(通用版)高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破专题五　主谓一致和动词的时态、语态 (含答案)

专题五主谓一致和动词的

时态、语态-2-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅰ.单句填空1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Since2011,thecountryhas

grown(grow)morecornthanrice.

2.(2018·北京卷)—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround?—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.Ijuststarted(start)onMonday.3.(2018·北京卷)Susanhadquitherwell-paidjobandwas

working(work)asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.

4.(2018·北京卷)China’shigh-speedrailwayshave

grown(grow)from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.

-3-高考感悟考点归纳5.(2018·江苏卷)Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,forwewill

have

developed(develop)moreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtoolsbythen.

6.(2018·北京卷)Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohad

been

trapped(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.

7.(2018·天津卷)Mywashingmachineis

being

repaired(repair)thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.

8.(2018·江苏卷)Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplanhad

been

carried(carry)outinthepasttwoyears.

9.(2017·天津卷)Iwas

driving(drive)downtoLondonwhenIsuddenlyfoundthatIwasonthewrongroad.

-4-高考感悟考点归纳10.(2017·江苏卷)ThepublicationofGreat

Expectations,which

was(be)bothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens’statusasaleadingnovelist.11.(2017·江苏卷)Hehurriedhome,neveroncelookingbacktoseeifhewas

being

followed(follow).

12.(2017·天津卷)Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,is

regarded(regard)asoneofthebestall-roundformsofexercise.

-5-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Atthatmoment,Irememberedthatmyfatheroncesaid,“Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludelearningfromtextbooks,andmistakesaswell.”include→includes2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Ididn’trealizehowrightmyparentsareuntilIenteredhighschool.are→were3.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)ItwasMondaymorning,andthewritingclasshadjustbegin.begin→begun-6-高考感悟考点归纳考点一

主谓一致谓语动词的数应与主语的人称和数保持一致,这叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓是否一致时,要遵循下列三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致的问题。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和与其最近的主语保持一致。-7-高考感悟考点归纳1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况(1)主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、书名等整体概念的名词时。Tenmilesisnotalongwayforme.(2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词做主语,前面由不定代词every/each/no修饰时。Eachboyand(each)girlhasanapple.(3)and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,且两个名词共用一个冠词时。AteacherofEnglishandclassteacheristellingussomethingaboutvolunteerworkersnow.一位英语老师兼班主任现在正告诉我们关于义工们的一些情况。(4)“thenumberof+复数名词”做主语时。Thenumberofprofessorspresentatthemeetingis1,800.-8-高考感悟考点归纳(5)动词-ing(短语)、不定式、从句做主语时。Whattheteacherofthescienceclassdoesandsaysisofgreatimportancetothestudentsatcollege.(6)“morethanone+单数名词”和“manya+单数名词”做主语时。Morethanonestudenthas

gonetoBeijing.—Hey!Hereisamessageonmycellphone,tellingmethatIhavewonfirstprizeofaweekendfortwoinParis.—Deleteit!It’satrick.Manyapersonhas

been

cheatedbysuchtricks.(7)“the+形容词”做主语,表示一类抽象的事物时,谓语动词用单数形式。Thenewissuretoreplacetheold.-9-高考感悟考点归纳2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况(1)有些集合名词如:clothes,cattle,folk,people,police

等做主语,后面的谓语动词用复数形式。Thepolicearesearchingforthemurderer.(2)“the+形容词/分词”做主语,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。Theoldarelivingahappylifenow.(3)由and或both...and...连接两个单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.-10-高考感悟考点归纳3.谓语动词单复数形式视情况而定(1)集合名词如:group,family,class,government,team,public,enemy,crowd,audience,club,party,crew等做主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果侧重其成员,谓语动词用复数形式。Myfamilyhasfourpeople.Myfamilyalllikewatchingfootballgames.(2)主语是单复数同形的名词如:deer,sheep,fish,series,means,works,aircraft等时,视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数形式。Everymeanshas

been

tried,butnoneprovedsuccessful.Manymeanshavenotcomeintoeffect.-11-高考感悟考点归纳(3)代词none,neither,all以及what引导的从句等做主语,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所指代的内容。Allweneedisasmallpieceoflandwherewecanplantvariouskindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.Whattheyhaveare200computers.(4)population表示“人口”,即一个国家或地区的居民数目,它做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时,population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民,它做主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。ThepopulationofCanadaisabout36million.Eightypercentofthepopulationinthatcountryarefarmers.-12-高考感悟考点归纳4.“名词(或代词)+介词短语”做主语时的主谓一致(1)有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语,该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。Thedangerofforestfiresisnottobetakenlightly.(2)当主语后面跟有with,together

with,along

with,accompanied

by,like,inadditionto,aswellas,asmuchas,more

than,rather

than,nolessthan,except,but,besides,including

等连接的单词(词组)时,其谓语动词的单复数形式要与它们前面的主语保持一致。Newspapers,aswellastheInternet,playanimportantroleindailycommunication.-13-高考感悟考点归纳5.“名词(或代词)+of+名词”做主语时的主谓一致(1)由some,plenty,a

lot,lots,most,the

rest,all,half,part或分数、百分数+of+名词等短语做主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果of后面所接名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果of后面所接名词为单数或不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。Aboutonethirdofthebooksarewellworthreading.Over30%oftheworkhas

been

finished.(2)由akindof,thiskindof,manykindsof,名词+ofthiskind(type,sort,part,piece,section,pair)等构成的短语做主语时,谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。Thiskindofanimalsisdangerous.Animalsofthiskindaredangerous.-14-高考感悟考点归纳(3)“alargeamountof+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。“largeamountsof+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数形式。“agood/greatdealof+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。Vastamountsofmoneyarebeinginvestedinthelocalmarket.OnesurveyshowsthatagreatdealofwateriswastedeveryyearinChina,andthatonethirdisavailabletobesaved.-15-高考感悟考点归纳6.就近原则(1)由or,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。NotonlyhisfamilybutalsohelikesChaplin’smovies.Areeitheryouoryourbrothergoingtotheparty?(2)therebe句型中be的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。There

aresomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.-16-高考感悟考点归纳7.定语从句中的主谓一致(1)在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhohave

seenthefilmpleaseputupyourhands.(2)“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中谓语动词要用复数形式。Tomisoneoftheboyswhohave

goneabroad.(3)“theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohas

passedtheexam.-17-高考感悟考点归纳考点二

动词的时态和语态1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:-18-高考感悟考点归纳-19-高考感悟考点归纳(2)表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。Hegoestoschooleveryday.(经常性动作)Heisveryhappy.(现在的状态)(3)表示永恒的状态或真理。“Lifeislikewalkinginthesnow,”Grannyusedtosay,“becauseeverystepshows.”祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都会留下痕迹。”Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.-20-高考感悟考点归纳(4)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时。Wheneveryoubuyapresent,youshouldthinkaboutitfromthereceiver’spointofview.无论何时,你买礼物的话,都应该从接受者的角度来考虑它。Unlesssomeextramoneyis

found,thetheatrewillclose.-21-高考感悟考点归纳(5)时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。—Sowhatistheprocedure?—Alltheapplicantsareinterviewedbeforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.——那程序是怎么安排的呢?——在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人都要参加面试。Thetrainleavesat8o’clock.-22-高考感悟考点归纳2.一般将来时(1)will表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。Itisreportedthataspacestationwill

be

builtonthemooninyearstocome.据报道在以后的几年里月球上要建一个空间站。Fishwill

diewithoutwater.(2)begoingto①表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。Weare

going

tohaveameetingtoday.②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。Itis

going

torain.-23-高考感悟考点归纳(3)beto①表示预先安排好的计划或约定。Areweto

goonwiththiswork?②表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。Weare

to

take

care

ofthechildren.③表示注定要发生的事情。Herplanis

to

beafailure.(4)beaboutto表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。Theplaneis

about

toleave.-24-高考感悟考点归纳(5)will与begoingto的区别will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。begoingto表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。—Whattimeisit?—Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,I

will

checkitforyou.-25-高考感悟考点归纳3.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:-26-高考感悟考点归纳-27-高考感悟考点归纳(2)表示过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复发生的动作。Iwasn’tabletohidemyeagernesswhenIasked,“Whatdoyouwishmetodonow?”当我问“你希望我现在干什么?”时,我无法隐藏我的渴望。—Haven’tseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?—IwenttoNingxiaandstayedthereforoneyear,teachingasavolunteer.IreadseveralofMoYan’sworkswhenIwasstudyingabroad.-28-高考感悟考点归纳4.现在进行时(1)现在进行时的构成现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。

v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:-29-高考感悟考点归纳-30-高考感悟考点归纳(2)由“be+v.-ing”构成,表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。—Hi,let’sgoskating.—Sorry,I’mbusyrightnow.I

am

fillinginanapplicationformforanewjob.(3)go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。I’m

leavingforBeijingtomorrow.(4)与always,constantly,forever,continually,allthetime等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。Heis

always

helpingothers.(5)进行时有时可表示渐变过程。Hishealthis

improvingeveryday.-31-高考感悟考点归纳(6)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。①表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。②表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。③表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allow,accept,remember,permit,promise,admit,complete等。④感官动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。-32-高考感悟考点归纳5.现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其使用通常有两种情况:(1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。—Oh,no!We’retoolate.Thetrainhas

left.—That’sOK.We’llcatchthenexttraintoLondon.-33-高考感悟考点归纳(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for...和since...等表示一段时间的状语或sofar等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。Inthelastfewyears,China

has

madegreatachievementsinenvironmentalprotection.在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。—Haveyouheardoftheaccidentonthisroadlastnight?—Yes.Andtherehave

beenthreeaccidentsheresofarthisyear.注意有些表示短暂性动作的词,如

come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。-34-高考感悟考点归纳(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhave

finishedmyhomework.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithas

stopped.-35-高考感悟考点归纳6.过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。Shewas

phoning

someone,soInoddedtoherandwentaway.In1980hewas

studyinginauniversity.7.过去将来时表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。Atcollege,BarackObamadidn’tknowthathewas

to

becomethefirstblackpresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn’tknowhewas

cominguntilyesterday.-36-高考感悟考点归纳8.过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。Ifoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseithad

startedwhenIarrived.(2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hoped/planned...+tohavedone。Ihad

hopedtosendhimaChristmascard,butIforgottodoso.-37-高考感悟考点归纳9.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时是由“have/hasbeen+v.-ing”构成的,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。Themanagerhas

been

tellingtheworkershowtoimprovetheprogramsince9am.Ithas

been

rainingfor2days.(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)-38-高考感悟考点归纳10.几组时态的区别(1)一般过去时与现在完成时时间上有差异:凡有明确的过去时间的均用过去时,不能用完成时,如含有ago,last

year,just

now,theotherday。结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。IcametoBeijinglastyear,and

have

beenheresincethen.-39-高考感悟考点归纳(2)一般过去时与过去完成时这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。WhenIgot

totheparty,manyofthemhad

leftforhome.-40-高考感悟考点归纳(3)一般过去时与过去进行时尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。Hewrotethreeletterslastnight.(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完)Hewas

writingaletterat9:00lastnight.(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了)-41-高考感悟考点归纳(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时①现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。Ihave

paintedmynewhouse.我已经给我的新房子上完漆了。(强调已完成)Ihave

been

paintingmynewhouse.我一直在给我的新房子上漆。(强调动作还在继续)②现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。Haveyoubeen

meetingourteacherthesedays?这些天来你一直见到我们老师吗?(强调动作的反复)Haveyoumetourteacherrecently?近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果)-42-高考感悟考点归纳11.固定结构中的时态(1)hardly...when...,nosooner...than...句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。Hardly

hadIopenedthedoorwhenTomcamein.我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。(2)since,inthelast/past+一段时间,sofar,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。Greatchangeshave

taken

placeinourcountryinthelastfewyears.(3)This/That/Itis/wasthefirst/second...time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。Thisisthefirsttimewehave

seenafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.-43-高考感悟考点归纳(4)“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。Youwill

have

learnedabout3,000wordsbytheendofnextmonth.(5)It+be...before...“要过……才”或“在……以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则before从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before从句中常用一般现在时。I’msorryyou’vebeenwaitingsolong,but

it’ll

still

besometimebeforeBriangetsback.(6)was/wereabouttodo...when...在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。Iwas

about

to

leavewhenhecamein.我正要离开这时他进来了。-44-高考感悟考点归纳12.主动语态表示被动意义(1)表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等构成的系表结构。Thesoupsmellsgoodbuttastesterrible.(2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。Thiskindofmaterialwasheseasily.(3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.-45-高考感悟考点归纳13.动词的被动语态语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。Shakespeare’splayHamlet

has

been

madeintoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea

is

servedwithmilkandsugar.几种特殊形式的被动结构:-46-高考感悟考点归纳(1)“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构Heis

reported

tohavebrokenaworldrecord.(2)“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构It’s

said

thattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.(3)“get+done”构成的被动结构getmarried结婚;gethurt受伤;getlost迷路;getcaught/stuck/trapped被困-47-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅠ.单句填空1.ItwasraininglightlywhenIarrived(arrive)inYangshuojustbeforedawn.2.IwasonmywayhomeaftershoppingandsawasmalldogrunningacrosstheverybusystreetIwas

traveling(travel)on.

3.Atpresentmoreandmorepeopleare

buying(buy)clothesonlinetosavetimeandmoney.

4.EveryoneexceptTomandJohnwas(be)therewhenthemeetingbegan.5.Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow

is

(be)oftenacceptable.

6.Janecan’tattendthemeetingat3o’clockthisafternoonbecauseshewill

be

teaching(teach)aclassatthattime.

-48-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ7.Justanhouragohetoldmeonthephonethathewould

come(come)homerightafterhiswork.

8.TombSweepingDayisatimetorememberthedead.ItisamajorChinesefestivalwhichfalls(fall)inearlyspring.9.UsuallyBeijingRoastDuckis

served(serve)togetherwithspecialpancakes,greenonionsandsweetsauce.

10.JustasIgottotheschoolgate,IrealizedIhad

left(leave)mykeysinthelibrary.

11.Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,has

dropped(drop)by17percentinrecentyears.

12.Itisreportedthatmillionsofpounds’worthofdamagehas

been

caused(cause)byastormwhichsweptacrossthenorthofEnglandlastnight.

-49-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ13.Peterishelpingsettablesinthehall,whereJohn’sbirthdaypartywill

be

held(hold).

14.Myfatherhas

been

employed(employ)atthisjobsince1990.

15.Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnologywill

be

made(make)byscientists.

16.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymhad

been

completed(complete)inBeijing.

17.Planningsofaraheadmakes(make)nosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear.18.Idon’tthinkJimsawme,he

was

staring(stare)intospace.

19.Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilmshave

been

produced(produce)allovertheworld.

-50-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅡ.单句改错1.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhavelivedawayfrommyhome,soIfounditdifficulttofitin.have→had2.BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hissongraduatedfromcollege.在graduated前加had3.Ifyouwanttoknowwhatwashappenedthatday,pleaseaskthepolice.去掉was4.OurnewEnglishteacher,whoissaidtohavecomebacktoChina,hasstayedintheUKforalmostfiveyears.去掉has-51-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ5.Whenwearrivedthere,ithadsnowedheavilythedaybeforeandtherewasterriblestorms.was→were6.Afriendofminewasreturnedtohishouseafteraholidayonlytofindithadbeenbrokeninto.去掉was7.Theonewhoalwayslistentootherstendstobeeasy-going.Whenheisintrouble,hisfriendswillbewillingtohelphim.listen→listens8.Perhapsitwillbealongtimebeforetheywillcomefromabroad.去掉come前的will-52-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ9.AsIgrewolderandcouldreadbymyself,myfatheroftentakesmetobookstoresandleftmetherereading.takes→took10.Thelionregardedasthekingintheanimalworldsoitrepresentspower.Thestonelionsarealsousedtoindicatetheranksofofficials.regarded前加is11.IwastoldthatChinawasbelongedtothedevelopingcountries.去掉belonged前的was12.Domakesurethatyougotaseattoday!got→get13.Iplayedping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.played→play-53-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ14.Greatchangeshavebeentake