.hazards

B.security

C.peace

D.length

【答案】A

【解析】句意:人生来就是要去冒险的,而不应该生活在庇护之下;生命就是一场危机四伏的冒险,它的丰富多彩就在于它的危险。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Thepapergaveaclear______ofthetheoryofrelativity.

问题1选项

A.exposition

B.exposure

C.composition

D.demonstration

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项exposition“博览会；阐述”，B项exposure“暴露，曝光”，C项composition“作文，作曲，作品”，D项demonstration“示范，证明，示威游行”。根据关键词paper“论文”和thetheoryofrelativity“相对论”可知，ademonstrationof“证明”符合语境。句意：这篇论文对相对论作了明确的论证。因此，该题选择D项正确。

10.单选题

Itwouldtakethecitymanyyearsto______thenewcomersintothepatternsofastrangelife.

问题1选项

A.absorb

B.assimilate

C.digest

D.associate

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项absorb“吸收，吸引”，B项assimilate“吸收，使同化”，C项digest“消化”，D项associate“联想”。根据空格后的句子thenewcomersintothepatternsofastrangelife（刚进入陌生生活模式的人）可知，空白部分应该表示为“把……融入环境”，C、D选项可排除；B选项把被吸收物变成吸收物的一部分，吸收过程较慢；A选项使用更广泛，所以A项更符合。句意：这个城市要花很多年的时间才能让新来者适应陌生的生活模式。因此，该题选择A项正确。

11.单选题

Sheistooshytoaskastrangerthetime,（）speaktoaroomofpeople.

问题1选项

A.muchless

B.muchmore

C.stillmore

D.moreorless

【答案】B

【解析】副词词组辨析。muchless“更不用说”；muchmore“更加”；stillmore“更何况”；moreorless“或多或少”。句意：她十分害羞以至于不敢询问陌生人时间，更何况是和一屋子的人说话。选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

Meetingnewpeoplewidenedtheyoungman’s（

）.

问题1选项

A.joys

B.horizons

C.range

D.vicinities

【答案】B

【解析】根据句意可知,这里指开阔眼界。widenhorizons符合句意,选项B正确。

13.单选题

Youcan'tkeepthemilkoutsideforanight,itwillturn（）.

问题1选项

A.sour

B.stained

C.rotten

D.acid

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A:sour“有酸味的”；B:stained“玷污的”；C:rotten“腐烂的；恶臭的”；D:acid“酸性的”。句意：你不能把牛奶放在外面过夜，它会变质。结合语境，表示牛奶变酸，故选A。

14.单选题

NewmineralresourcesmaybediscoveredduringtheforthcomingAntarctic（）.

问题1选项

A.excursion

B.execution

C.extraction

D.expedition

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项excursion“远足；短程旅行；游览”；B选项execution“执行；完成；死刑”；C选项extraction“取出；拔出；抽出物”；D选项expedition“探险；探险队；考察”。句意：新的矿产资源可能在即将来临的南极探险期间被发现。根据句中“Antarctic南极的”可知“探险”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Themassive,black,hornedbuffalo,formerlyfoundthroughoutsub-SaharanAfrica,isagregariousanimalofopenorscrub-coveredplainsandopenforests.

问题1选项

A.rotten

B.sociable

C.wealthy

D.beautiful

【答案】B

【解析】句意：巨大的、黑色的、有角的水牛，原产于非洲撒哈拉以南，是一种群居动物，生活在开阔的或灌木覆盖的平原和开阔的森林中。gregarious意为“社交的，群居的”。rotten腐烂的，堕落的；sociable好交际的，友善的；wealthy富有的；beautiful美丽的。选项B与之意思相近。

16.单选题

Wemusteffectivelypromotethe______ofhungerbecauseeverydayinAfricaandinmanyareasinAsiachildrenaredyingofhunger.

问题1选项

A.awareness

B.pressure

C.consciousness

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。awareness“意识”，指人对某事物的认识；pressure“压力”；consciousness“意识”，指人的清醒程度；relief“减轻，救济”。句意：我们必须要提高对饥饿的认识，因为在非洲和亚洲许多地区每天都有孩子死于饥饿。选项A符合题意。

17.单选题

ThegroundbrokenbyFreudandBreuer’spronouncement,inthe“PreliminaryCommunication”concerningthepsychogenesisofhysteria,that“hystericssuffermainlyfromreminiscences”broughttoviewthetangledrootslinkingthedevelopingconceptofahiddenandpowerfulunconsciouswithnineteenthcenturyanxietiesconcerningmemory’sabsenceandexcess.Freud'slateremphasisuponfantasy,ratherthanmemory,inhisrevisedwritingsonhysteria'saetiologycanberegarded,inpart,asthevanquishingofmemory'sunbiddabilitybyfantasy'soriginsinunconsciouswishesandanxieties.

Twoqualifyingcurrentsranthroughthisnewemphasisuponfantasyanddesireratherthanuponinvoluntarymemory.First,theissueofpersonalresponsibilityraisedbythisnewemphasisonunconscioussexualandviolentfantasieswasmitigatedbyFreud’sconsolationtohisearliesthystericalpatientsthat“wearenotresponsibleforourfeelings”.Second,thepossibleassociationonlyoffantasywiththedeterminingforceofunconsciousinnerprocesses.

Hystories,whichcontinuesitsauthor'searlierstudyofhysteriaassociatesthisreturnwiththedevelopmentofadivisive“survivor”culturecharacterizedbyblameandvengefullitigation.Showalter'sfundamentallyEnlightenmentcritiqueofthisculturesuggeststhatonlyarenewedemphasisuponfantasycanrescuecontemporarywesternculturefromthedistortionsthatthreatenitsstabilityandlimititscapacityforhealthyanddemocraticallyorganizedpubliclife.Inshort,Showaltercallsforthenurturingofapsychicallyenlightenedculturewithinwhichcollectiveorindividualresponsibilitycanbeacknowledgedforviolent,fearful,orsexualfantasies.

Thethesispropoundedinthispolemicalandaccessibleworkisthathysteria,despitetheviewsofthepsychologicalestablishment,is“aliveandwell”inthelatetwentiethcenturywesternworld,thoughintransformedguise.Hysteria'sdomainhasshifted,arguesShowalter,fromtheclinictothepopularnarrative,or“history”,inwhichvariousarguably“traumaticexperiences”takecentre-stage.TV,thepopularpress,ande-mailspreadhystorieswithwhichgrowingnumbersoftroubledindividualsarecomingtoidentify.ThesehystoriesofME,GulfWarSyndrome,recoveredmemory,multiplepersonalitydisorder,satanicabuseandalienabductioneachprovideexplanatorynarrativesthatallowsomaticorpsychicalsymptoms.

Thesub-titleoftheUSversionofHystoriesandaspectsofitsargumentforegroundthepartplayedbythespeedandspreadofcontemporaryelectroniccommunicationsintheescalationofhystories.However,Hystories'argument,inkeepingperhapswiththebook'scritiqueofhystoriesthemselves,eschewsdirectaccusation.Nevertheless,thesharpestedgeofShowalter'sculturalcritiqueofhystoriesisdirectedagainsttheircrossingofthelinefromprivatenarrativesthatenabletherapeuticsensetobemadeofalife,tomedia-spurred,public,politicalandjudicial“ritualsoftestimony”thatinvolveaccusationandpersecution.Inafinalchapterthatwarns—alittlehystericallyperhaps—ofthecominghystericalplague,Showalterlikenstheemergenceandproliferationofthesepublicdiscoursestothewitch-huntsoftheseventeenthcentury.Sheconcludesthatthisdevelopment,demonstratesthe“humanpropensitytoparanoia”.

Atbase,HystoriescallsforareturntothoseinsightsandvaluesarguablydeliveredbyFreud'sturntowardsfantasy.ForShowalter,hystoriesappeartorepresentawithdrawalfromthehardtaskenjoinedbythoseinsights:thatofgraspingasourownunconsciousfantasiestheviolent,destructive,orsexualforcesthathystorieslocateandpersecuteelsewhereandinothers.Showalter'simpassionedpleaistoreturntoenlightenmentvalues.“Thehystericalepidemicsofthe1990scontinuetododamage”,sheconcludes“indistractingusfromtherealproblemsandcrisesofmodernsociety,inunderminingrespectforevidenceandtruth,andinhelpingsupportanatmosphereofconspiracyandsuspicion.Theypreventusfromclaimingourfullhumanityasfreeandresponsiblebeings”.Itistherecognitionofuniversalhumanpropensitiesand,inparticular,thegraspingofresponsibilityforourownprojectionsthatpromisestomoveusbeyondacultureofblameinhabitedbyperpetratorsandvictims,andtowardsafreerandamoreequalsociety.

1.Showalter’sinterestintobefoundmainlyintheacademicdisciplineof（

）.

2.AccordingtoShowalter,soldierssufferingfrompsychosomaticailmentsknownasthe"GulfWarSyndrome"aredealingwith

（

）.

3.TheattitudeofthereviewerofthebookbyShowaltermaybestbedescribedas

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheresearcher,mankindhasalwayshadthetendencyof

（

）.

5.Theanalysisandcomparisonwithseventeenth-centurywitch-huntsbyShowalter,successfulpredictsthehysteriaandpersecutioninourdayof（

）.

问题1选项

A.history

B.sociology

C.psychology

D.themedia

问题2选项

A.repressedmemoriesfromtheFirstIraqWar(1991)

B.delusionscreatedbychemicalorbiologicalweapons

C.unconsciousfearsaboutcontactwithtoxins

D.somaticexpressionofexposuretodepleteduranium

问题3选项

A.reserved

B.ironic

C.sympathetic

D.convinced

问题4选项

A.externalizationofthecausesofunhappiness

B.reductionofcomplexitiestosimplifiedstories

C.deificationofsupernaturalphenomena

D.schizophrenicparanoia

问题5选项

A.paedophiles

B.catholics

C.veganists

D.terrorists

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Showalter'sfundamentallyEnlightenmentcritiqueofthisculturesuggeststhatonlyarenewedemphasisuponfantasycanrescuecontemporarywesternculturefromthedistortionsthatthreatenitsstabilityandlimititscapacityforhealthyanddemocraticallyorganizedpubliclife.”，可知Showalter对这种文化的基本启蒙批判表明，只有重新强调幻想，才能把当代西方文化从威胁其稳定、限制其健康和民主组织的公共生活能力的扭曲中拯救出来。可判断出Showalter的兴趣主要集中在心理学的学术领域。选项C符合题意。

第2题:2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Hysteria'sdomainhasshifted,arguesShowalter,fromtheclinictothepopularnarrative,or“history”,inwhichvariousarguably'traumaticexperiences'takecentre-stage.”，可知Showalter认为，歇斯底里症的领域已经从临床转变为普遍的看法或历史，其中可以说是创伤性经历占据了主要位置。可判断出患有海湾战争综合症的士兵是由伊拉克战争带来的痛苦记忆所致。选项A符合题意。

第3题:3.作者态度题。根据文章最后一句，“Itistherecognitionofuniversalhumanpropensitiesand,inparticular,thegraspingofresponsibilityforourownprojectionsthatpromisestomoveusbeyondacultureofblameinhabitedbyperpetratorsandvictims,andtowardsafreerandamoreequalsociety.”，可知作者认为正是对普遍的人类倾向的认识，特别是对我们自己所承担的责任的预测和理解，使我们有希望摆脱犯罪者和受害者所占据的指责文化，走向一个更加自由和平等的社会。可判断出作者的观点和Showalter的观点一致，所以这本书的书评家的态度是深信不疑的。选项D符合题意。

第4题:4.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段，“Inafinalchapterthatwarns—alittlehystericallyperhaps—ofthecominghystericalplague,Showalterlikenstheemergenceandproliferationofthesepublicdiscoursestothewitch-huntsoftheseventeenthcentury.Sheconcludesthatthisdevelopment,demonstratesthe“humanpropensitytoparanoia.”，可知在最后一章中，Showalter警告了即将到来的歇斯底里灾难，他把这些公众话语的出现和扩散比作17世纪的政治迫害。她的结论是，这种发展表明了具有人类妄想症的倾向。可判断出据研究人员说，人类一直有精神妄想症的倾向。选项D符合题意。

第5题:5.细节判断题。根据文章倒数第二段，“…thesharpestedgeofShowalter'sculturalcritiqueofhystoriesisdirectedagainsttheircrossingofthelinefromprivatenarrativesthatenabletherapeuticsensetobemadeofalife,tomedia-spurred,public,politicalandjudicial'ritualsoftestimony'thatinvolveaccusationandpersecution…Showalterlikenstheemergenceandproliferationofthesepublicdiscoursestothewitch-huntsoftheseventeenthcentury.”，可知对Showalter最尖锐的文化批判主要是针对各种越界行为，包括使生活具有治疗意义的个人叙述，到媒体推动的、公开的、政治的和司法的证词仪式，以及指控和迫害。Showalter把这些公共话语的出现和扩散比作17世纪的政治迫害。可判断出通过与Showalter在17世纪对政治迫害进行分析和比较，成功地预测了恐怖分子在我们这个时代的歇斯底里和迫害。选项D符合题意。

18.翻译题

ItisunderstandablethatpublishersareconcernedthattheirjournalsareselectedbyISIforinclusioninitsdatabase.Indeed,itissometimesarguedthatthesurvivalofaparticularjournaldependsonISI'sdecisiontocoveritinCurrentContents.Ajournal'sultimatesuccessdependsuponitsquality,distribution,andmanyothercompetitivefactorsincludingcostandtimeliness.Anyoneofthesefactors,includingcoveragebyISI,canmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.

Ajournal'sreputationmaynottellthecompletestoryaboutitsimpactonthescholarlycommunity.Infact,astudyonsocialsciencejournalssuggestsquitetheopposite.Theirresearchshowedthatthereisanonlinearrelationshipbetweenajournal'sreputationanditsimpact,especiallyattheextremesoftheprestigescale.Theyconcludethatcitationdata“permitscholarstoevaluatetheimportanceofjournalsbasednotonopinionbutonthefrequencyofcitations”andthat“frequencyofcitationimpliesscholarlyacceptance,oratleastacknowledgmentofimportancethroughutilizationofothers'work.”Theresearchersgoontomentionthat“journalshaveprestige,buttheirprestigeisonlyderivedfromtheusefulnessofthearticlestheypublish.”

TranslatedthefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【答案】出版者关心他们的期刊被ISI数据库选中,这是可以理解的。事实上,有人争论一本期刊的命运取决于ISI是否将它收录在《最新内容》里。期刊的最终成功靠的是它的质量、发行以及许多其他竞争因素,包括成本和及时性。这些因素中的任何一个,包括ISI的覆盖范围都能决定成败。

期刊的知名度并不能说明它对学术界的影响力。事实上,一项对社会科学杂志的研究结果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影响力之间没有直接关系,特别是在声望范围。他们总结道,“学者们根据引用数据评估期刊的重要性,但是,不是基于期刊的观点而是基于其引用频率。引用频率暗示了学术界的认可,至少通过利用其他人的著作承认了这一重要性。”研究者们还说,“期刊也有声望,但是他们的声望仅源于他们出版的文章的有用性。”

19.单选题

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

问题2选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

问题3选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题4选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题5选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthe