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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川电影电视学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ifnoonetakesthe(

)andplansforthetrip,wewillneverleavehome.

问题1选项

A.initial

B.initiative

C.original

D.beginning

【答案】B

【解析】taketheinitiative为固定搭配,意为“带头,采取主动”。句意:如果没有人带头和计划这次旅行,我们是不会离开家的。选项B正确。

2.单选题

Inthe()oftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.

问题1选项

A.face

B.time

C.course

D.event

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如果项目不成功,投资者损失将高达3000万美元。

考查短语辨析。inthefaceof面对;inthetimeof在时期;inthecourseof在……期间;在……过程中;intheeventof万一;如果。根据后面句意“投资者损失将高达3000万美元”可知D项正确。

3.翻译题

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方,有时是坦荡平原,有时是崎岖险路。志于旅途的人,走到平坦的地方,固是高高兴兴地向前走,走到崎岖的境界,愈是奇趣横生,觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界,愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。

【答案】Thehistoricalcourseofman’slifeisjustlikeajourney.Atraveleronalongjourneypassesthroughnowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad.Whileadeterminedtravelercheerfullycontinueshisjourneyuponreachingasafeandsmoothplace,hefindsitstillmorefascinatingtocometoaruggedplace,theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich,hefeels,isbetterabletogenerateinhimawonderfulsensationofadventure.

4.单选题

Themayorisawomanwithgreatforthrightnessandthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.

问题1选项

A.intention

B.instinct

C.integrity

D.intensity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。forthrightness意为“坦率,直率”;intention意为“意图,目的”;instinct意为“本能,天性”;integrity意为“正直,诚实”;intensity意为“强烈”。

句意:市长是一位非常直率的女性,因此值得我们的政治和财政支持。

5.单选题

Thejournalistgotthe(

)newsthatthefamousactresswouldchangeherhusbandfortheseventhtime.

问题1选项

A.sentimental

B.sensational

C.sensible

D.sensitive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。sentimental意为“伤感的,多情的,多愁善感的”;sensational意为“轰动的,引起哗然的”;sensible意为“明智的,理智的,合理的”;sensitive意为“敏感的,易受伤害的”。

句意:这位记者得到了一个轰动的消息,那就是这位著名女演员将第七次更换丈夫。

6.单选题

Undercertaincircumstances,thehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-nonnalatmosphericpressure.Forexample,gaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper.Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawater,sothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebody;otherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogen,whichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreathe,usuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheres,nitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxication,knownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogendissolvedintheblood.Deepdivesarelessdangerousifheliumissubstitutedfornitrogen,becauseunderthesepressuresheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect.

Asascubadiverdescends,thepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstotheblood,andfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintotheblood,andfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapid,nitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepains,particularlyaroundthejoints.

Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10meters,thevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthisevent,adivermustascendslowly,neveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubbles,andmustexhaleduringascent.

1.Thewords“exposedto”inline5areclosestinmeaningto(

).

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingpresentsthegreatestdangertoadiver?

3.Whatshouldadiverdowhenascending?

问题1选项

A.leavingbehind

B.propelledby

C.preparedfor

D.subjectedto

问题2选项

A.Pressurizedhelium.

B.Nitrogenbubbles.

C.Nitrogendiffusion.

D.Anairembolism.

问题3选项

A.Riseslowly.

B.Relaxcompletely.

C.Breathefaster.

D.Breathehelium

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

【解析】1.词义题A项“留下”;B项被······推动;C项“为······做准备”;D项“遭受,承受”。定位到第一段中的“Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawater,sothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.人体在海水中所受的压力每增加10米,就增加1个大气压,因此潜水员在30米的海水中所受的压力约为4个大气压。由exertedon施加可推断exposedto为“遭受、暴露于······的环境中”的意思。

2.判断推理题。A项“加压氦气”;B项“氮扩散”;C项“氮气泡”;D项“空气栓塞”。定位最后一段中“Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.这个体积的变化可能导致肺部扩张,甚至破裂。这种情况称为空气栓塞。”可知D项正确。

3.细节事实题。由最后一段中“Toavoidthisevent,adivermustascendslowly,neveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubbles,andmustexhaleduringascent.为了避免这种情况,潜水者必须缓慢上升,速度不能超过呼出的气泡的上升速度,并且在上升过程中必须呼气。”可知A项正确。

7.单选题

Thedoghas()itsaffectiontoitsnewmasterinChina’sindustries.

问题1选项

A.transferred

B.transformed

C.transported

D.transmitted

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项transferredv.转移,转让,调动;B选项transformedv.转化,变换;C选项transportedv.运输,搬运;D选项transmittedv.传输,传送,遗传。根据动词宾语itsaffection可知,A项符合语义和搭配。因此,A项为正确选项。句意:小狗己经将自己的情感转移给了它的新主人。

8.单选题

Thequalityofteachingshouldbemeasuredbythedegree______thestudents’potentialityisdeveloped.

问题1选项

A.ofwhich

B.withwhich

C.inwhich

D.towhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。句意:教学质量应该以学生潜能的开发程度来衡量。横线及其后面部分是修饰degree的定语从句,根据固定搭配tothedegree确定用介词to,D选项towhich符合题意。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Withaneighty-hourweekandlittleenjoyment,lifemusthavebeenvery()forthenineteenth-centuryfactoryworkers.

问题1选项

A.hostile

B.anxious

C.tedious

D.obscure

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。hostile敌对的;anxious焦虑的;tedious单调乏味的,沉闷的;obscure模糊的,隐蔽的。句意:对于19世纪的工厂工人来说,一周工作80个小时,几乎没有什么乐趣,生活一定很乏味。选项C更符合句意。

10.单选题

)withtheheightoftheskyscraper,thismountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.

问题1选项

A.Whencompared

B.Whilecomparing

C.Compare

D.Comparing

【答案】A

【解析】句意:当与摩天大楼的高度相比吋,这座山看起来根本不高。

语法题。考查过去分词做状语。此句主语为thismountain,前半句为动词compare的过去分词做比较状语。分句中动词compare与逻辑主语thismountain之间是被动关系,故选A。

11.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese

Ibelievethateveryhumanbeinghasatalent-somethingthathecanbebetterthananyoneelse.AndIbelievethatthedistinctionbetweenso-called“creative”talentsandordinaryrun-of-the-milltalentsisanunnecessaryandman-madedistinction.Ihaveknownexterminators,typists,waitressesandmachinistswhosecreativejoyandself-fulfillmentintheirworkcouldnotbysurpassedbyShakespeare’sorEinstein’s

Ialsobelievethatintheprocessofsearching,noexperienceiseverwasted,unlessweallowourselvestorunoutofhope.InmyowncaseIhad34differentjobsbeforeIfoundtherightone.Manyofthesejobswereheartbreakinglydifficult.Afewoftheminvolvedworkingwithunscrupulousandhorriblyunpleasantpeople,yet,inlookingback,Icanseethatthemostunpleasantofthesejobs,inmanycases,givemethebiggestdividends—themostvaluablepreparationformyproperlifework.

【答案】我认为,每个人都会在某一方面比别人更有天赋。我认为没有必要去区分所谓的“创造性”天赋和普通天赋,这些不过是认为的区分。我认识的杀虫员、打字员、女服务员、机械师,他们在工作中所创造的快乐和满足感是莎士比亚和爱因斯坦都无法超越的。

我也相信在探索的过程中,任何经历都不会被浪费,除非我们允许自己放弃希望。就我自己而言,在找到合适的那份工作之前,我尝试过34份工作,其中一些工作特别艰难。少数几份工作需要和一些难以相处的人共事,但是回过头来我发现那些令人最难堪的工作给了我最丰厚的报酬—成为我正确事业生涯的最有价值的准备。

12.单选题

Thewomenmeettwiceamonthto()theirideastogetherandsetbusinessgoalsforeachother.

问题1选项

A.enquire

B.indulge

C.tease

D.pool

【答案】D

【解析】enquire询问,调查;indulge满足,纵容;tease取笑,戏弄;pool联营,合伙经营。句意:这些女性每月会面两次,把她们的想法汇集在一起,为彼此设定商业目标。选项D符合语境。

13.单选题

Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynVosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.

1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligenttest?

2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?

3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasVosSavant’sbecause______

4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat______

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtest?

问题1选项

A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.

B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.

C.Tellingthedifferencebetweencertainconcepts.

D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.

问题2选项

A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.

B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.

C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.

D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.

问题3选项

A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.

B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.

C.VosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.

D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.

问题4选项

A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.

B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.

C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.

D.traditionaltestareoutofdate.

问题5选项

A.Supportive.

B.Skeptical.

C.Impartial.

D.Biased.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要?”。A项“回答哲学问题”,B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”,C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”,D项“选择与所给相似的词或图”。第一段第三句提到IQtestaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.(智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析,要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状,要求你推论数字的顺序,以及其他类似的项目)以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.(传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,但没有测量创造性和实际知识,这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素),由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及,属于无中生有;B项与题意不符,文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状,不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。

2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出……?”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式,斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表,这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型;由于测试价格昂贵,通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试,现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知,儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”,第三段最后一句提到Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.(其他标准测试,比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试,包含了智商测试的主要方面),因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多的IQ测试版本”,第三段第四行提到althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.(尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行),可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种,而非更多的测试版本,B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同”正确。

3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像VosSavant那样高的智商分数是因为……?”。第三段第四行有提到SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.(得到像VosSavant这样的超高分数再也不可能了,因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况,而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄),由此得知,人们不能再达到像VosSavant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合;B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息,内容与题意不符;C项“VosSavant的案例是一个极端的案例,不会重演”和D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到,属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。

4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出……?”。文章最后一段指出,有专家认为,标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素,随后解释了这种观点,指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,而且一旦人口或环境发生变化,智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确,并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意;B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反;C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词;D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。

5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的?”。A项“支持的”,B项“怀疑的”,C项“公平的”,D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段,作者引用了Sternberg的话,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange(一旦人口或环境发生变化,智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确),以及后面提到IQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite(如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试,那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能,但是,在高压力状况下,智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的,也就是说,它预测的结果是相反的),由此可以看出作者对IQ测试是持有怀疑态度的。A项与作者态度相反,因此错误;D项和C项不符合作者态度,因此只有B选项正确。

14.单选题

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,underdeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupassavage,underdevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.Theauthorsaysthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have______.

3.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat______.

4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题2选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题3选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.alllanguagescomefromgruntsandgroans

C.thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.thereisnohierarchyoflanguages32.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

问题4选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguageshasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguagesisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说,咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在……中找到”。根据第三段中的第二句Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.(虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的,但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实,那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符)可知,咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了,A项“在如今无处可寻”正确;B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及;D项“在说‘落后’语言的人中”,文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实,所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说‘落后’语言的人中也不会找到。因此,该题选择A项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为,无论文明与否,语言都有……”。根据第三段中的Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers…Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.(以我们最严格的标准来看,未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言,不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上,而是在它们的词汇上,这些词汇反映了说话者所知道的对象和活动……所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制,要么把现有的词汇组合在一起,要么从其他语言中借用它们,并将它们适应于自己的系统。)可知,无论文明与否,语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制,A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意;由此也可知,B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确;C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项,语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式,但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动,这是以词汇为前提的。因此,该题选择A项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说,专业语言学家认识到……”。根据文章第二段Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.(对于专业的人类学家来说,一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性,就像对于专业的语言学家来说,语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样)可知,D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意;由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的;A项“西方语言优于东方语言”,文中没有提到东方语言;B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表述太绝对。因此,该题选择D项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项?”。根据文章最后一段的内容Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.(对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释,即所有的文化都可以独立看待,没有等级和等级观念)可以推断,关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点,语言的研究提供了新的解释,所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点,即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的;A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息;D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息,并不需要从文章中推断出来,所以不符合题意。因此,该题选择B项正确。

15.单选题

Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.Decisionsareformedbyadecisionmaker,theonewhoactuallychoosesthefinaloption,inconjunctionwithadecisionunit,allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.Inthistheoreticalmodel,themembersofthedecisionunitreacttoanunidentifiedproblembystudyingtheproblem,determiningtheobjectivesoftheorganization,formulatingoptions,evaluatingthestrengthsandweaknessesofeachofthedecision,includingthenatureoftheproblemitself,externalforcesexertinganinfluenceontheorganization,theinternaldynamicsofthedecisionunit,andthepersonalityofthedecisionmaker.Additionally,whenadecisionmustbemadeinacrisissituation,bothstressandthespeedatwhicheventsareprogressingcanhaveaneffect,oftenanegativeone,onthedecisionprocess.

Duringrecentyears,decisionmakinghasbeenstudiedsystematicallybydrawingfromsuchdiverseareasofstudyaspsychology,sociology,business,government,history,mathematics,andstatistics.Analysesofdecisionsoftenemphasizeoneofthreeprincipalconceptualperspectives(thoughoftentheapproachthatisactuallyemployedissomewhateclectic).

Intheoldestofthethreeapproaches,decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.Itisassumedthatthisrationalactorhasclearobjectivesinmind,developsnumerousreasonableoptions,considerstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachoptioncarefully,choosesthebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis,andthenproceedstoimplementitfully.Avariationoftherationalactormodelisdecisionmakerwhoissatisfier,onewhoselectsthefirstsatisfactoryoptionratherthancontinuingthedecisionmakingprocessuntiltheoptimaldecisionhasbeenreached.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationinparagraph1thatthetheoreticaldecisionmakingprocess(

).

2.Thephrase“inconjunctionwith”inparagraph1couldbestbereplacedby

).

3.Allofthefollowingarelistedinparagraph1ashavinganeffectondecisionsEXCEPT

).

4.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatrationalactorwouldbeleastlikelyto

).

5.Theword“it”inline5,Paragraph3refersto(

).

问题1选项

A.involvesonlythedecisionmaker

B.requiresthecontemplationofnumerousoptions

C.ismadewithoutthedecisionunit

D.doesnotworkinreal-lifesituations

问题2选项

A.alongwith

B.tiedto

C.apartfrom

D.connectedto

问题3选项

A.evaluationoftheproblem

B.focusonobjectives

C.generationofoptions

D.open-endeddiscussions

问题4选项

A.dealwithaspecificthreat

B.workinarandomfashion

C.pondervariousoptions

D.considerdisadvantagesofoptions

问题5选项

A.eachoption

B.carefulanalysis

C.thebestoption

D.variation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据首段第一句“Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.”在决策的理论模型中,决策被定义为从一组执行选项中选择一个选项的过程。也就是说,需要考虑多种选择,选项B符合原文。

2.推理判断题。根据下文“…allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.”……组织中所有参与了这个过程的人都围绕着决策者。由此可推测,决策者和组织是紧密相连的,所以选项D更恰当。

3.推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句,决策单元的成员对一个身份不明的问题做出反应,需要通过研究问题,确定组织的目标,制定方案,评估每一个决策的优点和缺点,包括问题本身的性质,对组织施加影响的外部力量,决策单元的内部动态以及决策者的个性。选项A属于评估每一个决策的优点和缺点;选项B属于确定组织的目标;选项D属于决策单元内部的动态;所以,只有选项C没有涉及。

4.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句“decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.”决策由理性的人做出,他针对来自外部环境的特定威胁,直接而有目的地做出特定的决策。由此可知,他们做事是带有目的性的,而不是随机应变的,所以他们最不可能做的是选项B。

5.推理判断题。根据原文句意可知,这里的“it”指的是上文提到的“thebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis”经过仔细分析而选择出的最佳选项。选项C正确。

16.单选题

Ifthebuildingproject(

)bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.

问题1选项

A.beingcompleted

B.iscompleted

C.tobecompleted

D.completed

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。从句中已有谓语动词isdelayed,空格处为非谓语动词,排除B选项。A选项beingcompleted表示正在进行的被动;C选项tobecompleted表示将来的被动;D选项completed表示一般被动。根据bytheendofthismonth(到本月底)可知此处是对将来的假设,因此选C。句意:如果这个建筑工程在本月底之前竣工的计划被推迟,该建筑公司将被罚款。

17.单选题

Hewasanhourlate,buthe______himselfinhereyesbygivingherahugebunchofflowers.

问题1选项

A.harassed

B.redeemed

C.crucified

D.pestered

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项harass“骚扰,(使)困扰(或烦恼)”,B项redeem“赎回,挽回,兑换”,C项crucify“折磨,十字架上钉死,克制”,D项pester“纠缠,烦扰,使烦恼”。根据but可知前后语义是转折的关系,由Hewasanhourlate“他迟到了一个小时”可知,buthe______himselffinhereyes应该表示“挽回自己的形象”符合语境,redeemoneself表示“挽回声誉、形象,自赎”。句意:他迟到了一个小时,但他送了她一大束花,在她眼里挽回了自己的形象。因此,该题选择B项正确。

18.单选题

Diggingthefoundationisthefirst(

)ofourbuildingproject.

问题1选项

A.procession

B.solution

C.phase

D.achievement

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。procession“行列;游行”;solution“解决”;phase“阶段”;achievement“成就;成绩”。句意:我们工程的第一个阶段是挖地基。选项C符合题意。

19.单选题

)thecaraccident,theywouldhavearrivedearlier.

问题1选项

A.Exceptfor

B.Butfor

C.Besides

D.Savefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查连词辨析。exceptfor除了……以外;butfor要不是……;besides此外,而且;savefor保存为,除……之外。句意:要不是那场车祸,他们可能早就到了。由下文theywouldhavearrivedearlier可知该句表示的是与过去事实相反的虚拟。butfor+n/pron,用于虚拟语气。故答案B

20.单选题

Thewayinwhichpeopleusesocialspacereflectstheirsocialrelationshipsandtheirethnicidentity.EarlyimmigrantstoAmericafromEuropebroughtwiththemacollectivestyleofliving,whichtheyretaineduntillateinthe18thcentury.Historicalrecordsdocumentagroup-orientedexistence,inwhichoneroomwasusedforeating,entertainingguests,andsleeping.Peopleatesoupsfromacommunalpot,shareddrinkingcups,andusedacommonpittoilet.Withthedevelopmentofideasaboutindividualism,peoplesoonbegantoshifttotheuseofindividualcupsandplates;theeatingofmealsthatincludedmeat,bread,andvegetablesservedonseparateplates;andtheuseofprivatetoilets.Theybegantobuildtheirhouseswithseparateroomstoentertainguests-livingrooms,separatebedroomsforsleeping,separateworkareas—kitchen,laundryroom,andseparatebathrooms.

InMexico,th

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