考研考博-英语-北京科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京科技职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Inthe19th-century,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.

Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan’tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It’smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you’reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you’llprobablydoso,too.

The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.

Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that’llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don’ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.

Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneuralnetworksinside.

Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomeslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You’retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.

Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.

Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you’reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don’tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.

问题1选项

A.Passion.

B.Determination.

C.Capability.

D.Action.

问题2选项

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrol

问题3选项

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.

问题4选项

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutines

问题5选项

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfully

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdo

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】21.【选项释义】

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?21.以下哪一项是19世纪性格模范的关键因素？

A.Passion.A.激情，热情

B.Determination.B.决心

C.Capability.C.能力

D.Action.D.行动

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词the19th-centurycharactermodel定位第一段倒数第二句“作为灵魂的船长，你的工作就是建立水坝来控制这些激情（keepthesepassionsincheck）”，以及最后一句“你的工作就是对懒惰、欲望、贪婪、吸毒和其他罪恶说不（sayno）”，可知，在19世纪，最首要的性格模范就是“决心”，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项属于出处错位，性格模范的关键因素就是决心控制激情；

C、D选项在该处没有提及，属于无中生有。

22.【选项释义】

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.22.19世纪的性格模范被认为是行不通的，原因是______。

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetimeA.它在大多数时候都没有令人满意地发挥作用

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundlessB.将自由意志比作大坝是毫无根据的

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefullyC.人们应该仔细考虑自己想做什么

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrolD.还有许多其他因素超出了一个人的控制

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】定位第三段第二句“今天，我们知道自由意志是有限的”，以及第三句“人们可以改变自己的生活，但有序的改变并不简单，因为很多事情（manythings），甚至是我们自身的事情，都超出了我们的直接控制（beyondourdirectcontrol）”，可知，因为很多因素都超出了直接的控制，所以难以有序的改变生活，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项定位第二段第四句“你的意志力不像水坝，不能阻挡任性的洪流”，可知，文中并没有提到将自由意志比作大坝是groundless，该项曲解原文；

C选项表述与原文不符，属于曲解原文。

23.【选项释义】

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?23.杜克大学的这项研究的主要意义是什么？

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.A.习惯是一个人行为的关键。

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.B.一个人的行为很难改变。

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.C.习惯和意志力都很重要。

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.D.习惯有一个未知的结构。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键信息DukeUniversity定位第三段第四句“例如，我们的许多行为都是由潜意识习惯引导的（guidedbyunconscioushabits）”，以及第五句“杜克大学的研究人员计算出，超过40%的行为是由习惯决定的（governedbyhabit），而不是实际的决定”，可知，很多的行为都是习惯导致的，A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项属于反向干扰，杜克大学的研究就是“大部分行为由习惯决定”，所以该项中的willpower不符合原文；

D选项在第三段最后一句有提到，“习惯的结构是：线索、例行公事和奖励”，该项属于反向干扰。

24.【选项释义】

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.24.根据新的性格模范，个人行为可以通过______改变。

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponsesA.通过暗示来操纵习惯性的神经反应

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabitsB.通过暗示停止所有之前无意识的习惯

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcuesC.通过技巧来设计不同的身体暗示

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutinesD.通过技巧来补充旧的习惯

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位第六段第二句“你应该设计策略来改变暗示和惯例（devisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines）”，可知，新的性格典范是通过设计策略提供暗示改变自己的行为习惯，所以C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项定位第五段“因此，他们的研究暗示了一种不同的性格典范，该典范被认为可以操纵内部的神经网络（manipulatetheneuralnetworksinside）”，可知A项中的neuralresponses和neuralnetworks并不相符，该项曲解原文；

B选项中的stop和原文中的alter并不相符，属于曲解原文；

D选项中的supplement和原文中的alter并不相符，也属于曲解原文。

25.【选项释义】

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.25.从文章中我们得知，新的性格典范______。

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfullyA.已经成功地改变了行为

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviourB.更好地处理行为的情感方面

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchangeC.强调习惯改变的神经和心理方面

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdoD.可以给人的生活带来改变，就像广告商做的那样

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位倒数第二段，第一句“这有点令人不安，因为重要的习惯性神经网络不仅仅是由惯例形成的（notformedbymereroutine），也不可能由聪明的暗示逆转”，以及第二句“它们被情感所燃烧（burnedinbyemotion），被强烈的渴望所强化（strengthenedbystrongyearnings），就像对赞美和正义的渴望一样”，可知，新的性格典范重视习惯改变的神经和心理的方面，C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项文中并没有提到成功改变了行为，属于无中生有；

B选项也没有提到，属于无中生有；

D选项定位到最后一段第一句“如果你认为你可以用一种聪明的方式改变你的生活，就像广告商让你买空气清新剂那样，你可能错了”，可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。

2.单选题

Thegovernmentisseekingto（

）itselffromthelatestfinancialcrisis.

问题1选项

A.detach

B.extract

C.derive

D.ease

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。detach“使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract"提取；提炼；摘录”；derive“源于；得自；获得”；ease“减轻；使安心”。句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Iamcautiously（）thatanewgovernmentwillbeconcernedandawareabouttheenvironment.

问题1选项

A.optimistic

B.hostile

C.cynical

D.doubtful

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。optimistic“乐观的”；hostile“敌对的”；cynical“愤世嫉俗的”；doubtful“可疑的”。句意：对于新政府是否会关注环境问题，我持谨慎的______态度。根据关键信息cautiously可知选项A符合题意，“乐观态度”。

4.单选题

Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepricesofvegetablesnolonger（）accordingtotheweather.

问题1选项

A.evaluated

B.converted

C.fluctuated

D.modified

【答案】C

【解析】evaluated评估，估价；converted转变，改变；fluctuated波动；modified修改。句意：当地人发现蔬菜的价格不再随天气而波动，感到非常高兴和惊讶。选项C符合句意。

5.单选题

Ifshe（

）herefforts,shewillsucceed

问题1选项

A.goeson

B.retains

C.holdsinto

D.maintains

【答案】D

【解析】近义词辨析题。A选项goon“继续”；B选项retain“保持”；C选项holdinto搭配不当；D选项maintain“持续，保持”。句意：如果她持续努力，她会成功的。这里强调的是持续性，所以选项D更符合语境。

6.不定项选择题

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslagerattheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto________.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat________.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’swasthat________.

问题1选项

A.wasaltered

B.wasstrengthened

C.wasweakened

D.wasnotaffected

问题2选项

A.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

B.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

C.becomeabnormallysuspicious

D.turnofftheelectricity

问题3选项

A.itledtostomachpains

B.theydislikeditstaste

C.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

D.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

问题4选项

A.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

B.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

C.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

D.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemexperiment.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：劳登斯拉格的实验表明，那些能够切断电源的老鼠的免疫系统……。A选项“被改动”；B选项“被加强”；C选项“被削弱”；D选项“不受影响”.根据题干定位到第一段“劳登斯拉格发现，无助的大鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能够切断电源的大鼠则没有（butnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity）。”由此可知答案选D。

第2题:事实细节题。题干：根据文章，那些无助的经历会导致老鼠……。A选项“在可控的情况下被动地表现”；B选项“努力控制不愉快的刺激”；C选项“变得异常多疑”；D选项“断电”。根据题干定位到第二段第三段话Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.“但是，如果动物面对它们无法控制的情况，它们以后在面对它们可以控制的情况时就会表现得被动。”所以这里答案选A。

第3题:事实细节题。题干：为什么在安德尔的实验里老师会躲避糖精。A选项“因为糖精会导致肚子痛”；B选项“他们不喜欢这个味道”；C选项“他们把糖精和肚子痛联系起来了”；D选项“糖精影响了他们的免疫系统”。根据题干定位到最后一段第二、三句In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned（使形成条件反射）micetoavoidsaccharin（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.（1975年心理学家罗伯特•阿德在罗切斯特大学医学院通过同时喂食造成胃不舒服的系统使老鼠形成躲避糖精的条件反射。老鼠将糖精与胃痛联系起来，很快就学会了避开这种甜味剂。）由此可知并不是糖精让人不舒服，是科学家有意让老鼠认为吃了糖精就会造成肚子不舒服，所以答案选C。

第4题:事实细节题。题干：这段话告诉我们，在阿德实验里，老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是……。A选项“他们的免疫系统被思维改变了”；B选项“他们的心理被糖精削弱了”；C选项“他们在之前的条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂”；D选项“甜味剂对他们有害”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.（关于大脑如何改变免疫反应的一个最令人吃惊的例子是偶然发现的）和最后一段第四，五句Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem（为了消除这种对甜味剂的厌恶，阿德再次让这些老鼠接触糖精，但这次没有药物，他惊讶地发现，那些在早期条件作用中摄入了最高量甜味剂的老鼠死亡了。他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了条件反射，现在单用糖精就可以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们。）从这三句可以看出答案选A。

7.单选题

Thechildrencouldnot（

）laughingatthesightofthemonkeyssittingcross-leggedwithacigaretteinhismouth.

问题1选项

A.preventfrom

B.refrainfrom

C.leaveoff

D.holdonto

【答案】B

【解析】句意:看见猴子嘴刁香烟盘腿而坐的时候，孩子们忍不住都笑了。

考查短语辨析。preventfrom防止,阻止,预防;refrainfrom忍住,抑制;leaveoff停止,中断;holdonto保持住,抓住不放。因此B符合句意。

8.翻译题

TheentryoftheAnglo-SaxonpeoplesintoBritain,andtheircenturies-longsuccessfulstruggletoestablishGermanickingdomsthere,isamongthemostfamousventuresoftheAgeofMigrations,butlikeotherhistoricaleventsofthetimeitisobscureinmuchofitsdetail:theidentityandplaceoforiginofthepeoplestakingpart,theneedsanddesiresthatmovedthemtoentry"andconquest,thelinesofinvasion,thedurationofnativeresistance,thehistoricityoftheBritishArthur（亚瑟王）.

【答案】盎格鲁萨克逊民族进入英国，并经过几百年的斗争，最终在那里建立起日耳曼王国，那是移民时代最为著名的冒险故事。但是和其他同时期的历史事件一样，这些事迹的很多细节模糊不清：如参与迁移民族的发源地以及他们的身份，他们处于什么样的需求和愿望进入并征服大不列颠，入侵的路线，当地人抵抗的时间持续了多久，以及亚瑟王传说的真实性。

9.单选题

TheUnitedStatesisconfrontedbymanyeconomicproblems—forexample,inflation,unemployment,pollution,poverty,decliningproductivity,andrapidlyincreasingenergycost.Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.Forallpracticalpurposes,humanwantsmayberegardedaslimitless.Scarcityhasalwaysbeenofmajorconcerntoeconomists.

Agivenquantityofresourcesusedtomeetoneneedcannotsimultaneouslybeusedtomeetanother.Achoicemustbemade:Whichneedwillprevail?Whatwillbeproduced?Fillingoneurgentneedoftenmeanssacrificingtheopportunitytosatisfyanother.Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurring（承受）opportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgone（放弃的）alternatives.

Howarethese,difficultchoicesofprioritiesandforgoneopportunitiesarrivedatinasociety?Theanswertothisquestionisthesubjectmatterofmicroeconomic,orthestudyofresourceallocationamongindividualsectorsadgroupswithintheeconomicsystem.Microeconomics,analysisdealswiththeprinciplesandguidelinesthathelpdeterminewhatandhowmuchisproduced,themethodofproductionused,andthedivisionoftheresultingoutput（asincome）amongthemembersofthesociety.Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.

Itisimportanttounderstandfromtheverystorythateconomicsisregardinggovernmenteconomicpolicymaking,policymakers（usuallyelectedofficials）causethegovernmenttointervene（ornottointervene）intheeconomyaccordingtocertainpolitical,social,oreconomicgoalswithwhicheconomistsmayormaynotagree.Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.

1.Thefundamentalproblemofeconomicsis,inshort,（）.

2.Opportunitycost（）.

3.Evengovernmentpolicymeasureshave“opportunitycosts”whichmeans（）.

4.Thecausesofgeneralunemploymentandinflationaretopicsstudiedin（）.

5.Economicanalysisofapolicyproposalusuallydoesnotallow（）.

问题1选项

A.toomanypoorpeople

B.findingjobsforall

C.thescarcityofresourcesrelativetowants

D.constantlyrisingprices

问题2选项

A.ismeasuredbyhowmuchofonecommodityyouhavetoforgoinordertogetsomestatedamountofanothercommodity

B.measureshowmanydifferentopportunitiesyouhavetospendyourmoney

C.measuresopportunitiesintermsoftheirrelativeprices

D.isalwaysthesameasmoneycost

问题3选项

A.highertaxeswillbenecessary

B.movingtowardonepolicygoalmayrequiremovingawayfromanotherpolicygoal

C.governmentactionisusuallyinefficient

D.governmentactionprovidesnewopportunities

问题4选项

A.resourceallocation

B.macroeconomics

C.opportunitycast

D.productionpossibilities

问题5选项

A.estimationofthecostsoftheproposal

B.determinationofwhetheraparticularpolicymeasurewillcontributetoitsstatedgoal

C.considerationofthesideeffectsofthepolicy

D.a“scientific"choicebetweenalternativegoal

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.近年来，美国人越来越意识到人类面临的根本经济问题——用来满足日益增长的人口所需求的资源很稀缺。可知经济的根本问题是资源稀缺。故C项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第二段“Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurringopportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgonealternatives.因此，机会成本这一非常重要的经济学概念应运而生。每一次，当一个人因为稀缺而被迫做出选择时，他就会付出机会成本。这些成本是用放弃的替代品来衡量的。”可知机会成本是指放弃一些替代品来衡量的。故A项正确。

3.推理判断题。题干意为“甚至政府的政策措施也存在机会成本”意味着什么？这道题主要考查对机会成本的理解，上一题已经得知机会成本表示放弃一些替代品。纵观四个选项，只有B项“朝着一个政策目标前进可能需要远离另一个政策目标”符合机会成本的含义。故B项正确。

4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第三段Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.所有这些个人决策的综合效应为宏观经济问题提供了答案，这些问题包括:是否存在充分就业，总体物价是否在上涨，以及整体经济是否在增长。可知失业，通货膨胀是宏观经济的研究范畴。故B项正确。

5.推理判断题。由最后一段Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.因此，经济学家的作用是指出这些行动的全部经济影响，以便更明智地作出决策。可知经济学家只是指出政策可能带来的经济影响，最终做决策的人是政策制定者。故D项不是经济学家要做的事。ABC三项都是经济学家该做的事。

10.单选题

Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s—（

）policies.

问题1选项

A.economical

B.economic

C.economy

D.economics

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项economical“经济的，实惠的，节俭的”；B选项economic“经济上的，经济学的，有利可图的”；C选项economy“经济，经济情况”；D选项economics“经济学”。空格处为形容词作定语修饰名词policies，B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：史密斯博士本人虽然不是经济学家，但长期以来一直严厉批评政府的经济政策。

11.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.

Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).

Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).

Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).

Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).

SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群体的经济和环境条件恶劣表现在这些群体有很高的发病率和死亡率。

47.这样的流行病学调查结果在一定程度上反映了这样一个事实，即在美国的底层人群中，黑人比例较高。

48.不幸的是，媒体往往关注的是明显的种族主义形式，如仇恨犯罪，而忽视了社会机构中存在的更隐蔽的形式，如医疗机构。

49.尽管有医疗保障，黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的医疗保险计划的平等程度上受到种族歧视和差异的影响。

50.黑人的高血压发病率是白人的两倍，这被认为是黑人患心脏病、肾病和中风高死亡率的关键因素。

12.单选题

Ifyoukeepgettingwrongnumbers,yourphonecouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.deficient

B.deceptive

C.defective

D.ineffective

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项deficient“不足的；有缺陷的；不充分的”，尤指数量不足；B选项deceptive“欺诈的；迷惑的；虚伪的”；C选项defective“有缺陷的；不完美的”，尤指质量不佳；D选项ineffective“失效的，不起作用的，无效的”。句意：如果你总是打错电话，你的电话可能是无效的。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

AProfessorstoodbeforehisphilosophyclassandhadsomeitemsinfrontofhim.Whentheclassbegan,wordlessly,hepickedupaverylargeandemptymayonnaisejarandproceededtofillitwithgolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsifthejarwasfull.Theyagreedthatitwas.

SotheProfessorthenpickedupaboxofpebblesandpouredthemintothejar.Heshookthejarlightly.Thepebblesrolledintotheopenareasbetweenthegolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsagainifthejarwasfull.Theyagreeditwas.

TheProfessornextpickedupaboxofsandandpoureditintothejar.Ofcourse,thesandfilledupeverythingelse.Heaskedoncemoreifthejarwasfull.Thestudentsrespondedwithaunanimous"Yes".

TheProfessorthenproducedtwocansofbeerfromunderthetableandpouredtheentirecontentsintothejar,effectivelyfillingtheemptyspacebetweenthesand.Thestudentslaughed.

“Now,”saidtheProfessor,asthelaughtersubsided,“Iwantyoutorecognizethatthisjarrepresentsyourlife.”

Thegolfballsaretheimportantthings—yourfamily,yourchildren,yourhealth,yourfriends,yourfavoritepassions―thingsthatifeverythingelsewaslostandonlytheyremained,yourlifewouldstillbefull.

Thepebblesaretheotherthingsthatmatterlikeyourjob,yourhouse,yourcar.Thesandiseverythingelse—thesmallstuff."

“Ifyouputthesandintothejarfirst”,hecontinued,"thereisnoroomforthepebblesorthegolfballs.Thesamegoesforlife.Ifyouspendallyourtimeandenergyonthesmallstuff,youwillneverhaveroomforthethingsthatareimportanttoyou.Payattentiontothethingsthatarecriticaltoyourhappiness.Playwithyourchildren.Taketimetogetmedicalcheckups.Takeyourpartnerouttodinner.Playanother18.Therewillalwaysbetimetocleanthehouse,andfixthedisposal.Takecareofthegolfballsfirst,thethingsthatreallymatter.Setyourpriorities.Therestisjustsand."

Whenhehadfinished,therewasaprofoundsilence.Thenoneofthestudentsraisedherhandandwithapuzzledexpression,inquiredwhatwasthebeerrepresented.

TheProfessorsmiled."I’mgladyouasked.Itjustgoestoshowyouthatnomatterhowfullyourlifemayseem,there'salwaysroomforacoupleofbeers."

Lesson:Whenthingsinyourlifeseemalmosttoomuchtohandle,when24hoursinadayarenotenough,rememberthemayonnaisejar...andthebeer.

1.Theprofessorillustratedhispointby（）

.

2.Whentheprofessorpouredthebeerintothejar,thestudentsmostprobablywouldnot（）.

3.Theauthortendstocomparehousecleaningto（

）.

4.Theprofessoremployedthebeertosignify（）.

5.Bywritingthestory,theauthorintendstobe（）.

问题1选项

A.analogy

B.exemplifying

C.punning

D.personification

问题2选项

A.finditunexpected

B.beamazedbyhim

C.appreciatehiswisdom

D.understandhisintension

问题3选项

A.thegolfballs

B.thepebbles

C.thesand

D.thebeer

问题4选项

A.trickstomakelifemorebeautiful

B.relaxationnomatterhowfulllifeis

C.thingsthatareunnecessaryfor