考研考博-英语-南京师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Aman,withhismind（

）bypersonaltrivia,cannotpossiblyaccomplishanythingatanypost.

问题1选项

A.presumed

B.preceded

C.preoccupied

D.prescribed

【答案】C

【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意‘一个只专注于个人琐事的人是无论如何也不可能完成任何事情的。’可知这里是指“只专注于个人琐事的人”，A选项presume“假定”；B选项precede“领先，优于”；C选项preoccupy“抢先占有，使…全神贯注”；D选项prescribe“规定，开处方”。C选项的preoccupiedby...“专注于…”正确。

2.单选题

Everyyearschoolsalloverthecountrywill_______newstudentsthefirstweekinSeptember.

问题1选项

A.absorb

B.include

C.enroll

D.register

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项absorb“吸收；吸引；承受；理解”；B选项include“包含，包括”；C选项enroll“登记；使加入；把……记入名册；使入伍”；D选项register“登记；（旅馆）登记住宿；挂号邮寄；表达（意见或情感）；显示（读数）”。register一般是指录取后登记；enroll是报名参加的意思，仅是报名阶段。句意：每年9月的第一周，全国各地的学校都会招收新生。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

'Whyarehumanssosmart?”isaquestionthatfascinatesscientists.TadeuszKawecki,aBiologistattheUniversityofFribourg,likestoturnaroundthequestion.“It’ssopicattobesmart.”Dr.Kaweckiasks"Whyhavemostanimalsremaineddumb?”Drkaweckiandlike-mindedscientistsaretryingtofigureoutwhyanimalslearnandwhysomehaveevolvedtobebetteratlearningthanothers.Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.Thewormsarenotbornwithaninnateaversiontothedangerousbacteria.Theyneedtimetolearntotellthedifferenceandavoidbecomingsick.Dr.Dukashypothesizesthatanyanimalwithanervoussystemcanlearn,evenincaseswherescientistshavefailedtodocumentlearninginaspecies,hethinkstheyshouldnotbetooquicktoruleitout.”IsitbecausePmnotagoodteacherorbecausetheanimaldoesn’tlearn?”Dr.Dukasasked.

Althoughlearningmaybewidespreadamonganimals,Dr.Dukaswonderswhytheybotheredtoevolveitinthefirstplace.“Youcannotjustsaythatlearningisanadaptationtoachangingenvironment，’’hesaid.Itispossibletoadapttoachangingenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystemtolearn.Bacteriacanalterbehaviortohelptheirsurvival.Ifamicrobesensesatoxin,itcanswimaway.Ifitsensesanewfood,itcanswitchgenesonandofftoalteritsmetabolism.

Learningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffectsthatmakeitsevolutionevenmorepuzzling.Dr.Kaweckiandhiscolleagueshaveproducedstrikingevidenceforthesesideeffectsbystudyingfliesastheyevolveintobetterlearnersinthelab.Dr.Kaweoklsuspectsthateachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.Hisexperimentsdemonstratethatflieshavethegeneticpotentialtobecomesignificantlysmarterinthewild.Butonlyunderhislabconditionsdoesevolutionactuallymoveinthatdirection.Innature,anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttoomuch.Dr.Kaweckialsosaysitisworthinvestigatingwhetherhumansalsopayhiddencostsforextremelearning.“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.”hesaid.Thebenefitsoflearningmusthavebeenenormousforevolutiontohaveovercomethosecosts,Dr.Kaweckiargues.

1.Accordingtothetext,beingsmartcanbebadforanimal’shealthbecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothetext?

3.BacteriaandmicrobeareusedinParagraph2asexamplestoshow

（

）.

4.Thesentence'Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence’Dr.Kaweckiarguesinthelastparagraphimpliesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.learningneedstime

B.learningisatthecostofitsevolution

C.leaningishard

D.noneoftheabove

问题2选项

A.Onlyhumanshavetheabilitytolearn.

B.Allanimalscanlearn.

C.Evolutionisthebalancebetweencostandbenefitoflearning.

D.Evolutionistheresultofadaptingtoenvironment.

问题3选项

A.theirbornabilitytosurvive

B.thatitispossibleadapttoenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystem

C.thatitisunnecessarytobotherthemselvestoevolve

D.alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.illnessisresultedfromhumans’notlearning

B.illnessisresultedfromhumans’strongabilitytolearn

C.illnessisthecosthumanspayfortheirevolution

D.BothBandC

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.细节题。题目提问‘根据课文，聪明对动物的健康有害，因为……。’原因在第一段第四句“Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.他们的研究发现，造成这种差异的一个原因是，聪明可能对动物的健康有害。”和第三段第一句“Learningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffects学习行为也带来危险的负面效果”，但是A选项‘学习需要吋间’、B选项‘学习是以动物自身的进化为代价的’及C选项‘学习很困难’都不正确，所以答案选D‘以上都不是’。

2.细节题。题目提问‘根据文章，下列哪个选项是不正确的?’根据第一段中的“Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.学习行为引人注目地广泛存在于动物世界”确定A选项‘只有人类有学习的能力’不正确，同时也确定B选项‘所有的动物都能学习’正确。根据文中最后一段中的“eachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.每个物种都在进化，直到在学习的成本和收益之间达到平衡。”确定选项‘进化是成本和学习的效益之间的平衡’正确，根据常识和文中许多理论确定D选项‘进化是适应环境的结果’是正确的。所以本题选A。

3.细节题。题目提问‘第二段以细菌和微生物为例是为了……。’文章第二段中对A选项‘他们天生的生存能力’、B选项‘不用神经系统也有可能适应环境’及C选项‘让自身进化是没有必要的’都有论述，所以D选项‘上述所有选项’正确。

4.推断题。题目提问‘这句话‘‘我们可以推测，一些疾病是聪明的副产品。”Kawecki博士认为在最后一段暗示……。’根据题干“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.我们能推测一些疾病是聪明副产品。”和文中“anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttomuch学习进步代价很大”可知C选项‘疾病是人类为进化所付出的代价‘正确。

4.单选题

Peoplearelivinglongerthanever,butforsomereason,womenarelivinglongerthanmen.AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canexpectstolivetobeabout73,ababygirl,about79.Thisisindeedawidegap,andnoonereallyknowswhyitexists.Thegreaterlongevity（长寿）ofwomen,however,hasbeenknownforcenturies.Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.However,thedifferencewassmallerthan—thegapisgrowing.

Anumberofreasonshavebeenproposedtoaccountsforthedifferences.Thegapisgreatestinindustrializedsocieties,soithasbeensuggestedthatwomenarelesssusceptibletoworkstrainsthatmayraisetheriskofheartdiseaseandalcoholism.Sociologistsalsotellusthatwomenareencouragedtobelessadventurousthanmen（andthismaybewhytheyaremorecarefuldrivers,involvedinfeweraccidents）.

Evensmokinghasbeenimplicatedintheagediscrepancy.Itwasoncesuggestedthatworkingwomenaremorelikelytosmokeandasmorewomenenteredtheworkforce,theagegapwouldbegintoclose,becausesmokingisrelatedtoearlierdeaths.Now,however,weseemorewomensmokingandtheystilltendtolivelongeralthoughtheirlungcancerrateisclimbingsharply.

Onepuzzlingaspectoftheproblemisthatwomendonotappeartobeashealthyasmen.Thatis,theyreportfarmoreillnesses.Butwhenamanreportsanillness,itismorelikelytobeserious.

Someresearchershavesuggestedthatmenmaydieearlybecausetheirhealthismorestronglyrelatedtotheiremotions.Forexample,mentendtodiesoonerafterlosingaspousethanwomendo.Menevenseemtobemoreweakenedbylossofajob.（Bothofthesearelinkedwithamarkeddecreaseintheeffectivenessoftheimmunesystem.）Amongmen,deathfollowsretirementwithanalarmingpromptness.

Perhapswearesearchingfortheanswerstooclosetothesurfaceoftheproblem.Perhapstheanswersliedeeperinourbiologicalheritage.Afterall,thephenomenonisnotisolatedtohumans.Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳动物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.Furthermore,inmanyofthesespeciesthedifferencesbeginatthemomentofconception;therearemoremalemiscarriages（流产）.Inhuman,afterbirth,morebabyboysthanbabygirlsdie.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

3.AsissuggestedinParagraph2,thetwofactorsrelevanttowomen’slongerlifespanare（）.

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Whichofthefollowingphenomenamakesresearcherspuzzled?

6.Theword“edge”inParagraph6means“（）”.

7.AccordingtoParagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Womendidnotlivelongerthanmenuntil17thcentury.

B.Thelongevitygapbetweenwomenandmenhasbeengrowingsince17thcentury.

C.AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canlivetobeabout73.

D.Allwomenlivelongerthanmen.

问题2选项

A.Men’slifespanremainsalmostunchanged.

B.Researchershavefoundthecauseoftheagegap.

C.Themoreadvancedasociety,thegreatertheagegap.

D.Theagegapwasnoticedonlyrecently.

问题3选项

A.diseasesandroadaccidents

B.industrializationandworkstrains

C.theirimmunitytoheartdiseaseandrefusalofalcohol

D.theirenduranceofworkstrainsandreluctanceforadventure

问题4选项

A.Thegreatnumberofmalesmokerscontributestotheagegap.

B.Thegrowingnumberofsmokingwomenwillnarrowtheagegap.

C.Femaleworkersaremorelikelytosmokethanmaleworkers.

D.Smokingdoesnotseemtoaffectwomen’slongevity.

问题5选项

A.Men’shealthismorecloselyrelatedtotheiremotions.

B.Thoughmoreliabletoillnesses,womenstilllivelonger.

C.Menshowworsesymptomsthanwomenwhentheyfallill.

D.Quiteanumberofmendiesoonaftertheirretirement.

问题6选项

A.margin

B.side

C.advantage

D.quality

问题7选项

A.Onlyforhumanbeings,femaleslivelongerthanmales.

B.Womenlivelongerthanmenbecauseofgenes.

C.Femalesaredifferentfrommalessincethebeginningoflife.

D.BothBandC

问题8选项

A.Thegreaterlongevityofwomenremainsamystery.

B.Thatwomenarehealthierthanmenwellexplainstheirlongevity.

C.Peoplearelivinglongerasaresultofindustrialization.

D.Womenarelessemotionallyaffectedbydifficultiesinlife.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:C

第8题:A

【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。A：直到17世纪，女性才比男性长寿。B：女性和男性的寿命差距自17世纪以来一直在扩大。由“Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.However,thedifferencewassmallerthen—thegapisgrowing.（例如，这在17世纪就有描述。然而，当时的差异比现在小，现在的差距在增长）”可知A项以及B项错误。C：一个2003年出生在美国的男婴能够活到73岁。由“AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canexpectstolivetobeabout73（一个于2003年出生在美国的男婴预期能够活到73岁）”可知C项正确。D：所有女性都比男性活得长。此项并未被提及。因此本题选C。

2.【试题解析】判断推理题。文章第一段讲女性更长寿，男女寿命存在差异，而且差距正在增加。第二段讲了一些造成差距大的可能因素。A：男性的寿命几乎保持不变。此项并未被前两段提及。B：研究者已经找到年龄差距的原因。此项不符合前两段所述，前两段只是提出了可能因素。C：社会越先进，寿命差距越大。此项可由前两段推断而出。D：寿命差距只是在最近才被注意。此项错误。因为第一段指出：Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.（17世纪就有所描述了）。因此C项正确。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段中提到的影响男女寿命差异的两个因素是：女性工作压力比男性小，也没有男性那么爱冒险。因此，D项“她们承受的工作压力和不愿意冒险”正确。

4.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段指出：Itwasoncesuggestedthatworkingwomenaremorelikelytosmokeandasmorewomenenteredtheworkforce,theagegapwouldbegintoclose,becausesmokingisrelatedtoearlierdeaths.Now,however,weseemorewomensmokingandtheystilltendtolivelongeralthoughtheirlungcancerrateisclimbingsharply.（曾经有人指出，职业女性吸烟的可能性更大，随着越来越多的妇女进入职场，年龄差距将开始缩小，因为吸烟与较早死亡有关。然而现在，我们看到越来越多的女性吸烟，她们的寿命也越来越长，尽管她们的肺癌发病率在急剧攀升）。由此推测，D项“吸烟似乎不会影响妇女的寿命”正确。

5.【试题解析】细节事实题。第四段指出：Onepuzzlingaspectoftheproblemisthatwomendonotappeartobeashealthyasmen.Thatis,theyreportfarmoreillnesses.Butwhenamanreportsanillness,itismorelikelytobeserious.（男女寿命差这个问题令人费解的一点是：女性似乎并没有男性健康。也就是，她们更容易得病。但是当一位男士生病了，往往更严重）。因此让研究人员费解的一点是B项“尽管女性更容易得病，但她们仍然活得更长”。

6.【试题解析】词义题。“edge”所在句为：Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳动物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.（几乎所有雌性的哺乳动物都拥有这个……，因为她们普遍活得更长）。由此推测，“edge”表示“优势”的意思。

7.【试题解析】判断推理题。A：只有人类的女性比男性命长。由“Afterall，thephenomenonisnotisolatedtohumans.Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳动物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.（毕竟，这种现象并不是人类所独有的。几乎所有雌性哺乳动物都拥有这个优势，因为她们普遍活得更久）”可知A项错误。B：女性比男性活得久，是由于基因方面的原因。由“Perhapswearesearchingfortheanswerstooclosetothesurfaceoftheproblem.Perhapstheanswersliedeeperinourbiologicalheritage.（也许我们正在寻找的答案只是问题的表面。也许答案在于更深层次生物遗传的原因）”可知B项错误。C：从生命一开始，男性和女性就存在差别。由“Inhuman,afterbirth,morebabyboysthanbabygirlsdie.（就人类而言，出生后死亡的男婴比女婴多）”可知C项正确。

8.【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章提出：人们的寿命普遍比以前长；但女性比男性活得久一些。并且分析了造成这种差异的可能因素。最后指出，也许男女寿命差异可能在于更深层次的生物遗传原因。因此A项“女性更长寿仍然是个迷”比较符合文章主旨大意。

5.单选题

Atlastsheleftherhouseandhurriedtotheairportonly______theplaneflyingaway.

问题1选项

A.saw

B.seen

C.seeing

D.tosee

【答案】D

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：最后她离开了家，匆忙赶往机场，却只看见飞机飞走了。only+现在分词（短语）和only+不定式（短语）都可作结果状语，跟现在分词往往表示一种自然的合乎逻辑的结果，而跟不定式往往表示一种出乎意料的或令人失望的结果，仅限于少数终止性动词，如find，hear，learn，make，see等。only到句尾部分是结果状语，匆忙赶往机场却未能如愿登机，是令人失望的结果，D选项tosee符合题意。A选项saw是一般过去时，作谓语动词，不作非谓语动词；B选项seen是过去分词，不单独使用；C选项onlyseeing表示合乎逻辑的结果，含有意料之中的意思，不存在失望的情况，不符合语境。因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat（）wehadtostopforrefreshments.

问题1选项

A.atlarge

B.atease

C.atrandom

D.atintervals

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配词组辨析。atlarge“详尽的”;atease“安逸,舒适”;atrandom“随便地,任意地”;atintervals“不时地,间断地”。句意:讨论时间太长,使人精疲力竭,我们不得不不时地停下来吃点点心。选项D符合句意。

7.单选题

Inasocietythatplacesomuchemphasisto“makingit,”wefailtorecognizethatwhatlookslikefailuremay,inthelongrun,provebeneficial.

问题1选项

A.to

B.failtorecognize

C.what

D.inthelongrun

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。根据emphasis可知，placeemphasison为固定搭配，表示“重视，强调”。句意：在一个如此强调“成功”的社会里，我们没有意识到，从长远来看，看起来像是失败的东西可能是有益的。因此，该题选择A项。

8.单选题

Theactualcostofthebuildingwasmuchhigherthanouroriginal（）.

问题1选项

A.consideration

B.judgment

C.estimate

D.plan

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析。consideration“考虑;报酬”;judgment“判断,辨别力”;estimate“估计,判断”。句意:这座建筑物的实际成本比我们原来的估计高得多。选项C符合句意。

9.单选题

Manypartsofanaircraftare______together.

问题1选项

A.reshuffled

B.repulsed

C.reverted

D.riveted

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.reshuffled进行岗位调整；更改职责配置B.repulsed拒绝；驱逐

C.reverted回复；归还D.riveted吸引住；用铆钉固定住

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息partsofanaircraft（飞机的零件）和关键词together（一起）可知，空格处填入“组装，固定”符合句子意思，四个选项中只有D项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】飞机的许多部件是用铆钉铆接在一起的。

10.单选题

Hisnewtheoryhascausedanenormous（

）throughoutthecivilizedworld.

问题1选项

A.solidarity

B.sentiment

C.sermon

D.sensation

【答案】D

【解析】solidarity团结一致；sentiment情绪,观点；sermon启示,训诫；sensation轰动。句意:他的新理论在整个文明世界引起了巨大的轰动。选项D符合句意。

11.单选题

Youshould（

）yourselfwiththerelevantfactsbeforemakingadecision.

问题1选项

A.acquaint

B.acquire

C.acknowledge

D.attempt

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项acquaint“使熟悉，使认识”；B选项acquire“获得”；C选项acknowledge“承认，答谢”；D选项attempt“企图，尝试”。句意：在做决定之前，你应该熟悉相关的事实。选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Ifwe______ourdifferencefactions,thentogetherwecangainthemajorityinthelegislature.

问题1选项

A.amalgamate

B.manifest

C.alienate

D.deviate

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.amalgamate（使）合并；联合B.manifest清楚显示（尤指情感、态度或品质），表明

C.alienate使疏远；使不友好D.deviate背离；偏离

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词together（一起）可推知，______ourdifferencefactions表示的是“把不同的派别合并起来”，因此该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】如果我们把不同的派别合并起来，那么我们就能在立法机构中获得多数席位。

13.单选题

Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon（）rainarefalling.

问题1选项

A.whichwhereandhowmuch

B.whereandhow

C.whichandhow

D.whereandhowmuch

【答案】D

【解析】考查引导词。句意：卫星照片可以提供关于降雨区域以及降雨量的信息。on后面接定语从句，从句的主语已经有引导词连接，不再用which。故D项正确。

14.填空题

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereis|oneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

GhostshipsAutonomouscargovesselscouldsetsailwithoutacrewunderthewatchfuleyeofcaptainsinshore-basedsimulators

Militarydronesalreadyflyfrequentmissionsandcivilianoperationsusingunmannedaircraftarecoming.Driverlesscarsareclockingupthousandsoftestmiles.(41)Indeed,themaritimeindustryhasstartedtothinkaboutwhatwouldberequiredtolaunchalatter-dayMarieCdeste.

(42)Thebridgesofsomemodernvesselsarenowmorelikelytocontaincomputerscreensandjoysticksthanenginetelegraphsandagiantship’swheel.ThelatestsupplyshipsservingtheoffshoreoilandgasindustryintheNorthSea,forinstance,usedynamicpositioningsystemswhichcollectdatafromsatellites,gyrocompasses,andwindandmotionsensorstoautomaticallyholdtheirpositionwhentransferringcargo(alsodonebyremotecontrol)toandfromplatforms,evenintheheaviestofswells.

(43)Asintheairandontheroad,robustcontrolsystemswillbeneededtoconformtoexistingregulations.

Themaritimeindustryisinterestedincrewlessshipsfortworeasons.Thefirstissafety.Mostaccidentsatseaaretheresultofhumanerror,justastheyareincarsandplanes.(44)

Thesecondreasonis,ofcourse,cost.Itisbecomingincreasinglydifficulttosignupcompetentcrewpreparedtospendmonthsawayatsea.Moreover,somevoyagesarelikelytogetevenlongerforshipscarryingnon-urgentcargo.Bysomeaccounts,a30%reductioninspeedbyabulkcarriercansavearound50%infuel.(45)Removingthecrew,though,alsoremovestheneedfortheiraccommodationanditsassociatedequipment,likeheatingandplumbing.Andthatprovidesroomtocarrymorecargo.

A.Ships,likeaircraftandcars,areincreasinglycontrolledbyelectronicsystems,whichmakesautomationeasier.

B.So,ifhumanoperatorsarereplacedbysophisticatedsensorsandcomputersystems,autonomousvesselsshould,intheory,makeshippingsafer.

C.Sowhynotletremote-controlledshipssetsailwithoutacrew?

D.Somethingsimilarisbeingproposedforautonomouscivildrones,withground-basedpilotsrespondingtocommunicationsandair-trafficcontrolinstructionsasiftheywereinthecockpit.

E.Thismeansslowersteamingcouldprovidebigsavingsinfuelcosts,butitwouldbeattheexpenseofincreasedexpenditureoncrewfortheselongervoyages,bothinwagesandforthe“hotel”facilitiesrequiredonboard.

F.However,asisalsothecasewithpilotlessaircraftanddriverlesscars,itisnotsomuchatechnologicalchallengethathastobeovercomebeforeautonomousshipscansetsail,butregulatoryandsafetyconcerns.

【答案】41.C

42.A

43.F

44.B

45.E

【解析】【选项释义】

A.Ships,likeaircraftandcars,areincreasinglycontrolledbyelectronicsystems,whichmakesautomationeasier.A.像飞机和汽车一样，船舶越来越多地由电子系统控制，这使得自动化更容易。

B.So,ifhumanoperatorsarereplacedbysophisticatedsensorsandcomputersystems,autonomousvesselsshould,intheory,makeshippingsafer.B.因此，如果人工操作员被先进的传感器和计算机系统取代，自动驾驶船舶理论上应该会使航运更安全。

C.Sowhynotletremote-controlledshipssetsailwithoutacrew?C.那么，为什么不让遥控船只在没有船员的情况下启航呢？

D.Somethingsimilarisbeingproposedforautonomouscivildrones,withground-basedpilotsrespondingtocommunicationsandair-trafficcontrolinstructionsasiftheywereinthecockpit.D.类似的东西也被提议用于自主民用无人机，让地面飞行员对通信和空中交通管制指令做出反应，就像他们在驾驶舱里一样。

E.Thismeansslowersteamingcouldprovidebigsavingsinfuelcosts,butitwouldbeattheexpenseofincreasedexpenditureoncrewfortheselongervoyages,bothinwagesandforthe“hotel”facilitiesrequiredonboard.E.这意味着减速航行可以大幅节省燃料成本，但这将以增加船员在这些长途航行中的支出为代价，包括工资和船上所需的“酒店”设施。

F.However,asisalsothecasewithpilotlessaircraftanddriverlesscars,itisnotsomuchatechnologicalchallengethathastobeovercomebeforeautonomousshipscansetsail,butregulatoryandsafetyconcerns.F.然而，就像无人驾驶飞机和无人驾驶汽车一样，在无人驾驶船舶起航之前，需要克服的与其说是技术挑战，不如说是监管和安全方面的担忧。

41.前一句提到“无人驾驶汽车的测试里程已达数千英里”，后一句说到“海运业已经开始考虑建造现代的船舶需要什么条件”，从中可以推测，空格这一句应该是问无人驾驶的船舶，C项正确。

42.该段第二句提到“现在，一些现代船只的船桥上更有可能装有电脑屏幕和操纵杆，而不是发动机电报和巨型轮船的轮子”，并且后面用北海海上石油和天然气行业服务的船舶举例，来描述船舶上的电子系统控制，所以该段第一句与电子系统控制有关，故A项正确。

43.根据该段第二句“就像在空中和道路上一样，鲁棒控制系统将需要符合现有法规（existingregulations）”，可知这一段与上一段是转折关系，这一段描写的是无人驾驶船舶将遇到的一些问题，F项正确。

44.该段讲的是海运业对无船员船舶感兴趣的其中一个原因，即安全，所以最后一句也是对安全的描述，只有B项符合。

45.该段讲的是海运业对无船员船舶感兴趣的另外一个原因，即成本，所以该段都是对成本的阐述，E项正确。

15.单选题

HurricaneHugowill_____intherecordbooksasthecostlieststormeverfacedbyinsurers.

问题1选项

A.godown

B.goup

C.goby

D.gothrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。godown“下降，传下去”；goup“增长，上升”；goby“经过，顺便拜访”；gothrough“经受，通过，仔细检查”。句意：飓风雨果将作为有史以来遭遇损失最严重的暴风雨被载入史册。选项A符合题意。

16.单选题

Thishouseneeds______.Iwillcalltherepaircompanytomorrow.

问题1选项

A.tobepaint

B.painting

C.topainting

D.painted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词用法。句意：这房子需要维修。我明天给维修公司打电话。根据语境，这里是指房子需要被维修，某人/某物需要被做某事用sb./sth.needdoing，所以B选项painting符合题意，故正确。sb.needtodo表示某人需要做某事，表示主动意味，所以A选项tobepaint不符合用法。其余选项语法错误。因此B选项正确。

17.单选题

Thirty-onemillionAmericanareover60yearsofage,andtwenty-ninemillionofthemarehealthy,busy,productivecitizens.Bytheyear2030,oneineveryfivepeopleintheUnitedStateswillbeover60.Elderlypeoplearemembersofthefastest-growingminorityinthiscountry.Manycallthisthe“grayingofAmerica”.

In1973,agroupcalledthe“GrayPanthers”wasorganized.Thisgroupismadeupofyoungandoldcitizens.TheyaretryingtodealwiththespecialproblemsofgrowingoldinAmerica.TheGrayPanthersknowthatmanyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.Somehavefinancialproblems;pricesaregoingupsofastthattheelderlycan’taffordthefood,clothing,andhousingtheyneed.Someoldpeopleareafraidandhavesafetyproblems.Othershaveemotionalproblems.Manyelderlyarelonelybecauseofthedeathofahusbandorawife.TheGrayPanthersknowanotherfact,too.Elderlypeoplewanttobeasindependentaspossible.So,theGrayPanthersarelookingforwaystosolvethespecialproblemsoftheelderly.

ThepresidentoftheGrayPanthersisMaggieKuhn,anactivewomaninherlate70s.ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.ShesaysthatAmericansdonotencourageelderstolivewithyoungerpeople.AsfarasMaggieKuhnisconcerned,onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.

MaggieKuhnknowsthateldersneededucation,too.ShespendslotsoftimetalkingtogroupsofolderAmericans.Sheencouragesthemtocontinuetoliveintheirownhousesifitispossible.Shealsotellsthemthatitisimportanttolivewithyoungerpeopleandtohavechildrenaroundthem.Thishelpselderstostayyoungatheart.

1.Whathealthproblemsdomanyelderlyhave?

2.Nursinghomes（）.

3.MaggieKuhntravelsacrosstheUnitedStatesinorderto（）elders.

4.OneoftheproblemsMaggieKuhntalksaboutis（）.

5.MaggieKuhnencourageseldersto（）.

问题1选项

A.Theyfeellonely.

B.Theyaresufferingfromcancer.

C.Theycannotwalkorseeorhearwell.

D.Theyhavegotheartproblems.

问题2选项

A.aregoodforelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcare

B.helpkeepeldersyoung

C.aresetupfortrainingnurses

D.areplaceswheresmallchildrenaretakencareof

问题3选项

A.collectmoneyfor

B.showconcernsfor

C.findhousesfor

D.educatepeopletohelp

问题4选项

A.whyeldersshouldbetakencareof

B.whereandhowelderslive

C.whoneedsmedicalcare

D.howtoimproveeducationintheUSA

问题5选项

A.liveinnursinghomes

B.travelmore

C.livewithyoungerpeople

D.dosomehousework

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第二段第四句“manyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.”选项C与原文表述一致，正确。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“Nursinghomes”定位到第三段最后一句“onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.”只有需要不断的医疗护理的老年人才应该住进养老院。也就是说，养老院对需要持续医疗护理的老年人有益。选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.”她走遍美国，教育年轻人和老年人关注老年人的问题。选项D正确。

4.细节事实题。根据第三段第三句“Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.”选项B与原文表述一致，正确。

5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的三四句，MaggieKuhn鼓励老人继续住在自己的房子里，和年轻人生活在一起，有孩子在身边是很重要的。选项C符合原文。

18.填空题

We’re（1）alotoftrouble（2）ournewTVset.Weonly（3）itlastmonth,butwealreadyneedtocallarepairmantofixit.I（4）thatthesetisasgoodasweweretolditwasinthestore.Mywife（5）menottotrustthatsalesman!

【答案】1.having

2.with

3.bought

4.doubt

5.told

【解析】1.固定搭配。Havetroublewith在某方面有麻烦/困难

2.固定搭配。

3.语义题。句意:我们上个月才买的。

4.语义题。doubt怀疑。

5.语义题。Tell告诉。Told在这里暗含“警告”之意。

19.单选题

Theresultmeansthatthe______worldchampionhasextendedhisleadinthisseason’schampionship.

问题1选项

A.tramping

B.loitering

C.reigning

D.strolling

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项tramping为动词tramp的现在分词，表示“踩，步行”，B项loitering为动词loiter的现在分词，表示“闲荡，虚度，盘旋”，C项reigning为形容词，表示“统治的，在位的，本届的”，D项strolling为形容词，表示“巡回演出的，消闲散步的”。空格处缺少一个定语修饰worldchampion“世界冠军”，由此可知，四个选项中只有C项符合语境。句意：这一结果意味着这位卫冕世界冠军在本赛季的锦标赛中扩大了领先优势。因此，该题选择C项正确。

20.单选题

OrdinarilyProfessorLingisaperfectlyreasonableman,soIdon'tunderstandwhyheisbeingsostubborninthiscase.

问题1选项

A.aperfectly

B.Idon'tunderstandwhy

C.isbeing

D.inthiscase

E.没有问题

【答案】E

21.单选题

Thesuggestionthatthemayor______theprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.

问题1选项

A.presents

B.oughttopresent

C.wouldpresent

D.present

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：大家接受了由市长颁奖的建议。一坚持(insist)、二命令(order,command)、三建议(advise,suggest,propose)、四要求(demand,require,request,desire)后面可以跟宾语从句，从句用虚拟语气，即其谓语部分用should+动词原形，其中should可省略。这里suggest跟宾语从句，用虚拟语气，D选项“present”符合题意。A选项presents，B选项oughttopresent和C选项wouldpresent用法错误。因此D选项正确。

22.单选题

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersi