考研考博-英语-厦门工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-厦门工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

Acomplexadaptivesystem(CAS)isasystemcomprisedofheterogeneousagentsthatinteractlocallywitheachotherbasedonlocalschema,suchthatthebehaviorofthesystemarisesasaresultoffeedbackrelationshipsbetweentheagents,andthesystemevolvesastheschemataoftheagentsadaptbasedonthefeedback.

Theactualnatureofagentswilldependonthekindofsystemunderconsideration.Forexample,inchemicalsystems,theagentsmaybemolecules,whileinthecaseofacolonyofants,theagentsaretheindividualants.Insocialsystems,theagentsareusuallytakentobeindividualhumanbeingsorgroupsofhumanbeings.Sincetheagentsareabletoadapttheirschemataandtheirbehaviorsbasedonfeedbackthroughtheirinteractionswithotheragents,thesystemhasanadaptivecapability.

TheheterogeneityofagentsisimportantasitaccentuatesthediversityandpluralitythatmakeuptherichnessofCAS,andisespeciallyimportantwhenapplyingCAStosocialsystems.Itisimportanttonotethatnoagentcanunderstandthewholesystem,nordoesanysingleagentorsmallgroupofagentsdirectthebehaviorofthesystem.Thebehaviorofthesystememergesfromtheinteractionofagentsthroughmultiple,nonlinearfeedbackrelationships.

【答案】复杂自适应系统(CAS)是一个包括各种各样的要素所组成的系统，这些要素局部地基于局部模式相互作用，以致该系统的行为由于要素之间的反馈关系而出现，并且该系统随着要素模式基于反馈的改变而演化。

要素的本质将取决于在考虑中的系统种类。例如，在化学系统中，要素可能是分子，而就一群蚂蚁来说，要素是单个的蚂蚁。在社会系统中，要素通常被认为是人类个体或团体。由于要素能基于通过它们与其它要素的相互作用而产生的反馈来改变它们的基模，因此该系统有一种自适应能力。

要素的异质性是重要的，因为它强调构成自适应系统丰富性的多样性和多元性，且当将自适应系统用到社会系统上时，它尤其重要。需要注意的是，没有要素能够理解整个系统，或没有任何单个的要素或小的要素群体管理该系统的行为。该系统的行为来自于要素通过多个非线性反馈关系而进行的相互作用。

2.翻译题

Formanytraditionalistsinbusinessandeconomics,thedeathofold-stylecompetitionasthenumber-oneroutetosuccesswillhardtoswallow.Butinthenewview,Darwiniancompetitionisoflimitedvalueinlongerterm.(1)Themoreimportantchallengesistocreateopportunitiesandadapttochangesinacomplexnetworkofcompaniesthatmaysometimesbecooperatorssometimescompetitors.

Justastheideaofeconomicwebsisforcingcompaniestochangetheirbusinessstrategies,soitisalteringviewsabouteconomics.(2)InplaceofclassictheoryofdecreasingreturnsasresourcesandmarketsareexploitedeconomistArthurseeswhathecallsincreasingreturns.“Increasingreturnsarethetendencyforwhatisaheadtogetfartherahead,”hesays.“ifaproductoracompanyoratechnology—oneofmanycompetinginamarket-getsaheadbychanceorcleverstrategy,increasingreturnscanmagnifythis,andtheproductorcompanycanmakeakillingfromaproductthatisnotasgoodasitscompetitors.”

(3)Ifbusinesssystemsandecosystemshavesomethingbasicincommonthereisworryingnewsforbosses.Thefirstruleofcomplexsystemsisthatitisalmostimpossibletopredictwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy,”saysPimm.Hedescribesfieldexperimentsinwhichapredatorisremovedfromacommunity.Youmightexpectitsprey,speciesA,tothrive.(4)ButabouthalfthetimespeciesAsuffersbecausethepredatorhasanotherpreyspeciesB,competingwithspeciesA.WiththepopulationofspeciesBnolongerkeptincheckbypredator,itmayevenpushspeciesAtolocalextinction.

Businessecosystemsfaceproblemofdecidingwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy.Andthebadnewsdoesn’tstophere.“Wheneverythingisconnecteddirectlyorindirectlytoeverythingelse,changesinonepartofthesystemmaybepropagatedthroughout,”saysPimm.(60)“Sometimesspeciesmaygoextinctthoughnofaultoftheirown.”

【答案】1.在复杂的企业网络中，企业之间有时合作有时竞争，更重要的挑战是创造机会并适应变化。

2.随着资源和市场的开发，传统的收益递减理论被经济学家亚瑟提出的收益递增理论取代。

3.如果商业系统和生态系统有一些基本的共同点，那么老板们就会担忧。

4.但物种A总是遭殃，因为捕食者有另一个猎物物种B，而物种B与物种A竞争。

5.有时，尽管不是自身的错，物种也可能会灭绝。

3.单选题

Psychologiststhinkofattitudesasbeingpredispositiontowardobjectsoreventsthatdeterminethewaypeoplereacttodifferentstimuli.

问题1选项

A.priorinclinations

B.prescriptions

C.precautions

D.principalcommitments

【答案】A

【解析】心理学家认为态度是对事物或事件的一种倾向，它决定了人们对不同刺激的反应方式。predisposition意为“倾向”。priorinclinations倾向，爱好；prescriptions医药处方；precautions预防措施，预警；principalcommitments主要承诺。选项A与之意思相近。

4.单选题

DespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmark,theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandselfindulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintheeyeandsay’’Denmarkisagreatcountry."You’resupposedtofigurethisoutofyourself.

Itisthelandofthesilksafetynet,wherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalities,andthereisplentyofmoneyforschools,daycare,retrainingprograms,jobseminars—Danesloveseminars:threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglish,inadvertising,popmusic,theInternet,anddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs―thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit—olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.Itisthelandwhere,asthesayinggoes,"Fewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittle,"andaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevails,wherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgaze,whereSirandMadamhavedisappearedfromcommonusage,evenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecycles-about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew―andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.

Suchanationofoverachievers~abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere."So,ofcourse,one'sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignersOutofDenmark!")，brokenbeerbottlesinthegutters,drunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.

Nonetheless,itisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtown,itcomestoanendatastonewall,andontheothersideisafieldofbarley,anicecleanline:townhere,countrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochange,evenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.However,Danesdon'tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-a-a.m.-for-the-green-lightpeople—that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.Danesseethemselvesasjazzypeople,improvisers,morefreespiritedthanSwedes,butthetruthis(thoughoneshouldnotsayit)thatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresources，limitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagen,andthesebright,young,English-speaking,utterlyhonest,highlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinavia,theBalticStates,andRussia.Airports,seaports,highways,andraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.

Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormines,andnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.

ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenship,andyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou'reentitledto,you'reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone,thebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjob,thestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytowhetherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.

1.TheauthorthinksthatDanesadoptaattitudetowardstheircountry（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaDanishcharacteristiccitedinthepassage?

3.Theauthor'sreactiontothestatementbytheMinistryofBusinessandIndustryis（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,Danishorderliness（

）.

5.AttheendofthepassagetheauthorstatesallthefollowingEXCEPTthat（

）

问题1选项

A.boastful

B.modest

C.deprecating

D.mysterious

问题2选项

A.Fondnessofforeign.

B.Equalityinsociety.

C.Linguistictolerance.

D.Persistentplanning.

问题3选项

A.disapproving

B.approving

C.noncommittal

D.doubtful

问题4选项

A.setsthepeopleapartfromGermanandSwedes

B.sparesDanessocialtroublesbesettingotherpeople

C.isconsideredeconomicallyessentialtothecountry

D.preventsDanesfromacknowledgingexistingtroubles

问题5选项

A.Danesareclearlyinformedoftheirsocialbenefits

B.Danestakeforgrantedwhatisgiventothem

C.theopensystemhelpstotidethecountryover

D.orderlinesshasalleviatedunemployment

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句DespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes，theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandselfindulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.提到尽管在外人看来丹麦有着非常多的有点，但是丹麦人自己并没有引以为傲，反而他们经常会谈论自己国家面积小、语言难懂等缺点，可以看出他们是非常谦虚的，选项B符合题意。

2.文章第三段skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignersOutofDenmark!")提到在某些建筑物上写着“外国人滚出丹麦”可知部分丹麦人对外国人并不友好，选项A符合题意。

3.文章第三段abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere.”提到丹麦工商部印发的宣传册上宣传丹麦是世界上最干净，最有秩序的国家，然而作者紧接着提出丹麦街头的一些不好的现象，比如有些大楼上写着“外国人滚出丹麦”、破碎的啤酒瓶，还有喝醉了的青少年等，由此看出作者对工商局的宣传持不同意的态度。选项A符合题意。

4.文章第四段提到得益于做事有序，丹麦在欧洲的未来是作为代理商、银行和产品分销商（itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods），选项C符合题意。

5.文章最后一段提到youshouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou'reentitledto，排除选项B；由therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone可以排除A；由theorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytowhetherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis可以排除选项D。所以选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Thelaughterathisjokesisneverforced,butalways（

）.

问题1选项

A.homogeneous

B.simultaneous

C.spontaneous

D.instantaneous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。homogeneous意为“同性质的，同类的”；simultaneous意为“同时发生的，同时存在的”；spontaneous意为“自发的”；instantaneous意为“瞬间的”。

句意：他讲笑话时人们从来不是被迫笑的，而是自发的笑。

6.单选题

（）shouldanymoneybegiventoasmallchild.

问题1选项

A.Onnoaccount

B.Fromallaccount

C.Ofnoaccount

D.Byallaccount

【答案】A

【解析】句意:绝不能给小孩钱。

语法题。考查倒装。onnoaccount绝不；fromallaccount综上所述;ofnoaccount不重要的，无价值的（形容词）;byallaccount据说。题干中用到了部分倒装，因此A项符合句意跟语法搭配。

7.单选题

Agoodleadermusthavecharactertraitsthatinspireotherstoaccepthisleadership.Hemustdisplaycourage,intelligence,and（

）.

问题1选项

A.wisdom

B.bravery

C.shrewdness

D.integrity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。wisdom“智慧”；bravery“勇敢，勇气”；shrewdness“精明，机灵”；integrity“完整，正直”。句意：一个好领导必须有激励他人接受自己领导的特质。他必须表现出自己的勇气，智慧和正直。由courage,intelligence可排除A、B项。C项不符合题意，故D项正确。

8.单选题

Heanticipated______muchpleasurefromthereadingofthatwell-soldbook.

问题1选项

A.toget

B.getting

C.tohavegot

D.havinggot

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词的用法。anticipate作动词，表示“预期，预料，预见”，后面跟的宾语通常是名词或者动名词，一般不接不定式作宾语，A、C两项可排除；D项为现在完成时，anticipate是一般过去时，D项不符合句子时态。句意：他期待着能从那本畅销书中得到乐趣。因此，该题选择B项正确。

9.翻译题

一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。从那时以来，中国共产党人和中国人民以一往无前的进取精神和波澜壮阔的创新实践，谱写了中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进新的壮丽史诗，中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌发生了历史性变化。改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族。

【答案】In1978,ourPartyconvenedthethirdPlenarySessionofthe11thCentralCommitteeoftheCPCwithgreathistoricalsignificance,openinganewhistoricalperiodofreformandopeningup.Sincethen,theChineseCommunistsandtheChinesepeople,withtheirindomitablespiritofenterpriseandgreatinnovationandpractice,havewrittenanewepicofperseveranceandfortitudefortheChinesenation.HistoricchangeshavetakenplaceinthefaceoftheChinesepeople,socialistChinaandtheCommunistPartyofChina.ReformandopeningupisagreatnewrevolutionthatthePartyisleadingthepeopletocarryoutinthenewera.Itspurposeistoliberateanddeveloptheproductiveforces,modernizethecountry,enrichtheChinesepeopleandrevitalizethegreatChinesenation.

10.单选题

Beforehestartedthework,Iaskedthebuildertogivemean______ofthecostofrepairingtheroof.

问题1选项

A.assessment

B.estimate

C.announcement

D.evaluation

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。因此该题B项正确。

11.单选题

Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.

问题1选项

A.compelling

B.rational

C.ridiculous

D.ambiguous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。absurd表示“荒谬的”；A项compelling“引人注目的，令人信服的”，B项rational“合理的，理性的”，C项ridiculous“可笑的，荒谬的”，D项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的”。句意：没有什么比说人类命中注定更荒谬的了。根据句意可知C项正确。

12.单选题

Scientistsaresearchingfortheoldesttree_______becauseitcanleachthemagreatdealaboutmanyissuesrelatedwithclimatechange.

问题1选项

A.lively

B.alive

C.living

D.live

【答案】B

【解析】lively活泼的,生动的;alive活着的,现存的,可作后置定语;living活的,活跃的,只作前置定语;live活的,生动的;实况转播的。句意：科学家们正在寻找现存的最古老的树,因为它可以让他们了解许多与气候变化有关的问题。选项B符合句意。

13.单选题

ThestatusofwomenincolonialNorthAmericahasbeenwellstudiedanddescribedandcanbebrieflysummarized.Throughoutthecolonialperiodtherewasamarkedshortageofwomen,whichvariedwiththeregionsandwasalwaysgreatestinthefrontierareas.Thisfavorableratioenhancedwomen’sstatusandpositionandallowedthemtopursuedifferentcareers.ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,andbelievedthatlifeinanunderdevelopedcountrymadeitabsolutelynecessarythateachmemberofthecommunityperformaneconomicfunction.Thusworkforwomen,marriedorsingle,wasnotonlyapproved,itwasregardedasacivicduty.Puritantowncouncilsexpectedwidowsandunattachedwomentobeself-supportingandforalongtimeprovidedneedyspinsterswithparcelsofland.Therewasnosocialsanctionagainstmarriedwomenworking；onthecontrary,wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.Needychildren,girlsaswellasboys,wereindenturedorapprenticedandwereexpectedtoworkfortheirkeep.

Thevastmajorityo£womenworkedwithintheirhomes,wheretheirlaborproducedmostarticlesneededforthefamily.Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.Inadditiontotheseoccupations,womenwerefoundinmanydifferentkindsofemployment.Theywerebutchers,silversmiths,gunsmiths,upholsterers.Theytanmills,plantations,tanyards,shipyards,andeverykindofshop,tavern,andboardinghouse.Theyweregatekeepers,jailkeepers,sextons,journalists,printers,apothecaries,midwives,nurses,andteachers.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthePuritanwere（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePuritansexpectfrommarriedwomen?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichproductsweremadeentirelybywomen?

问题1选项

A.Colonialmarriages.

B.ThePuritanreligion.

C.Colonialwomen’semployment.

D.Educationinthecolonies.

问题2选项

A.uneducated

B.hardworking

C.generous

D.wealthy

问题3选项

A.Theyshouldadoptneedychildren.

B.Theyshouldassistintheirhusbands’tradeorbusiness.

C.Theyshouldworkonlywithintheirownhomes.

D.Theyshouldbeapprenticed.

问题4选项

A.Gunpowderandbullets.

B.Cupsandplates.

C.Clothandclothing.

D.Paperandbooks

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，殖民时期因为女性人数很少，所以对她们的社会地位和就业产生了有利影响，女性可以有自己的职业选择。所以文章主要是讨论女性的就业。选项C符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,”，他们认为懒惰是一种罪恶，可是清教徒是勤劳的。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.”丈夫期待妻子可以在他们的领域内帮助他们，并且可以从事额外的行业。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.”可知，布料和服装都是女性亲手做的。选项C符合题意。

14.单选题

ItisaquestionthathasvexedphilosopherssincetheGreeks.Butitseemswemaynowhavetheanswertothebeguilinglysimplequestion:“Whichcamefirst?”It’stheegg.

Thisreassuringconclusionwastheworkofanexpertpanel（1）aphilosopher,geneticistandchickenfarmer.

“Whetherchickeneggs（2）chickenshingesonthenatureofchickeneggs,”saidpanelmemberandphilosopherofscienceDavidPapineauatKing’sCollegeLondon.

“Iwould（3）it’sachickeneggifithasachickeninit.Ifakangaroolaidanegg（4）whichanostrichhatched,thatwouldsurelybeanostrichegg,notakangarooegg.Bythisreasoning,thefirstchickendidindeedcomefromachickenegg,（5）thateggdidn’tcomefromchickens.”

Theoldestrecorded（6）tothechildishconundrumgoes（7）toacollectionofessaysanddiscussionsbytheGreekhistorianMestriusPlutarchus,bornin46AD.Inasection（8）“WhethertheHenortheEggCameFirst”,hesuggestedthatthequestionwasalreadywell（9）:“Theproblemabouttheeggandthehen,whichofthemcamefirst,wasdraggedintoourtalk,adifficultproblemwhichgivesinvestigatorsmuchtrouble.”

Plutarchusalso（10）atthepuzzle’sgreatersignificance:“Sullamycomradesaidthatwithasmallproblem,aswithatool,wewererockinglooseagreatandheavyone,thatofthe（11）oftheworld.”

Whetherthepanel（12）thatdebateisnotclear,buttheywere（13）onthecorrectchicken/eggpeckingorder.JohnBrookfield,anevolutionarygeneticistattheUniversityofNottinghamsaidthe（14）involvespiecingtogetherthespeciationeventinwhichchickensfirst（15）.

Heimaginestwonon-chickenparentsgettingtogetherandgiving（16）tothefirstindividualofanew（17）becauseofageneticmutation.“Thefirstchickenmusthavedifferedfromits（18）bysomegeneticchange,perhapsavery（19）one,butonewhichcausedthisbirdtobethefirsteverto（20）ourcriteriafortrulybeingachicken,”saidProfessorBrookfield.

“ThusthelivingorganisminsidetheeggshellwouldhavehadthesameDNAasthechickenthatitwoulddevelopinto,andthuswoulditselfbeamemberofthespeciesofchicken,”headded.

问题1选项

A.including

B.depicting

C.debriefing

D.inspiring

问题2选项

A.proceeded

B.preceded

C.preferred

D.procured

问题3选项

A.explain

B.protest

C.argue

D.suspect

问题4选项

A.at

B.over

C.to

D.from

问题5选项

A.exceptthat

B.incase

C.sothat

D.eventhough

问题6选项

A.conference

B.deference

C.reference

D.inference

问题7选项

A.away

B.back

C.forth

D.astray

问题8选项

A.entitled

B.knighted

C.documented

D.granted

问题9选项

A.established

B.questioned

C.forced

D.grounded

问题10选项

A.cued

B.hinted

C.pronounced

D.pointed

问题11选项

A.invention

B.innovation

C.creation

D.revolution

问题12选项

A.obscured

B.arranged

C.resettled

D.solved

问题13选项

A.disunited

B.unsteady

C.disagreeable

D.unanimous

问题14选项

A.salutation

B.resolution

C.solution

D.renovation

问题15选项

A.drifted

B.evolved

C.perched

D.dwelled

问题16选项

A.rise

B.clue

C.permission

D.way

问题17选项

A.species

B.flock

C.population

D.statistics

问题18选项

A.eggs

B.parents

C.individuals

D.groups

问题19选项

A.arbitrary

B.radical

C.subtle

D.negligible

问题20选项

A.produce

B.furnish

C.change

D.fulfill

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:A

第10题:A

第11题:C

第12题:D

第13题:D

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:A

第17题:A

第18题:B

第19题:C

第20题:D

【解析】第1题:（1）根据下文可推测，填空处前后为包含关系，所以选项A正确。

（2）根据句意：鸡蛋是否在鸡之前存在取决于鸡蛋的本质。在...之前用precede，所以选项B正确。proceed开始，继续行进；prefer更喜欢；procure获得。

（3）根据句意可知，填空处后面为某人的观点，而且与上一段的观点不一致，所以选项C符合语境。

（4）根据句意：如果袋鼠下的蛋孵化出鸵鸟，那肯定是鸵鸟蛋，而不是袋鼠蛋。from在这里表示鸵鸟由袋鼠下的蛋孵化而来。所以选项D正确。

（5）句意：根据这个推理,第一只小鸡的确来自鸡蛋，尽管这个蛋不是由鸡下的。eventhough表转折，符合原文语境。选项D正确。

（6）referenceto表示关于，提及，涉及。这里指：关于这个幼稚的难题。

（7）gobackto为固定搭配，意为“追溯到”。选项B正确。

（8）句意：在一个标题为《是先有母鸡还是先有鸡蛋》的章节中。entitle标题为……，称做...；knighted授予爵位；documented用文件证明；granted保证，担保。选项A符合句意。

（9）句意：他暗示这个问题已经很好地确立了。选项A符合原文语境。

（10）cued暗示，给出线索；hinted暗示，示意，后面一般接that从句；pronounced宣告；pointed指出，一般与out搭配。句意：Plutarchus也暗示了这个难解之谜更大的意义。选项A正确。

（11）根据上一句提到的利用工具可推测，这里指创造和改变世界。选项C符合原文语境。

（12）根据句意：专家组是否解决了这一争议尚不清楚。选项中只有D选项符合句意。

（13）根据but可知前后形成转折，上一句提到争议是否解决尚不清楚，但是他们在鸡和蛋的正确顺序上达成了一致。选项D与其他选项意义相反，符合原文句意,所以正确。

（14）句意：诺丁汉大学的进化遗传学家JohnBrookfield说，解决办法是...。选项中只有选项C与原文相关,符合原文语境。

（15）根据上文可知,JohnBrookfield是一名进化遗传学教授，由此可以推测,这里指evolved。选项B正确。

（16）giveriseto为固定搭配，意为“使发生,引起”。

（17）根据下文“geneticmutation”基因突变可推测，产生的是一个新的物种。所以选项A符合原文语境。

（18）句意:第一只鸡肯定和它的父母相比有一些基因变化。选项B符合原文句意。

（19）arbitrary任意的，武断的；radical根本的，彻底的；subtle微妙的；negligible微不足道的。根据原文语境可知，这里指微妙的变化。

（20）fulfillcriteria指满足条件，符合标准。句意：但正是这种变化使这只鸡成为有史以来第一只符合我们标准的真正的鸡。选项D符合原文句意。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

第6题:

第7题:

第8题:

第9题:

第10题:

第11题:

第12题:

第13题:

第14题:

第15题:

第16题:

第17题:

第18题:

第19题:

第20题:

15.单选题

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslationsystemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemands.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.，translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationsystems,

（

）.

4.Translationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,etc,isnowthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropebecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

问题2选项

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

问题3选项

A.onecancommunicateonthetelephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbyMTsystem

问题4选项

A.Europeanshavelittledifficultyinoralcommunication

B.therearemorelanguagesspokeninEuropethaninanyotherregionsoftheworld

C.thereisneedforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontoaccessdataindifferentlanguages

D.thereislessdifficultyindevelopingMTsystemshandlinglanguagessimilartoeachother

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。由第二段中“However，MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.”“然而，MT系统生成输出总是必须修正或“后编”，翻译人员是否达到质量要求。有时这种修订可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上正在产生一个“草稿”“翻译”可知D项正确。A项“MT系统的性能在很大程度上是令人满意的”；B项“到目前为止，MT系统所能做的很少”；C项“MT系统可以比人工翻译做得更好”；D项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”

2.判断推理题。A项“数量迅速增长”；B项“抱怨质量太差”；C项“从未编辑的输出中可以得到很少的东西”；D项“宁愿不要翻译”。由题干定位到第三段中“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsu