考研考博-英语-中山大学新华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中山大学新华学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Heisanactorof（）whohasneverabandonedhisprinciplesforthesakeofhisownbenefits.

问题1选项

A.integrity

B.stability

C.scarcity

D.dignity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项integrity“完整，正直，诚实”；B选项stability“稳定性，坚定”；C选项scarcity“不足，缺乏”；D选项dignity“尊严，高贵”。句意“他是一个正直的演员，从不为了自己的利益而放弃自己的原则。”选项A符合语境。

2.单选题

Youcanalwaysuse（）glassifyouneedtoblockastreetview.

问题1选项

A.convertible

B.decorous

C.opaque

D.salient

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项convertible“可改变的；可转换的；可兑换的”；B选项decorous“礼貌得体的”；C选项opaque“（玻璃、液体等）不透明的，不透光的，浑浊的”；D选项salient“显著的；最重要的”。句意：如果你需要遮挡街景，可以使用（）玻璃。opaque“（玻璃）不透明的，不透光的”，glass（玻璃）可以遮挡光，符合语境。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself[...].HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.Theycomplete,correct,andbalanceeachother.Thisconsideration,ifwell-founded,mustbetakenintoaccount,notonlyasregardstheattainmentoftruth,whichistheircommonend,butasregardstheinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.Ihavealreadysaidthattogiveundueprominencetooneistobeunjusttoanother;toneglectorsupersedetheseistodivertthosefromtheirproperobjects.Itistounsettletheboundarylinesbetweenscienceandscience,todisturbtheiraction,todestroytheharmonywhichbindsthemtogether.Suchaproceedingwillhavecorrespondingeffectwhenintroducedintoaplaceofeducation.Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.

Letmemakeuseofanillustration.Inthecombinationofcolors,verydifferenteffectareproducedbyadifferenceintheirselectionandjuxtaposition;red,green,andwhitechangetheirshades,accordingtothecontrasttowhichtheyaresubmitted.And,inlikemanner,thedriftandmeaningofabranchofknowledgevarieswiththecompanyinwhichitisintroducedtothestudent.Ifhisreadingisconfinedsimplytoonesubject,howeversuchdivisionoflabormayfavortheadvancementofaparticularpursuit,apointintowhichIdonothereenter,certainlyithasatendencytocontracthismind.Ifitisincorporatedwithothers,itdependsonthoseothersastothekindofinfluencethatitexertsuponhim.ThustheClassics,whichinEnglisharethemeansofrefiningthetaste,haveinFrancesub-servedthespreadofrevolutionaryanddeisticaldoctrines.[...]Inalikemanner,Isuppose,ArcesilaswouldnothavehandledlogicasAristotle,norAristotlehavecriticizedpoetsasPlato;yetreasoningandpoetryaresubjecttoscientificroles.

ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.ThisIconceivetobetheadvantageofaseatofuniversallearning,consideredasaplaceofeducation.Anassemblageoflearnedmen,zealousfortheirownsciences,andrivalsofeachother,arebrought,byfamiliarintercourseandforthesakeofintellectualpeace,toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.Thusiscreatedapureandclearatmosphereofthought,whichthestudentalsobreathes,thoughinhisowncaseheonlypursuesafewsciencesoutofthemultitude.Heprofitsbyanintellectualtradition,whichisindependentofparticularteachers,whichguideshiminhischoiceofsubjects,anddulyinterpretsforhimthosewhichhechooses.

Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled“Liberal”.Ahabitofmindisformedwhichlaststhroughlife,ofwhichtheattributesare,freedom,equitableness,calmness,moderation,andwisdom;orwhatinaformerdiscourseIhaveventuredtocallaphilosophicalhabit.ThisthenIwouldassignasthespecialfruitoftheeducationfurnishedataUniversity,ascontrastedwithotherplacesofteachingormodesofteaching.ThisisthemainpurposeofaUniversityinitstreatmentofitsstudents.

1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat（）.

2.BytheSciences(line2),theauthormeans（）.

3.Theword“exercise”inline7mostnearlymeans（）.

4.Byusingthewordsafeguardinline13,theauthorsuggeststhat（）.

5.Thepurposeofthesecondparagraphisto（）.

6.Thewordapprehendsasusedinlines39means（）.

7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sideaofaliberaleducation?

8.Theauthorbelievesthatauniversityshould（）.

Ⅰ.havefacultyrepresentingawiderangeofsubjectsandphilosophies

Ⅱ.teachstudentshowtoseetherelationshipsamongideas

Ⅲ.teachstudentstounderstandandrespectotherpointsofview

Ⅳ.teachstudentsliberalratherthanconservativeideals

问题1选项

A.eachscienceshouldbestudiedindependently

B.thesciencesareinterrelated

C.theboundarylinesbetweeneachofthesciencesshouldbeclearer

D.itisdifficulttoattainaproperbalanceamongthesciences

问题2选项

A.thephysicalsciencesonly

B.educationalmethodologies

C.thephysicalandsocialsciences

D.allbranchesofknowledge,includingthephysicalandsocialsciencesandthehumanities

问题3选项

A.remove

B.compete

C.impose

D.arrange

问题4选项

A.eachsciencehasitsownspecificsafetyguidelines

B.itisnotsafetostudythesciences

C.themoreoneknows,thesaferonewillfeel

D.oneshouldchooseasecondareaofspecializationasabackupincasethefirstdoesnotworkout

问题5选项

A.compareandcontrastdifferentbranchesofknowledge

B.developtheideapresentedinthepreviousparagraph

C.statethemainideaofthepassage

D.presentanalternativepointofview

问题6选项

A.understands

B.captures

C.fears

D.believes

问题7选项

A.In-depthspecializationinonearea.

B.Anemphasisontheartsratherthanthesciences.

C.Abroadscopeofknowledgeinseveraldisciplines.

D.Trainingforascientificcareer.

问题8选项

A.IandIIonly

B.I,II,andIII

C.IandIV

D.IVonly

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:A

第8题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，“Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself”，作者认为所有的知识分支都是相互联系的，因为知识的主题本身是紧密相连的。此句为第一段的中心句，可判断出第一段的中心思想为科学知识之间是相互联系的。选项B符合题意。

2.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，“HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.”，我们的知识所涉及的各种科学，彼此之间有多重关系，有一种内在承认，要求，比较和调整关系。可判断出这里的sciences指各种科学知识分支，包括自然科学、人文科学和社会科学。选项D符合题意。

3.词义题。根据章第一段，“…theinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.”，which引导的定语从句修饰先行词influence，构成搭配关系exerciseupontheinfluence“对……造成影响”。Remove“移除”；compete“竞争”；impose“强加”；arrange“安排”。选项C符合题意。

4.词义题。根据第一段最后一句，“Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.”，当把每种科学看成整体的一部分时，在其他学科并未采取保护措施的情况下，每一门科学都是不同的。可判断出作者提到的safeguard意思是每种科学都有自己特定的保护措施。选项A符合题意。

5.判断推理题。根据文章第二段第一句，“Letmemakeuseofanillustration.”，可知第二段的目的是进行相关的例证，下文主要用大量的例子来证明了第一段的观点——科学的知识分支是相互联系的，但是各科学之间有各自的保护措施，使其内容存在差别。可判断出第二段的目的在于发展和继续探讨第一段提出的观点。选项B符合题意。

6.词义题。根据文章最后一段，“Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.”，apprehends后接的内容为知识的原则、范围、亮点、重点等，能与知识的这些方面构成一致意思的为apprehends“理解”。Understands“理解”；captures“捕捉”；fears“恐惧”；believes“相信”。相信A符合题意。

7.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段第一二句，“Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled‘Liberal’.”，他的教育被称为“Liberal”，要理解知识的概要、基础原则、范围、亮点与不足、重点与次重点，否则就不能真正理解知识。可判断出他所谓的“liberaleducation”必须要对知识有深入的了解，也就是某一领域的专业理解。选项A符合题意。

8.细节事实题。根据文章第三段，“ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.”，至于大学教育，要扩大学生学习和研究的范围，尽管学生们不能追求所有开放的主题，但是却能受到代表某个知识专业领域的人的影响，并且受益。可判断出作者认为大学应该拥有代表广泛学科和哲学领域的教职工。根据下文，“….toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.”，学生们能够调整他们各自的研究学科之间的关系，并且他们要学会尊重、协商和互相帮助。可判断出作者认为大学应该教学生们去正确看待各种思想之间的关系并且尊重其他人的观点和看法。所以I,II和III都是作者认为一所大学应该具备的要求。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

ThoughonemayquestionthedegreetowhichtheCivilWarrepresentsamilestoneinwomen’spursuitofsocial,economic,andpoliticalequality,Leonard’srecentstudyhasexcelledthatofherpredecessorGinzbergindebunkingpersistentmythsaboutwomen’sprimaryrelationtothewarasweepingwidows,self-sacrificingwives,patrioticfiancees,andloyaldaughters.Leonardasksifthewartimeworkofnorthernwomeninfluencedpopularperceptionsofwomen’sabilities,andifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers.Findingintheaffirmative,shearguesthathomefrontactivitiesgeneratedrespectforwomen’sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesforwomen,whileparticipationreinforcedtheirself-relianceandself-esteem.

Incontrasttoherpredecessors,whosawthewarastransformingtheideologyofbenevolence,Leonardfindsthatwomen’swarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.Itwasoncebelievedthatwartimebenevolenceheightenedchangesemerginginthe1850sbyreplacingtheantebellumideologyofgenderdifferenceandfemalemoralsuperioritywithanewideologyofgendersimilarityandamoremasculineethosofdisciplineandefficiency.Leonardassertsinsteadthatwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand,inparticular,woman’suniquemoralresponsibilityformaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman’sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-classwomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubliclife.

AweakpointofLeonard’stheoryisherassessmentofthethemesofpostwarhistoriesofwomen’swartimeservice.Leonardviewstheseworksasextollingwomen’sself-sacrificeandabilitytocooperatemenwhiledownplayingwomen’sdemandsforstatusandpayandignoringthescopeofwomen’sadministrativegenius.Butothertheorists,mostnotablyGinzbergthavearguedthatthesesameworksmayalsobeviewedaspraisingtheefficiencyofthenewcentralizedandnationalcharitableorganizations,women’swage-earningcapacity,andtheirsubordinationoffemininefeelingandenthusiasmtobusiness-likeandwar-likeroutinizationandorder.Twosetsofvalues—oldernotionsofbenevolenceandnewdemandsofpublicservice—wereatwarintheNorth,awarthatcanbeplottedthroughtensionsaboutpayingwages,centralizingcorporatefunctionsofbenevolence,relatingbenevolencetogovernment,andusingfundsforadministrative—asopposedtostrictlycharitable—purposes.Itmaywellbethatwartimemasculinizationoftheideologyofbenevolencepushedwomenfurtherfromboththesymbolicandtherealcentersofpowerforsocialchangeandhastenedinsteadaclass-basedallianceforsocialwelfare.ButwecanagreewithLeonardthatthewarforcedmentoyieldground,sharingandsometimesevensurrenderingterritory,power,andstatusinthepublicrealm.

25.WhichoftheFollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

26.Accordingtothepassage，Leonardassertsthatwomen’sactivitiesduringtheCivilWarhadallofthefollowingpositiveeffectsEXCEPT

27.Itcanbeinferred-fromthepassagethatLeonardwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatusofwomenduringtheCivilWar?

I.Antebellumvalueswereexpanded,notreplaced,inordertodevelopnewdefinitionsofwomanhood.

II.Historianshavepaidinsufficientattentiontodemandsforhigherstatuswomenmadeduringthewar.

III.Onthewhole,thewarwasdetrimentaltotheperceptionofwomen.

28.ItcanbeinferredthatLeonardwouldmostlikelyconsiderwhichofthefollowinghypotheticalcasesofCivilWarwomentheLEASTsupportiveofherthesis?

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

30.WithwhichofthefollowingcriticismsofLeonard'stheorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.TheInfluenceofElizabethLeonardonHistoriansofFeminismintheCivilWar

B.Leonard’sExplanationofHowtheCivilWarImprovedthePlightofWomen

C.FeminismintheCivilWar:NewControversyAboutanOldSubject

D.TheHeritageofBenevolence:TheCivilWar’sContributiontoWomen'sCharitableOrganizations

问题2选项

A.Theywerepraisedasaidingthewarcause.

B.Theyimprovedwomen'seconomicsituation.

C.Theywereconsideredproofofwomen’sabilitiestoorganizethemselves.

D.Theycreatednewoccupationalopportunitiesforwomen.

问题3选项

A.Ionly

B.IIonly

C.IandIIonly

D.I,II,andIII

问题4选项

A.Awidowwhopatrioticallyrefusedtoremarry,evenafterhersoldierhusbandwaskilledinbattle

B.Awomanwhoshiftedfromworkingasaseamstresstorunninganarmyuniformfactory

C.AwomanwhodressedasaSouthernsoldierinordertocrossenemylinesasaspy

D.Awomanwhoestablishedacharityinordertocollectmoneyforprosthesesforwaramputees

问题5选项

A.Theauthorcomparesandcontraststheworkofseveralhistoriansandthendiscussesareasforpossiblenewresearch.

B.Theauthorpresentshisthesis,drawsontheworkofseveralhistoriansforevidencetosupporthisthesis,andconcludesbyreiteratinghisthesis,

C.Theauthordescribessomefeaturesofahistoricalstudyandthenusesthosefeaturestoputforthhisownargument

D.Theauthorpresentsthegeneralargumentofahistoricalstudy,describesthestudyinmoredetail,andconcludeswithabriefjudgmentofthestudy’svalue

问题6选项

A.Itlaystoomuchimportanceupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.

B.Itfailstoacknowledgethatmasculinizationofwar-timeeffortsmayhavebeendetrimentaltothefeministcause.

C.Ittendstooveremphasizetheroleofwomeninshiftingtheirstatusoverthecourseofthewar.

D.Itbasesitsthesistooexclusivelyonwhite,Yankee,middle-classwomen,ignoringeveryothersocialandracialclass.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:A

【解析】25.主旨大意题。通读全文，可发现作者全文探讨的重点是对于内战给女性（女权）带来的影响，作者及其前辈研究者持有不同的观点。根据关键词“CivilWar”“women”“othertheorists…argue…”即可得出本题答案。

26.

细节事实题。可将信息点定位至原文第一段，根据信息点“ifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers（是否后方生产被认为有助于提高士兵的战备）”“generatedrespectforwomen’sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesforwomen（尊重妇女的组织才能，为妇女创造新的工作机会）”，即可得出A、C、D三项符合原文，而选项B原文并未提及，从而得出本题答案。

试题答案B

27.细节推断题。将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，“Leonardassertsinsteadthatwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand,inparticular,woman’suniquemoralresponsibilityformaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman’sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-classwomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubliclife.”从而可判断I与原文相符。而II、III明显与原文不符，从而得出本题答案。

28.细节推断题。注意题干关键词“theleastsupportive”，根据原文信息点“charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhood”“expandtheboundaries”“broughtforthpositivechanges”即可得出本题答案。

29.

结构分析题。通读全文后即可发现选项D最为吻合作者的行文结构。从而得出本题答案。

30.

事实推断题。根据原文第二段信息点“women’swarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomen’snatureandsphere.（妇女战争工作在很大程度上借鉴了战前妇女的性质和范围的意识形态。）”即可进行合理推断。从而得出本题答案。

5.单选题

Theideasexpressedinthearthistorian’sbookaremore（

）thanonewouldexpectonthebasisofherrather（

）treatmentofhersubjectintheopeningpages.

问题1选项

A.riguing

B.accessible...recondite

C.hidebound...reactionary

D.insightful...innovative

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。compelling“引人注目的，不可抗拒的”；intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”；accessible“易接近的，可进入的，可理解的”；recondite“深奥的，隐藏的”；hidebound“死板的，保守的，顽固的”；reactionary“保守的，反动的”；insightful“有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的”；innovative“革新的，创新的”。句意：跟她在开篇对主题的深奥表述，对于读者而言，这个艺术史学家书中的观点要容易理解很多。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

BecauseChinesesocialtraditionemphasizedthe（）oftheindividualtohisbirthplaceandfamily,thosegentrywhoservedinpublicofficewerediscouragedfromconcerningthemselveswiththeirnativelocalities.

问题1选项

A.glue

B.feelings

C.separation

D.attachment

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项glue“胶”；B选项feeling“感觉”；C选项separation“分离”；D选项attachment“连接，联系”，attachto“连接到”，为固定搭配。句意：因为中国的社会传统强调个人与他的出生地和家庭的连接，所以那些公职人员对于将他们与他们的祖籍……在一起感到很懊丧。因此D选项正确。

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

DuringthepastfourdecadesthefisheryscientistsoftheWesthavestudiedthedynamicsoffishpopulationswiththeobjectiveofdeterminingtherelationbetweentheamountoffishingandthesustainablecatch.

Clearly,sciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy.

Practitionersexplicitlyinterpretwhattheyobserve,andoftencategorizetheirdataafterthedatacollectionprocessiscompleteandfromtheperspectivesofthepeopletheyobserving.

Thesubjectofsocialscienceinquiryispatternedsocialregularities.Asearchfortheseregularitiesshowsthatmosthumanbehavior,frombigandmomentousactstosmallandinsignificantones,ispatterned.

WallStreetislivingonborrowedtime.SincetheOctober1987crashsecuritiestradinghasbeendepressed,retailinvestorshavehurriedoutofstocksandtheissueofnewsharestockshasbeendecreasedsharply.

Infact,thecollationoftheselistshasbeenenoughtopulldownourvanity;forthemoreonelooksatwhatisavailableinanunfamiliarfield,themoreurgent,thedesireonefeelstoabandontheaffectationsoftheeditorandassumethemodestythestudent.

Ofalltheareasoflearning,themostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes.Emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customsbeliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon'teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.

Whilepopulationswerelowandstablelittlepermanentdamagewasdone,butwithasteadyincreaseinthesizeandnumberofhumancommunitiestheforestandsoilhavelittletimetorecover.

【答案】在过去的四十年里，西方渔业科学家研究了鱼类种群的动态，目的是确定渔获量与鱼类数量之间的关系。

显然，科学不仅包括仔细观察，而且还要乐于创新；这可能需要超越现有的在某一特定领域管理研究的模式。

从业者明确解释他们所观察到的内容，并且通常在数据收集过程完成后，从他们观察到的人的角度对他们的数据进行分类。

社会科学探究的对象是模式化的社会常规。对这些常规的调查显示了大多数人类的行为都是模式化的，从重大的行为到微小的行为。

华尔街以借来的时间为生。自从1987年10月的证券市场崩溃以来，散户投资者纷纷撤出股票，新股发行大幅减少。

事实上，对这些清单的整理已经足够消除我们的虚荣心了。因为一个人越多地看一个陌生领域中的东西，他就越迫切地想要放弃的编辑的装模作样，并承担起学生的谦逊。

在所有学习领域中，最重要的是培养态度。情感反应和逻辑思维过程影响着大多数人的行为。

文化是一个特定群体的所有传统、习俗、信仰和生活方式的总和。从这个意义上说，每一个群体都有一种文化，无论在我们看来它是野蛮的、不发达的还是不文明的。

如果我们接受我们永远不会完全了解另一个人的想法，它使我们能够更容易地处理如秘密和欺骗那些阻碍我们获得准确信息的事物。

虽然过去人口少且稳定，可造成的永久性损害很少，但随着人类社区规模和数量的稳步增加森林和土壤几乎没有时间恢复。

8.单选题

Thisdiplomaisimportant,which（

）thatyouhavecompletedhighschool.

问题1选项

A.amplifies

B.certifies

C.clarifies

D.magnifies

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。A选项amplify“放大，扩大”；B选项certify“证明”；C选项clarify“澄清，阐明”；D选项magnify“赞美，夸大”。

句意：这个文凭很重要，它能证明你已经完成高中学业。选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured____thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

问题1选项

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.inregardwith

D.bymeansof

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.inlinewith与……一致B.intermsof就……而言

C.inregardwith无此表达D.bymeansof通过……方式

【答案】D

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】空格前语义为“一个国家的财富应该被衡量”，空格后语义为“人民的健康和幸福，以及它所能生产的物质产品”，由此可知，后者为衡量一个国家财富的两种方式或两个标准，D选项bymeansof“通过……方式”最符合原句语义衔接。

【干扰项排除】

A选项inlinewith“与……一致”，不符合原句语义衔接；

B选项intermsof“就……而言”，不符合原句语义衔接；

C选项inregardwith，其正确表达为in/withregardto“关于；至于”。

【句意】一个国家的财富应该用国民的健康和幸福以及它所能生产的物质产品来衡量。

10.单选题

W:Whatseemstobetheproblem?

M:Well,Iunderstandthelectures,butIgetmixedupwhenItrytoreadthebook.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

问题1选项

A.Hedoesn’treallyunderstandthelectures.

B.Thebookisconfusing.

C.Thelectureisnotveryclear.

D.Thebookistoodifficultforhim.

【答案】B

【解析】根据男士的话“讲课的内容我都理解了，但读书的时候发现又混乱了”可知B选项‘这本书令人困惑。’正确。

11.单选题

Thecourtconsidersafinancial____tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.

问题1选项

A.payment

B.obligation

C.option

D.penalty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析与上下文语义。A选项payment“应付的款项总额”；B选项obligation“义务；责任”；C选项option“选择；选择权”；D选项penalty“罚款；罚金”。句意：法院认为财务____是惩罚他的合适方法。根据“惩罚”推断D选项“罚款”最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

12.填空题

Is（1）acarreallysuchagoodidea?Thinkofhowmuchfuelitwouldneed,andofthecostofmaintenanceandinsurance.Inthisneighborhoodyou’dprobablyhavetopayafeeto（2）itatnight.OnyoursalaryIreally（3）thatyoucan（4）it.Asafriend,Iwould（5）

youtowaituntilyourfinancialsituationimproves.

大意:买车真的是个好想法吗？想想它需要多少油耗，维修和保养要多少花费。在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。以你的工资，我真怀疑你能买得起。作为朋友，我建议，等你经济状况有所提高后再买。

【答案】1.buying

2.park

3.doubt

4.afford

5.advise

【解析】1.词汇题。此处应填一个动词的ing形式,宾语为acar。本段讲的应该是关于“购买一辆车”。

2.词汇题。句意:在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。因此此处填入动词原形park。

3.词汇题。句意:以你的工资，我真怀疑你能否买得起。

4.词汇题。此处应填一个动词,而且表示“买得起”,故填afford。

5.词汇题。空格处应填一个谓语动词,根据后面的内容推测此处应该是给与建议。因此填advise，advisesb.Todosth.建议某人做某事。

13.单选题

问题1选项

A.Thelittleboyisrestlessandnaughty.

B.Themanwillhelptakecareofthelittleboy.

C.Thewomanhastospendthedayinthelab.

D.Thewoman’ssonshouldnotstayinthelab.

【答案】D

【解析】9.W:Hi,Tony.Thisismyson,Philippe.Therewasaproblemwithhisdaycaretoday.He’llbespendingthedayhereinthelabwithme.I’llteachthemallaboutdoingresearch.

M:Well,I’mnotsurethisisagoodplaceforalittleboy.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干为：这个男人什么意思？由文中“He’llbespendingthedayhereinthelabwithme.（他今天会和我一起待在实验室里。）”和“Well,I’mnotsurethisisagoodplaceforalittleboy.（我不确定这个地方适合一个小男孩待着。）”，可知D选项“Thewoman’ssonshouldnotstayinthelab.（女士的孩子不应该带到实验室）”符合原文。A选项“小男孩又好动又淘气”；B选项“这个男人会帮助照顾这个小男孩”；C选项“女人不得不整天待在实验室里”不符合原文。

14.单选题

Thisstudyinvolvesmonitoringthesleep（）of100mentallyhealthypeopleaged45to80.

问题1选项

A.orders

B.rules

C.patterns

D.characters

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项orders“顺序；命令”；B选项rules“规则”；C选项patterns“模式”；D选项characters“特征”。句意：这项研究包括监测100名45岁至80岁精神健康的人的睡眠（）。根据语境，睡眠和characters“特征”搭配比较合理。因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Theconference（）afullweekbythetimeitends.

问题1选项

A.musthavelasted

B.willhavelasted

C.wouldlast

D.haslasted

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。根据题干以及选项可知本题考查时态的用法，又根据bythetimeitends：到会议结束的时候，以及句意可知本题应该使用将来完成时态，因此选项B为正确选项。句意：到会议结束时将已经持续整整一周了。

16.翻译题

Rationalchoicetheory

Rationalchoicetheory,alsoknownaschoicetheoryorrationalactiontheory,isaframeworkforunderstandingandoftenformallymodeling,socialandeconomicbehavior.Rationality,interpretedas“wantingmoreratherthanlessofagood’’，iswidelyusedasanassumptionofthebehaviorofindividualsinmacroeconomicmodelsandanalysisandappearsinalmostalleconomicstextbooktreatmentsofhumandecision-making.Itisalsocentraltosomeofmodempoliticalscience,sociology,andphilosophy.Itattaches“wantingmore”toinstrumentalrationality,whichinvolvesseekingthemostcost-effectivemeanstoachieveaspecificgoalwithoutreflectingontheworthinessofthatgoal.GaryBackerwasanearlyproponentofapplyingrationalactormodelsmorewidely.Hewonthe1992NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencesforhisstudiesofdiscrimination,crime,andhumancapital.

Inrationalchoicetheory,thesecostsareonlyextrinsicorexternaltotheindividualratherthanbeingintrinsicorinternal.Thatis,strictrationalchoicetheorywouldnotseeacriminal’sself-punishmentbyinnerfeelingsofremorse,guilt,orshameasrelevanttodeterminingthecostsofcommittingacrime.Ingeneral,rationalchoicetheorydoesnotaddresstheroleofanindividual’ssenseofmoralsorethicsindecision-making.Thus,economicsNoblestAmartyaSenseesthemodelofpeoplewhofollowrationalchoicemodelas“rationalfools”.

【答案】理性选择理论

理性选择理论，也被称为选择理论或理性行为理论，是用于理解社会，正式对社会和经济行为的框架。理性，被解释为“对最大利益的追求”，在宏观经济模型中被广泛用作个人行为的假设，并出现在几乎所有经济学教科书中关于人类决策的处理。它也是现代政治学、社会学和哲学的中心。它将“想要更多”与理性工具联系起来，这涉及到寻求最经济有效的手段来实现特定目标，而不考虑该目标的价值。GaryBacker是更广泛地运用理性行为者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧视、犯罪和人力资本而获得1992年诺贝尔经济学奖。

在理性选择理论中，这些成本仅是非本质的或外部的，而不是本质的或者内部的。也就是说，严格的理性选择理论不会根据罪犯的内心的悔恨，内疚，或羞愧等自我惩罚以确定犯罪的成本。一般来说，理性选择理论并不涉及个人道德或伦理意识在决策中的作用。因此，诺贝尔奖获得者AmartyaSen认为，遵循理性选择模式的经济学人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。

17.填空题

ThecompanythatIwork（1）hasjust（2）thatitisopeningnewstoresinthefive（3）citiesinIndia.

【答案】1.for;

2.announced;

3.biggest

【解析】1.固定搭配。thatIwork为定语从句修饰先行词Thecompany,因此填介词for合适,workfor为…效力。

2.语义题。第二空应填入一个谓语动词,而且由空前的hasjust推测应填谓语动词的过去分词,宾语是that引导的从句。故announced“宣布”合适。

3.语义题。第三空应为形容词修饰cities，故填biggest。thefivebiggestcitiesinIndia印度最大的五个城市。

18.单选题

X.IntellectualProperties

UnitedStatesjoinedtheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorksin1989.Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.

Thiswaschallengedasaviolationofthe