中国道教文化与建设节约型社会课件

中国道教文化与建设节约型社会

Taoism:ACulturalResourceforConstructingConservation-MindedSociety

演讲人：尹志华中国人民大学哲学博士现供职于中国道教协会道教文化研究所，任《中国道教》杂志副主编。YinZhihuaPh.D.GraduatedfromRenminUniversityofChinadeputyeditor-in-chiefofChinaTaoism

节约资源、保护环境以实现可持续发展，是世界各国共同关心的重大课题。中国政府高度重视实施可持续的发展战略，明确提出要加快建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会。Savingresourcesandprotectingtheenvironmentforsustainabledevelopmentaremajorissuesofcommonintereststoallcountriesintheworld.TheChineseGovernmenthasahighregardonimplementingsustainabledevelopmentstrategyandexplicitlyhasputforwardthetaskofacceleratingthepaceofconstructingaresource-conservedandenvironmentalfriendlysociety.建设资源节约型社会，既需要依赖科技进步，以显著提高资源的利用效率，以尽可能少的资源消耗创造尽可能大的经济社会效益；也需要大力建设节约文化和节约文明，提高人们的节约意识，使节约成为全社会的一种自觉行动。Constructingaresource-conservedsocietyreliesonthescientificprogresstoremarkablyimprovetheefficiencyofutilizingresourcesandcreatesasmanyeconomicandsocialbenefitsaspossiblebutwithasfewresourcesas

possible.Atthesametime,thegovernmentneedstovigorouslyconstructacultureaswellasacivilizationofeconomysoastomakepeoplemoreawareofthesignificanceofpracticingeconomyandmakeit

aconsciousactioninthewholesociety.

道教奉先秦哲学家老子为道祖，以老子的《道德经》为基本经典。TaoismworshipsLaoTzu,apre-QinDynastyphilosopher,asthefounder.

TaoTeChing,themagnumopusofLaoTzu,isthebasiccanonofTaoism.ItisgenerallybelievedthatTaoistorganizationswereformallyestablished1,900yearsagobyCelestialMasterZhangDaoling.However,theoriginalsourcesofTaoistdoctrinescanbetracedbacktothePre-Qinperiod(4000-221BC).老子在《道德经》中说，他有三件最宝贵的东西，其中第二件就是节俭。

InTaoTeChing,LaoTzusaidthathehadthreemostpreciousthings.Thriftisthesecondofthethree.

老子认为，“俭故能广”，人们坚持节俭，生活就会越来越宽裕；执政者坚持节俭，国家就会越来越富足。如果“舍其俭且广”，也就是不能节俭而一心想扩大事业，那是不会有好结果的。LaoTzuheldthat“Witheconomy,onecanbegenerous”.Ifpeoplecanbeconsistently

thrifty,theywillsurelyhaveawell-to-dolife.Ifrulerspersistinfrugality,thenationwillbeincreasinglyaffluent.Onthecontrary,ifpeople“seekgenerouswithouteconomy”,i.e.,devotedtoexpandingtheirbusinesseswithoutausterity,theywillnotcometogoodattheend.老子指责当时过着骄奢淫逸生活的统治者为强盗头子。他说，这些统治者的宫殿十分华丽，而老百姓的农田却非常荒芜，国家的仓库十分空虚，统治者穿着锦绣的衣服，佩带着锋利的宝剑，饱足精美的饮食，占有多余的财富，真是强盗头子啊。由此可见老子对骄奢淫逸的深恶痛绝。LaoTzurebukedthedissipatedrulerslivinginextravaganceathistimeasbanditchieftains.Hesaidtheserulerslivedinpompouspalaces,whilefarmlandsoftherankandfieldswerebarrenandthenation’swarehouseswerevacant.Therulersworesplendidclothesandsharpswords,atefancyfood,andoccupiedsuperfluouswealth,exactlyinthemannerofbanditchieftains.ItshowshowLaoTzudetestedextravaganceanddissipatedlife.老子说：“五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋田猎令人心发狂。”认为沉溺于声色犬马等感官享受之中，将会大大的损害身体。有些人本来可以长寿，却短命而终，也是“以其生生之厚”，即放纵嗜欲的结果。LaoTzusaid,

“Iridescentcolorscauseblindness.Beautifulmusiccausesdeafness;deliciousfoodcauseslossoftaste.Racingandhuntingcausemadness.”Hethoughtthatindulginginsuchsensoryandlustfulenjoymentwouldbadlyhurthumanbodies.Manypeoplewouldhaveotherwiselivedalonglifebut

haddiedearly,becausethey“intensivelycravedfortheirlife”,i.e.,abandonedthemselvestocarnaldesires.安于俭朴的生活，重要的是要有一种知足常乐的生活态度。老子说：“知足之足，常足矣”。懂得知足的人，不会感觉到自己缺少什么。老子又指出：“祸莫大于不知足。”贪得无厌的人，必然招致祸殃。Themostimportantthingforapersontosatisfyateconomicallifeistoequiponeselfwiththeattitudeofcontentmentonwhatoneowns.LaoTzusaid,

“Thecontentmentwithknowingcontentmentisalwayscontented”.Peoplewhoarecontended

donotfeeltheyareindeficiencyofanything.LaoTzuwentontosaythat“Nocalamityisgreaterthandiscontentment.”Insatiablygreedypeoplewillsurelyinvitemisfortunes.道教以老子的崇俭抑奢、少私寡欲思想作为教徒的生活准则。道教创始人张道陵天师在《老子想尔注》中说，学道之士不能贪图世俗的任何事物，要“衣弊履穿，不与俗争”。TaoistfollowersstrictlyguidetheirlifeunderLaoTzu’slinesofesteem

thriftandsuppressionofextravaganceandselfishdesires.CelestialMasterZhangDaoling,founderoftheTaoism,saidinhisworkXiangEr’sAnnotationonLaoTzuthatTaoistfollowersshouldnothankerafteranyworldlyaffairs.Instead,theyneedto“wearsimpleclothesandshoesandcontendfornomundanethings”.东晋著名道士葛洪在《抱朴子内篇》中说，学仙之人必须“恬愉淡泊，涤除嗜欲”。道教著名经典《清静经》指出，只有澄心遣欲才能进入“清静”的得道境界。

GeHong,afamousTaoistinEastJinDynasty,saidinhisworkBaoPuZiNeiPian,“Taoiststryingtomakepillsofimmortalityandcultivatingvitalenergymustnotbeperturbedbyfameandwealth;theymustwashawaycarnaldesires.”

The

ScriptureofConstantPurityandTranquility,aTaoistclassic,pointsoutthatpeoplewithonlylimpidheartsandnodesirewillenterthe“quietworld”ofTaoism.

创立于金元之际的全真道更要求道士们过一种禁欲主义的生活，把物质生活的需要抑制到最低水平。TheQuanzhenSchoolofTaoism,establishedattheJinandYuandynasties,calledonTaoiststolive

anasceticlifeandtominimizetheneedsformateriallife.

全真道创始人王重阳WangChongyang,thefounderofQuanzhenSchoolofTaoism如马钰说：“道人不厌贫，贫乃养生之本。饥则餐一钵粥，睡来铺一束草，褴褴褛褛以度朝夕，正是道人活计。”AsMaYu,afamousTaoistoftheSchool,putit,“Taoistsarenottiredofdeficiency,asdeficiencyistheroottopreserveone’shealth.Whenfeelinghungry,theyeatabowlofporridge.Whentired,theysleeponasheetofgrass.Theypassthedaysandnightsinshabbyclothes.ThisisexactlywhatTaoistsmustdoinlife.”

“全真七子”之一

——马钰

Muyu丘处机说：“出家之人，恶衣恶食，不积财，恐害身损福也。”QiuChuji,anotherfamousTaoistoftheSchool,said,

“Taoistsmakelightclothingandfoodandtheyaccumulatenowealth,becausethesemightdamagehealthandfortunes.”

全真七子之一

——丘处机

QiuChuji丘处机说：“在家修道之人，饮食、居处、珍玩、货财，亦当依分，不宜过度也。”即使是大富大贵之人家，在生活上也不能太奢华。

QiuChujiwentontosay

“Taoistscultivatingvitalenergyathomemusthaveproperfood,placeofresidence,rarecuriositiesandwealth.Theseareproperandgoodprovidedthattheyarenotextravagantandexcessive.”Peoplefromrichfamiliesshallnotbetooexcessiveindailymaterialisticlife.

马钰经常吟诵两句话：“纵日消万两黄金，正好粗衣淡饭。”这就是说，少私寡欲、清静恬淡体现的是一种生活态度，它与财富的多寡无关。

MaYuoftenrecitedsuchlines,

“What’sthegoodofconsumingthousandsofgoldaday.Itisjustrighttohaveenoughfoodandclothing.”Itimpliesthattranquillifedevoidoffameandlustsispracticallyanattitudeoflivingthathasnothingtodowiththeaccumulationofwealth.

从环保的角度来看，人类不节制欲望，环境就不可能从根本上得到改善。Intermsofenvironmentalprotection,ifpeopledonotchecktheirdesires,wecannotessentiallyimproveoursurroundingenvironments.

试想环境是如何被破坏的呢？Justimaginehowtheenvironmenthasbeendamaged.

不正是一些人为了追求金钱和享受，才砍光了一片又一片的原始森林，猎杀了一批又一批的珍稀动物吗？不正是一些企业主唯利是图，只要产品能赚钱，哪怕生产过程和生产结果对环境产生极大危害也完全不顾，从而造成越来越严重的环境污染吗？Isn’titaresultofpeopleowingtomoneyandenjoymentthattheychoppeddownacreageofvirginforestsandkilled

onerareanimalafteranother?Isn’titaresultofgainfulbusinessownerswhoprofitfromproducts,regardlessoftheincreasinglyandseverelydamagedenvironmentsintheprocessofproduction?自然资源是有限的，而人的欲望则是无穷的，为了缓和这一矛盾，人们在谋取利益的时候必须要有所节制。人类要从根本上解决环境恶化问题，必须在生活方式上来一个转变，以崇尚节俭为荣，以攀比奢华为耻。Naturalresourcesarelimitedandhumandesiresareinfinite.Toalleviatesuchaconflict,peoplemustdenythemselvesinthecourseoffiguringforprofits.Manmusttransformtheirlifestyleradicallytosettlethedeterioratingenvironmentalproblems;theymusthonorthriftanddisgrace

thecompetitionandshowingoffofextravagance.人的消费方式问题，从深层次上说，就是人生价值的实现问题。在以占有物的多寡来衡量人们的身份、地位、荣誉和价值的社会里，不少人的消费在很大程度上不是为了满足自己的真正需要，而是为了体现自己的存在，体现自己的消费能力。

People’sconsumptionpatterns,atadeeplayer,reflecthowtheyrealizetheirvaluesoflife.Inasocietyweighingpeople’sidentity,socialstatus,fameandvalueswiththeamountofpossession,manypeopleconsumetomaterializetheirownexistenceandconsumptionabilityratherthanmeetingtheirownactualdemands.因此，要树立正确的消费观念，关键是要树立正确的人生价值观。道教主张求道悟道、济世度人，认为人生的价值在于提高生命存在的境界，而不是满足各种物质欲望。Therefore,themostimportantthingistoestablishacorrectconsumptionconceptandtobuildupcorrectlifevalues.Taoismadvocatesseekingandcomprehending“Tao”,assistingone’sgenerationandrelievingthecommonpeoplefromtheorthodoxofworldlywisdom.ToTaoists,thevaluesofliferestonimprovingtherealmsoflifeinsteadofmeetingallkindsofmaterialappetite.道教所主张的人生，是追求自我觉悟的人生，是追求与道合一、与天地造化同流的崇高精神境界的人生，是慈悲为怀、以利济苍生为己任的人生。这样的人生，自然是摒弃了自私和物欲的人生，是杜绝了奢侈和浪费的人生。

HumanlifeunderTaoismistogointoselfconsciousnessandharmonizeoneselfwithTao,HeavenandEarth.Suchasublimelifefeaturesleniencyandassistancetothoseindistressandatperils.Inthisway,peoplewillnaturallydismissegoism,desiresformaterialwealth,extravaganceandwastage.被道教奉为经典的《庄子·逍遥游》中说：“鹪鹩巢于深林，不过一枝；偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。”

FreeandEasyWandering,apartofthephilosophicalworkofZhuanZi,istakenasaTaoistcanon.Thereisaparagraphinthearticlereadingas“Whenthejiaoliao(tailor)birdnestsinthedarkforest,itrequiresnomorethanasinglebranch.Whenthemuskratdrinksfromtheriver,itdoesnomorethanfillingupitsbelly.”

道教认为，人的消费行为，应该以满足基本需要为目标，而不应该在此之外多吃多占。Taoismdeemsthathumanconsumptionshouldonlysatisfybasicneeds

ratherthanhavingextravagantpossession.

庄子像

ZhuangZi汉代道教组织曾在四川等地的一些主要通衢大道上设立“义舍”，内悬米肉，供行路之人免费取用。义舍中贴有告示，过路之人若多吃多拿，则会有鬼神来惩罚，使其生病。这虽是宗教信仰，但其所包含的制止贪婪和浪费的思想则是值得肯定的。

IntheHanDynasty,Taoistssetup“publichouses”

atthesidesofmainroadsinSichuanProvince,wheretheyleftriceandmeatfreeforconsumptionbypassers-by.Bulletinswerepostedinthehousesthatifthepassers-byateortookthefoodmorethantheyneeded,ghostswouldhaunttopenalizethemandmadethemill.Naturally,itwasareligiousbelief,butwhatwasimpliedis

anadmirableideaofcheckinggreedyandwastage.道教思想对当代建设节约型社会还有一个启示，就是它对宇宙万物的敬重和爱护之情。

Taoistthoughtsleaveanotherinspirationonthecontemporarymissionofbuildingupaconservation-mindedsociety:respectingandcherishingeverythingonearth.道教认为，人与万物有一个共同的本源，就是“道”。《老子》第42章说：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。”世间的一切皆由“道”演化而来。万物皆以“道”为源泉和存在依据，都分享了同一个“道”。Taoismholdsthatmanandallthingsonearthhaveacommonoriginwhichis“Tao”.Chapter42thofLaoTzusays,

“TheTaogivesbirthtoOne.OnegivesbirthtoTwo.TwogivebirthtoThree.Threegivebirthtoallthings.”Everythingonearthevolvesfrom“Tao”.Everythingonearthstemsfrom“Tao;”relieson“Tao”for

existenceandsharesthesame“Tao”.因此，道教认为“一切有形，皆含道性”。“道”是创造一切价值的终极源泉，世间万物都是“道”的价值创造过程中的一个环节，因而都具有了自己存在的价值。

Asaresult,Taoismbelievesthat“allvisible

thingspossessTao’sessence”.“Tao”istheultimatesourcetocreateallvalues.Asall

thingsoneartharesimplyonelinkinthecourseofcreatingthevaluesof“Tao”,theyhavetheirownvaluesforexistence.

人类不能妄自尊大，以自己为中心，把大自然当成自己征服和统治的对象，而应该体认到“天地与我同根，万物与我同体”，把自己视为宇宙这个伟大的生命共同体中的一员。

Manshouldnotbetoobigfortheirbootsornarcissistic;theyshouldnottakethenatureastheobjecttoconquerandreignoverit.Instead,theyneedtorecognizethat“Heaven,earth,andmyselfhavethesameroot;allthingsareinoneunitywithme,”

andcountthemselvesasmembersofthegreatlifecommunityintheuniverse.人作为有知有识的万物之灵，应该体上天好生之德，以促进整个宇宙更加和谐和完美为目标，而不应该以各种毁坏自然的行为来扼杀宇宙的生机。

Asknowledgeablelordsofcreationontheearth,manshallappreciatenature’svirtueforlifeandaimatpromotingmoreharmoniousperfectionofthewholeuniverse,insteadofsnuffingoutthevitalforceoftheuniversewithallkindsofactionsdevastatingthenature.

因此，随意糟蹋、浪费自然资源，在道教中是绝对禁止的。哪怕只是浪费一粒米、一滴水，道教都认为是有罪过的。

Inthisway,spoilingandwastingnaturalresourcesatwillareabsolutelyforbiddeninTaoism.Wastingevenagrainofriceor

adropofwaterisdeemedguilty