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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中南财经政法大学考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题
Goingthroughatrickydivorcewouldbeenoughtoputanyoneoffmarriageforlife.Butanewstudyshowsthatmenaremuchmorelikelyto______astressfulandcomplicatedbreak-upthanwomen.
问题1选项
A.geton
B.getoff
C.getover
D.getin
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。geton“上车;进展”;getoff”脱下;下车“;getover”克服“;getin”进入;陷入“。句意:经历一场棘手的离婚足以让任何人放弃婚姻。但一项新的研究表明,男性比女性更有可能……一段紧张而复杂的分手。句中but,因而存在转折关系,说明男性比女性更容易从分手中振作起来。因此选项C符合题意。
2.单选题
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhytheyarealwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It'siniquitous,"theysay,"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays.."
Thepooroldconsumer!He'dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn'tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,ere,fromanadvertisement
Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements,wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawwhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofthenewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerfulwilyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.
Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialsradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice.
Anotherthingwemustn'tforgetisthe"smallads",whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyFarthemostfascinatingsectionis!hepersonalor"agony"columns.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!
1.Advertisersshouldstopadvertisingandreducepriceofgoodsbecause().
2.Thepurposeofadvertisingisto().
3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
4.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe().
5.Regardingadvertisements,wecanconcludethatthetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe().
6.Theword"they"inline3ofparagraph3,refersto().
7.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorseemstosuggestthat().
问题1选项
A.criticsresentthem
B.theyhavesomuchtothrowaround
C.theconsumerpaysforallthecosts
D.advertiserscomeinforcriticisms
问题2选项
A.informthatconsumergoodsarecheap
B.inform
C.provideagreatdealofknowledge
D.bothsellgoodsandinform
问题3选项
A.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.
B.Everythinghastwosides.
C.Wastenot,wantnot.
D.it'snousecryingeverspiltmilk.
问题4选项
A.AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity
B.EntirelyUnproductiveIndustry
C.ThinkBig
D.GoodQualityProductsDon'tNeedtoBeAdvertised
问题5选项
A.critical
B.positive
C.negative
D.neutral
问题6选项
A.lotsofpeople
B.thesedays
C.advertisements
D.“they”inthefirstsentence
问题7选项
A.advertisementsareeverywhere
B.advertisementsarealotoffun
C.advertisementsareunnecessarilycostly
D.advertisementsmakeproductscheaper
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:A
第5题:B
第6题:C
第7题:B
【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句“Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays..”可知,选项C符合原文。
2.根据第二段的四五句“Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.”可知,广告除了推销产品,还有提供信息的功能,所以选项D正确。
3.选项A“上帝帮助自助之人”;选项B“每一样事物都有两个方面”;选项C“不浪费,不匮乏”;选项D“覆水难收”。根据第四段的第一句“Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.”前两段作者描述了广告对消费者的负面影响,最后两段又讲述了广告的积极影响,所以选项B最为恰当。
4.作者在文章前两段讲述了广告对消费者的负面影响,但又提到广告可以提供信息等其他积极作用。这是先抑后扬的写作手法,目的是为了突出后面的积极作用,所以选项A正确。
5.根据最后一段末句“It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!”可以看出,作者的态度是积极的,选项B正确。
6.根据原文,“they”很有趣,接下来列举了一下例子,由此可推测,这里的“they”指的是广告,选项C正确。
7.根据最后一段最后两句,报纸上没有任何其他文章能提供如此有趣的阅读,或提供对人性如此深刻的洞察。这是最好的广告!由此可知,作者主要强调的是广告的有趣性,所以选项B正确。
3.单选题
Heshoutedin________ofthepoliceman’swarningtobequiet.
问题1选项
A.defense
B.defiance
C.attempt
D.view
【答案】B
【解析】【选项释义】
A.defense防御,保卫B.defiance违抗,拒绝服从
C.attempt企图,尝试D.view看法,见解
【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】前半句的“shouted(喊叫)”和后半句的“warningtobequiet(保持安静的警告)”形成对比,说明他并没有遵从警察要他安静的警告,也就是说他无视、拒绝服从警察的警告。indefianceof是固定搭配,意为“无视,违抗”,因此B选项defiance“违抗,拒绝服从”最符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项defense“防御,保卫”,indefenseof指保护某事物免受攻击、批评或为某人辩护,不能和“warning(警告)”进行搭配;
C选项attempt“企图,尝试”,没有相应的搭配用法;
D选项view“看法,见解”,inviewof指鉴于某事物,考虑到某原因,不符合题干的语义逻辑。
【句意】他大声喊叫,无视警察要他保持安静的警告。
4.填空题
Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth:Whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillions(1)areoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresources(2)fromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.
Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythan(3)expendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowin(4)value,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.
Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefar
morethantheyneed(5)irony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,most
adultsofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompete(6)salesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaigns(7)towardchildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothink(8)anymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainly(9)theagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployamidesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibit(10).
A.splendid
B.elegant
C.snobbish
D.prudent
A.hehadagoodopinionoftheStClairfamily
B.hegrantedtheStClairfamilysomecredits
C.heowedsomemoneytotheStClairfamily
D.hewasmorerespectablethansomemembersoftheSt.Clairfamily
A.marryingformoney
B.robbingone'swife
C.makingfortunes
D.sellingtheteethofdeadsoldiers
A.brag
B.possess
C.arrange
D.pluck
A.detached
B.positive
C.cynical
D.liberal
【答案】1.more
2.away
3.is
4.nutritional
5.another
6.for
7.directed
8.of
9.not
10.overeating
【解析】1.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是:当成千上万的人由于经济不平衡、政治腐败和战争而饿肚子时,还有成千上万的人超重。前后进行对比,说明超重的人更多,所以more符合题意。
2.考查固定搭配。divertaway“转移”。空格处所在句子的句意是:肥胖是一个世界性的普遍现象,它对大人孩子都有影响,它迫使除了最贫穷的国家外的所有国家把稀有资源从食品安全上转移到了照顾患有可预防的心脏病和糖尿病的人们。
3.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是:超重源于摄入的食物能量超过了被消耗的能量。分析句子结构可知,为了避免重复,than后面省略了energythat,完整的句子应该是energythatisexpended。
4.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是:他们把具有消费水平的人变为疯狂购买食物的消费者,这些食物通常能量很高,营养价值很低。nutritional符合题意。
5.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是:此外,食物被过量生产,尤其是发达国家拥有的食物远远超过他们所需要的食物--这又是一件具有讽刺意义的事。前面已经提到过一件讽刺的事thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity,因此another符合题意。
6.考查动词短语。空格处所在句子的句意为:过量的食物使各大公司为销售而进行竞争。competefor“为……而竞争”。
7.考查后置定语。空格处所在句子的句意是:各大公司为了竞争,采用的手段有:广告,健康宣言,推出新产品,加量包装,还有直接针对孩子的活动。空格处所在的单词显然是用来修饰campaigns这个单词的,应该填一个过去分词来作后置定语,directtoward表示针对……。
8.考查固定搭配。thinkof“想出”。
9.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是:农业、食品、杂货店、饭店、减肥业或制药业都不会获益。所以此处是一个否定的意思,not符合题意。
10.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是:人们吃得多时,所有行业都会发展繁荣,所有行业都花钱请游说者去劝政府不要采取任何措施禁止过度饮食(overeat)。Inhibitdoingsth.“禁止做某事”。
5.单选题
Thepsychologistswerepleasedthattheirtheoryhadbeen(
)bythenewresearch.
问题1选项
A.fortified
B.altered
C.disputed
D.developed
【答案】A
【解析】动词辨析题。fortify“加强,支持,证实”;alter“改变”;dispute“辩论,争论”;develop“发展,形成”;根据句意‘心理学家非常高兴,因为最新的研究(
)他们的理论。’确定A选项正确。
6.单选题
Eventhoughyoumaybeexcitedaboutrelocating,youmaystillmournthelossofafamiliarhome,wayoflife,familyandfriendsleftbehind.“Underestimatingtheemotionalimpactofmovingisthebiggestmistakepeoplemake,”saysPatriciaNida,Psychologistandrelocationconsultant.“Peoplethinkthereissomethingwrongwiththemiftheycan’tcopewiththeemotionalupheavalofmoving.Theydon’trealizeit’snormal.”WhenSheilamovedfromOregontoCalifornia,ittookhernearlyayeartofeelrootedinhernewcommunity.Thentwoyearslater,thefamilymovedbacktoOregon.Whenwecameback,Icouldn’tgetusedtothem.Eachtimewemoved,IfeltlikeIlostapartofmyself.”
“Althougheveryonewhomovesfeelsthislossofidentitytosomeextent,it’susuallymostdisastrousforanon-workingwife”,saysDr.Seidenberg,clinicalprofessorofpsychiatry.“Heridentity,”sayshe,“stemsfromheractivitiesandthetiestothecommunity.Relocatingwipesitallout.Everytimeshemoves,shehastore-establishhercredentials.”“Youcopebyreachingoutandfindingactivitiesandpeoplethatinterestyou,”addsEileenKirsh,aveteranoffourspouse-job-relatedmoves.“Ifyouarelucky,youmeetsomeonecompatible.”
Don’tavoidsayinggoodbye.Itmayseemeasieratthetime,butinthelongrun,itcancreateagreatersenseofloss.Resistthetemptationtosevertieswithyouroldneighborhood.Maintainrelationships.Allowyourselftogothroughtheemotionsassociatedwithmoving,withoutcriticism.Whenyouacquireyournewlivingquarters,introduceyourselftoyournewneighbors.Writeaheadtoyournewhouseofworshipandcommunityorganizationsforinformationonactivitiesandservices.Whenyoufinallymovein,youwillfeelmoreapartofthenewcommunity.Establishfamilytraditionsthatmovewithyou.Doingthingstogetherasafamilymakesyoufeelathome,nomatterwhereyoulive.
Movingisadifficultexperience,butitalsohasmanyadvantages.Psychologistssayitstimulatesgrowth,makesusadaptable,broadensourscopeandgivesustheopportunitytomakenewfriendsandenjoynewexperiences.Asanationandasindividuals,wearestrengthenedbyourpioneerspirit.Andifwecansaveonwearandtear-allthebetter.
13.Whenpeoplemove,they____.
14.Theword“upheaval”inPara.1isclosestinmeaningto____.
15.Researchershavefoundthatmanypeople____.
16.Housewivesaretheworstsufferersfromrelocatingbecausethey____.
17.Theauthoradvisesthereadertotakethingseasyby____.
18.Inconclusion,theauthorproposesthatpeopleshould____.
问题1选项
A.makethebiggestmistake
B.minimizetheirlosses
C.havemixedfeelings
D.areintrouble
问题2选项
A.uplift
B.violence
C.approval
D.turbulence
问题3选项
A.arebeingashamedofbeingsentimentalaboutlife
B.缺失
C.spendyearsdecidingwheretosettledown
D.oftenfailtoseetheadvantagesofmoving
问题4选项
A.havetofindtheiridentityagain
B.don’tknowhowtomakenewfriends
C.feelitdifficulttogetusedtodifferentclimate
D.havetomovewhentheirhusbandsgetnewjobs
问题5选项
A.keepingthefamilytradition
B.cuttingtieswiththeoldlivingquarters
C.movingaheadoftimetothenewresidence
D.resistingthetemptationtoshowemotion
问题6选项
A.movemorefrequentlyiftheycan
B.learntobepositiveaboutmoving
C.beeconomicalwhentheymove
D.carryonthepioneerspiritandmovetotheWest
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:A
第4题:A
第5题:A
第6题:B
【解析】13.【选项释义】
Whenpeoplemove,they____.当人们搬家时,他们____。
A.makethebiggestmistakeA.犯最大的错误
B.minimizetheirlossesB.减少/小看他们的损失
C.havemixedfeelingsC.心情复杂
D.areintroubleD.有麻烦
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词peoplemove定位到原文第1段,本段第1句说“即使你可能对搬迁感到兴奋(beexcited),你可能仍然会为失去一个熟悉的家、生活方式、家人和朋友而悲伤(mournthelossof)。”因此,C选项“心情复杂”表述正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“犯最大的错误”,定位到第1段第2句,PatriciaNida说“低估搬家的情感影响是人们犯的最大错误”,此处有上下文限制,这句话表达的是,“低估搬家的情感影响”是人们在被搬家时犯的最大的错误;而该选项“犯最大的错误”没有语境限制,表达的是“搬家时人们犯的最大的错误”,因此,该选项表述错误,属于偷换概念;
B选项“减少/小看他们的损失”,原文说的是“低估搬家的情感影响”,选项表述错误,属于过度推理;
D选项“有麻烦”,原文虽然说搬家很困难,但最后一段第1句也说“搬家是一种艰难的经历,但它也有很多好处(manyadvantages)。”该选项表述不准确,属于推理过度。
14.【选项释义】
Theword“upheaval”inPara.1isclosestinmeaningto____.第1段中的“upheaval”一词的意思最接近于____。
A.upliftA.提高,增长;抬起;振奋
B.violenceB.暴力;激烈
C.approvalC.批准;赞成
D.turbulenceD.骚乱,动荡
【考查点】词汇推测题。
【解题思路】
1)句中前后信息衔接:根据题干关键词Para.1和upheaval定位到原文第1段第3句,该句说到“如果人们不能应对搬家带来的情绪____(theemotionalupheavalofmoving),他们就会认为自己有问题(somethingwrongwiththem)。”由此可知,upheaval是个名词,是搬家所引起的一种情绪上的变化,并且根据人们认为处理不好就是自己有问题这一点可推断,这种情绪变化是负面的。因此,D选项“动荡”,emotionalturbulence“情绪波动”符合题意。
2)上下文语义衔接:本段最后3句通过举例对此进行了进一步说明。Sheila从Oregon(俄勒冈州)搬到California(加利福尼亚),花了很长时间适应新的环境;又搬回俄勒冈州时,也无法适应。她说“每次搬家,我都觉得自己好像失去了一部分(lostapartofmyself)。”由此可知,这是搬家带来的情绪变化,也可推测出D选项“动荡”,emotionalturbulence“情绪波动”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“(情绪)振奋”,不符合负面的情感基调;
B选项“暴力;激烈”,原文没有依据;
C选项“批准;赞成”,不符合负面的情感基调。
15.【选项释义】
Researchershavefoundthatmanypeople____.研究人员发现,许多人____。
A.arebeingashamedofbeingsentimentalaboutlifeA.耻于对生活多愁善感
B.缺失B.缺失
C.spendyearsdecidingwheretosettledownC.花数年时间决定在哪里定居
D.oftenfailtoseetheadvantagesofmovingD.往往看不到搬家的好处
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Researchers和manypeople来解题,原文有2处地方提到了研究人员的发现。第1处,第1段第2-3句心理学家PatriciaNida的发现“如果人们不能应对(can’tcopewith)搬家带来的情绪波动,他们就会认为自己有问题(somethingwrongwiththem)。”由此可知,人们认为搬家带来的情绪波动是不正常的,不应该有的,A选项“耻于对生活多愁善感”表述符合原文。第2处,第2段精神病学临床教授Seidenberg医生的发现“尽管每个搬家的人都会多多少少感受到这种身份的丧失(thislossofidentity),但对于不工作的妻子来说,这通常是最糟糕的”,该发现与本题选项无关。
【干扰项排除】
B选项缺失;
C选项“花数年时间决定在哪里定居”,原文并未提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“往往看不到搬家的好处”,原文虽然说了搬家有很多好处,但并没有说人们没有看到搬家的好处,该选项属于无中生有。
16.【选项释义】
Housewivesaretheworstsufferersfromrelocatingbecausethey____.家庭主妇受搬家的影响最大,因为她们____。
A.havetofindtheiridentityagainA.要重新找到自己的身份
B.don’tknowhowtomakenewfriendsB.不知道如何结交新朋友
C.feelitdifficulttogetusedtodifferentclimateC.觉得适应不同的气候很困难
D.havetomovewhentheirhusbandsgetnewjobsD.丈夫找了新工作就不得不搬家
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Housewives和theworstsufferersfromrelocating可定位到原文第2段。本段提到“精神病学临床教授Seidenberg医生发现,尽管每个搬家的人都会多多少少感受到这种身份的丧失(thislossofidentity),但对于没有工作的妻子(anon-workingwife)来说,这通常是最糟糕的(mostdisastrous)。她的身份(Heridentity)来自于她的活动和与社区的联系,搬家将这一切都抹去了。每次搬家,她都得重新建立自己的资历(re-establishhercredentials)。”由此可知,家庭主妇受搬家的影响最大,因为A选项“要重新找到自己的身份”。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“不知道如何结交新朋友”,原文并未提及,属于无中生有;
C选项“觉得适应不同的气候很困难”,原文并未提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“丈夫找了新工作就不得不搬家”,原文是在介绍EileenKirsh的身份时提到了她四次因配偶和工作而搬家(fourspouse-job-relatedmoves),而不是解释为什么家庭主妇受搬家的影响最大,该选项属于偷换概念。
17.【选项释义】
Theauthoradvisesthereadertotakethingseasyby____.作者建议读者通过____放轻松。
A.keepingthefamilytraditionA.保持家庭传统
B.cuttingtieswiththeoldlivingquartersB.切断了与旧住宅区邻居的联系
C.movingaheadoftimetothenewresidenceC.提前搬到新居
D.resistingthetemptationtoshowemotionD.抵制表露情感的诱惑
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词advisesthereadertotakethingseasy定位到原文第3段。本段最后两句说到“建立(Establishfamilytraditions)跟随你一起移动的家庭传统。一家人一起做事让你有家的感觉(makesyoufeelathome),无论你住在哪里。”由此可知,一家人一起做事让人有家的感觉,所以A选项“保持家庭传统”可以减轻搬家带来的情绪波动,让人放松,符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“切断了与旧住宅区邻居的联系”,可定位到第3段第3句,该句说到“抵制与老邻居断绝关系的诱惑”,由此可知,作者认为应该与老邻居保持联系,与选项表述相反,该选项属于反向干扰;
C选项“提前搬到新居”,原文并未提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“抵制表露情感的诱惑”,原文所说的要抵制的诱惑是“切断与老邻居的联系”,而不是“表露情感”,并且本段第1句说到“不要避免说再见”,即要表露情感,该选项属于
反向干扰。
18.【选项释义】
Inconclusion,theauthorproposesthatpeopleshould____.总结时作者建议人们应该____。
A.movemorefrequentlyiftheycanA.尽可能地频繁搬家
B.learntobepositiveaboutmovingB.学会积极地看待搬家
C.beeconomicalwhentheymoveC.他们搬家时要节约
D.carryonthepioneerspiritandmovetotheWestD.发扬开拓精神,向西部进发
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Inconclusion可定位到原文最后一段。本段提到,搬家虽然很困难,但也有很多好处(manyadvantages),并进行了列举;倒数第2句提到,“作为一个国家和一个人,开拓精神都使我们更加强大”。前文都在提搬家的难处,最后一段却提到了搬家的好处,以及开拓精神会让我们强大,因此,作者是希望读者积极地看待搬家这件事,B选项“学会积极地看待搬家”表述正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“尽可能地频繁搬家”,原文虽然说搬家有很多好处,但这并不意味着要频繁地搬家,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“他们搬家时要节约”,最后一句说“如果我们能节省损耗(saveonwearandtear),那就更好了。”原文是说最好要节约,并且只是最后一段一小点的内容,该选项属于以偏概全;
D选项“发扬开拓精神,向西部进发”,原文虽然提到了开拓精神,但并不是说要向西部进发,该选项属于过度推理。
7.单选题
WhengasstationmanagerRogerRandolphrealizeditwascostinghimmoneyeachtimesomeonefilledupwith$4-a-gallongas,hehungasignonhispumps:“Nomorecreditcards.”HemaybethefirstinWestVirginiatobanplastic,butgasstationoperatorsnationwidearereportingsimilarwoesashigherpricestranslateintohighercreditcardfeesthemanagersmustpay,squeezingprofitsatthepump.“Themoretheybuy,themorewelose,”saidRandolph,whomanagesMr.Ed’sChevroninSt.Albans.“Gaspricesgoup,andourprofitsgodown.”Hiscomplaintstargettheso-calledinterchangefee,apercentageofthesalepricepaidtocreditcardcompaniesoneverytransaction.Thepercentageisfixed,usuallyatjustunder2percent,butthedollaramountofthefeeriseswiththepriceofthegoodsorservices.Asgastops$4agallon,thatpushesfeestoward10centsagallon.Nowstations,whichtypicallymarkupgasolineby11to12centsagallon,areseeingprofitsshrinkorevenreverse.
Inagoodmonth,Randolph’ssmalloperationwouldyielda$60profitongasolinesales.Butthat’sbeenburiedassoaringpricesforcedthestationtopayabout$500amonthininterchangefees.“Attheseprices,peoplearen’tmakinganymoney,”saidJeffLenard,spokesmanfortheAlexandria,Va.-basedNationalAssociationofConvenienceStores.“It’sbrutal.”Lenard’sgroupreportsconveniencestorespaidroughly$7.6billionincreditcardfeeslastyear,whilemaking$3.4billioninprofits.
Thecreditcardcompaniessayfeesarejustpartofthecostofdoingbusiness.MasterCardhascappedinterchangefeesforgaspurchasesof$50ormore,saidcompanyspokeswomanSharonGamsin.AcceptingMasterCardalsogivesgasstations“increasedsales,greatersecurityandconvenience,lowerlaborcosts,andspeedfortheircustomersatthepump,”Gamsinsaidinane-mailtoTheAssociatedPress.Visaarguesthatthefeesareoffset“bythetangiblebenefitstostationsandtheircustomers,suchastheabilitytopayatthepump,”thecompanysaidinastatementtotheAP.
1.Whydosomegasstationownersnolongeracceptcreditcards?
2.Whatistheaverageinterchangefeepaidbygasstationowners?
3.Howmuchprofitdoestheaveragegasstationownermakeonagallonofgas?
4.Visabelievesthatallowingcustomerstopaywithacreditcardoffers()toeveryoneinvolved.
5.Whenprofitsare"shrinking",theyare().
问题1选项
A.Theyareafraidofoutdatedcards.
B.Theypreferthe"instantgratification"ofgettingcash.
C.Theyareafraidofcreditfraud.
D.Theydonotwanttopayhighcreditcardfees.
问题2选项
A.About$4.
B.About2%.
C.About$60.
D.11to12cents.
问题3选项
A.About2%.
B.About$4.
C.11to12cents.
D.About$60.
问题4选项
A.tangiblethreats
B.tangiblebenefits
C.uncertainty
D.inconvenience
问题5选项
A.decreasing
B.holdingsteady
C.increasing
D.undulating
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:B
第5题:A
【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词“nolongeracceptcreditcards”可以定位到文章第一段中“WhengasstationmanagerRogerRandolphrealizeditwascostinghimmoneyeachtimesomeonefiledupwith$4-a-gallongas,hehungasignonhispumps:“Nomorecreditcards.”译为:当加油站经理RogerRandolph发现,在4美元一加仑汽油的情况下,每当有人选择加满时,他都会出现负利润,于是他在加油站挂上了“不支持使用信用卡”的标示,以及“HemaybethefirstinWestVirginiatobanplastic,butgasstationoperatorsnationwidearereportingsimilarwoesashigherpricestranslateintohighercreditcardfeesthemanagersmustpay,squeezingprofitsatthepump.”译为:也许他是西弗吉尼亚州第一位禁止使用信用卡的人,但是全国各地加油站经营者都曾指出过汽油价格的上涨意味着需要支付的信用卡费用更多,因此实际上是对加油站利益的一种压榨。由此可以推断出答案选D。
2.细节事实题。由题干中关键词“averageinterchangefee”可以定位到文章第一段“Thepercentageisfixed,usuallyatjustunder2percent,butthedollaramountofthefeeriseswiththepriceofthegoodsorservices.”译为:这个比率是固定的,通常不超过2%,但是随着商品和服务价格上涨,这部分费用的总量也会增加。可推断出答案选B。
3.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文第一段最后一句“Nowstations,whichtypicallymarkupgasolineby11to12centsagallon,areseeingprofitsshrinkorevenreverse.”译为:现在,加油站通常在成本的基础上将每一加仑的汽油加价11-12美分,但是它们的利润正在缩水,甚至出现负利润。由此推断答案选C。
4.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段中Visaarguesthatthefeesareoffset“bythetangiblebenefitstostationsandtheircustomers,suchastheabilitytopayatthepump”,译为:维萨卡方面称,信用卡交换费是可以与其带给加油站和顾客的实实在在的利益相抵消的,例如在加油站的支付能力。由此可推断出答案选B。
5.词汇题。根据题干关键词“shrinking”定位到文章中第一段最后一句“Nowstations,whichtypicallymarkupgasolineby11to12centsagallon,areseeingprofitsshrinkorevenreverse.”由此可推断出shrink是指利润减少。因此推断出答案选A。
8.单选题
ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.
Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”
Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.
“Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,”saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”
Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.
Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.
OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.
Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.
1.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit(
).
2.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness(
).
3.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles(
).
4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof(
).
5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
问题1选项
A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld
B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years
C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday
D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies
问题2选项
A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence
B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking
C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries
D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit
问题3选项
A.canhardlyeverbefound
B.isstillbeyondourcapacity
C.causeslittlepublicconcern
D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity
问题4选项
A.affirmation
B.skepticism
C.contempt
D.respect
问题5选项
A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants
B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI
C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable
D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:A
第5题:C
【解析】1.通过题干MaryShelly'snovelFrankenstein及题文同序原则可定位至文章第一段,在该段尾句,fictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.此句中ethicalquestions可同义替换题干中的concern。故选C。
2.观点细节题。可通过关键词consciousness回文定位至原文第四段尾句部分:wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.可知我们将意识注入机器的能力是有限的,因为没有好的理论可以解释。
3.根据题干关键词可定位至文章第三段:当下,人工智能的思维还不能达到人类的精密程度,让机器去预设每一种驾驶情形是一个困难的编程问题。由此说明,去解决人工智能所带来的道德问题,是在人类的能力范围之外的。
4.态度题,根据题干中的theauthor'sattitude,Google'spledges
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