木业协会木结构建筑学院轻型设计课程图文实战课

木结构建筑体系——师资培训Wood

Frame

Building

Systems

-

Instructor

Training中国现代木结构建筑技术项目联合工作小组China

Modern

Wood

Frame

Construction

Technology

Project

Joint

Working

Committee木业Canada

WoodContent第一章木结构建筑简介ABrief

Introduction

to

Wood

Frame

Construction-------------------------01第二章结构用木材Materials

13第三章外墙体结构Exterior

wall

Structure

29第四章外墙体施工Exterior

Wall

Construction第五章內墙之施工Interior

wall

construction3957第六章楼板结构Floor

Framing

loor

Framing67第七章基础Foundations77第八章屋顶结构——椽条Roof

Structure

–

Rafter第九章屋顶结构——桁架Roof

Structure

–

Trusses8597附

录 词汇表glossary119木结构建筑简介A

Brief

Introduction

to

WoodFrame

Construction1内容介绍Agenda木结构建筑史History

of

Wood

Construction木结构建筑类型Types

ofWood-Frame

Construction木结构建筑方法简介An

Introduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices木结构建筑的优点Advantages

of

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction木结构建筑史History

of

Wood

Construction使用木材作为建材在全球各地都有着悠久的历史。Wood

has

a

long

history

of

being

used

in

the

construction

of

structures

in

many

locations

around

the

world.中国

——约800年历史Forbidden

City,

China

–

around

800

years

old.木结构建筑史History

of

Wood

Construction台北龙山寺——建于1740年Lung

Shan

Temple, -

1740木结构建筑史History

of

Wood

ConstructionFairbank別墅——建于1636年Fairbank

House,

USA-1636Parlange

Plantation別墅——建于1750年Parlange

Plantation

House,

USA

-

17503木结构建筑类型Types

of

Wood-Frame

Construction梁柱式结构Post

&

Beam

Construction木结构建筑类型Types

ofWood-Frame

Construction一体(通柱)式结构——1830年代Balloon

Frame

–

1830

s木结构建筑类型Types

of

Wood-Frame

Construction西方平台式结构——1850年代Western

Platform

Frame

–

1850

s木结构建筑类型——平台式结构Types

of

Wood-Frame

Construction

-

Platform

frame屋顶Roof墙体Wall楼板

Floor基础Foundation4木结构建筑类型——平台式结构Types

of

Wood-Frame

Construction

-

Platform

frame最常见的住宅建平台式木结构建筑是筑形式。Platform

frame

construction

is

themost

common

method

of

residentialconstruction

in

North

America.木结构建筑方法简介An

Introduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices轻型木结构建筑使用固定间距的规格材构件配以覆面板，形成建筑物的结构单元。Light

wood-framing

is

the

use

of

closely

spaced

members

ofdimension

lumber

combined

with

sheathing

to

form

structural

elements

of

a

building.结构单元同时提供结构的强度、内饰与外饰的支撑、以及放置保温材料的空腔。The

structural

elements

provide

rigidity,

support

for

interior

finishand

exterior

cladding,

and

a for

the

installation

of

insulation.木结构建筑方法简介——基础Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

-

Foundation木结构建筑通常建在混凝土基础上。Wood-frame

houses

are

commonlysupported

on

concrete

foundations.混凝土基础下方为混凝土基脚，基脚下方需为有足够承载能力的土层。The

concrete

foundations

are

placed

overconcrete

footings

formed

on

soil

of

sufficient

bearing

capacity.木结构建筑方法简介——地梁板An

introduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

SillPlate地梁板放置于防潮垫上，并用锚栓与基础紧固在一起，以使木结构与基础牢固连接。Sill

plates

are

placed

over

a

sill

gasket

andattached

to

the

concrete

foundation

with

anchor

bolts

to

securely

fasten

the

wood-frame

structure

to

the

foundation.锚栓AnchorBolt防腐木地梁板P.T.Sill

Plate基础剖面图防潮垫Sill

gasket5木结构建筑方法简介——楼板Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Floor

System根据基础类型不同，再进行楼板或墙体的施工，并与基础牢固连结。Depends

on

the

types

of

foundation,

thefloors

or

walls

are

then

constructed

and

securely

fastened

to

the

foundation.楼板结构构件一般使用规格材或工程木材料。Structural

floor

framing

members

are

usually

dimension

lumber

or

engineered

wood

products.规格材搁栅

Dimension

lumber工程木搁栅

Engineered

wood

products木结构建筑方法简介——楼板Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Floor

System防止楼板搁栅

变形。Resisting

joisttwisting.。使楼板成为整体，共同承受荷载Sharing

loadto

make

the

floor

joists

act

more

like

a

complete

unit.

Whichin

turn

makes

for

a

more

rigid

floor.楼板覆面材料通常为木基结构板材，如胶合板或定向刨花板（OSB），覆面板需与楼板搁栅牢固连接。Sub-floors

are

usually

panel

products

such

as

plywood

or

OSB,and

are

securely

fastened

to

the

floor

joists.剪刀撑Bridging覆面板

Sheathing

subfloor木结构建筑方法简介——墙体Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Wall再建造外墙及內墙，造好后立起就位，并进行临时固定。Exterior

and

interior

walls

are

thenconstructed,

raised

into

position,

andtemporarily

secured.在水平楼板上拼装墙体Build

the

walls

flat

on

the

floor将墙体竖起并临时固定Stand

up

the

wall

and

temporarily

fastened木结构建筑方法简介——二层结构An

introduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

The

Second

Storey二层楼板结构 二层墙体结构Second

storey

floor

system Second

storey

wall

system6木结构建筑方法简介——楼梯Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Stair一层墙体完工后，即可开始下一层结构的施工及楼梯建造。Once

the floor

walls

have

beenconstructed,

the

next

level

will

be

built,

andstairs

constructed.，木结构建筑方法简介——二层结构Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Roof

Framing一旦完成所有墙体且临时固定好即放上屋顶桁架并固定就位。Once

all

the

walls

have

been

built,

Sheeted

andtemporarily

braced,

roof

trusses

are

placed

andsecured

into

position.桁架安装Truss

Installation桁架安装Truss

Installation木结构建筑方法简介——屋面Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Roof

Covering安装屋顶覆面板后，再铺设屋面材料。Once

the

roofed

is

sheathed,

a

final

roof

covering

can

be

applied.屋顶覆面板Roof

Sheathing屋面材料Roof

Covering木结构建筑方法简介——屋面Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Roof

Covering铺设屋面抗水/防水垫层Water

shedding/proofing

underlayment屋面瓦安装Shingle

installation7木结构建筑方法简介——机械系统An

introduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Mechanical

System水电管道及线路，以及其它机械系统，可于此时开始安装。The

installation

of

the

plumbing,

HVAC,

electrical,and

other

mechanical

systems

is

now

started.在木结构建筑中安装水、电、暖、空调及其它机械系统都非常容易。Wood-frame

construction

provides

for

the

easyinstallation

of

electrical,

plumbing,

heating,

air

conditioning

and

other

mechanical

systems.水电管道Electrical

and

plumbing

system进排水管道Plumbingsystem木结构建筑方法简介——

护系统Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Building

Envelope安装呼吸纸 窗户防水Building

Paper

Installation

Window

Water

Proofing木结构建筑方法简介——外饰面安装Anintroduction

toCanadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Exterior

Finishing钉板条与

板安装Strap and

siding

installation板安装Siding

Installation保温棉Insulation塑料薄膜Poly木结构建筑方法简介——保温材料Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Insulation在结构空腔内安装保温棉，仅在寒冷地区安装塑料薄膜。Install

insulation

in

structure ,

poly

should

only

be

used

in

cold

area.8木结构建筑方法简介——内装Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Interior在结构

安装石膏板，再在石膏板上做内装。Gypsum

board

is

then

applied

to

the

interior

of

the

framing

members

and

finished.木结构建筑方法简介——内装Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Interior內装至此完成。Interior

finishes

are

now

completed.木结构建筑方法简介——外装Anintroduction

to

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

Practices

–

Exterior完成内装与外装，新屋即可建成使用。Both

the

exterior

and

interior

finishes

are

completed

and

the

home

is

ready

for

occupancy.木结构建筑的优点Advantages

of

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction坚固安全Strong

and

safe节能Energy

efficient环保Easy

on

environment可再生Renewable易建造easy

to

build易改造easy

to

remodel9木结构建筑的优点——节能Advantagesof

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

–

Energy

Efficient3.0E+062.5E+062.0E+063.5E+064.0E+06三类建筑物能源消耗分析Energy

Cost

Comparison

of

Three

Types

of

Building

on

Different

Stages1.5E+061.0E+065.0E+050.0E+001.材料物化阶段木结构

3.34E+05轻钢结构

8.03E+05混凝土结构

9.30E+052.建筑施工阶段1.88E+042.65E+045.50E+043.建筑使用阶段2.41E+062.78E+062.60E+064.全生命周期2.76E+063.61E+063.58E+06Energy

consumption能源消耗，k

g

ecMaterial

Materialized

phaseConstruction

phase木结构 轻钢结构 混凝土结构WFC

Steel

Construction

Concrete

constructionConstructionphaseOveralllifecycleCancer

effect木结构建筑的优点——环保Advantages

of

Canadian

Wood-Frame

Construction

–

Environmental

Friendly120100混凝土结构Concrete

construction轻钢结构Steel

Construction木结构WFC80604020Climate

Radiation

change

effectZoology

dmgLand

Mineral

occupied

recourseFossil

energyOrganic

Inorganicrespiratory

respiratoryOzonelayer

dmgAcidize/e

utrophiadiseases

diseases三类建筑物生命周期内对环境的影响Environment

Impact

Comparison

of

Three

Types

of

Building木头妙！WOOD

IS

GOOD!完101112结构用木材Materials13内容介绍Agenda木材的特性Wood

Characteristics规格材简介DimensionLumber工程木产品简介Engineered

Wood

Products木材的特性——优势Wood

Characteristics

-

Advantages自然的有机材料Natural,

organic

carbon

based

material可再生资源Renewable

resource更环保且更节能Environmentally

friendly

and

energy

efficientExtremely

versatile木材是唯一可再生的建筑材料

Wood

is

theonly

renewable

construction

material木材的材性Wood

Properties木材是细胞结构Wood

is

a

cellular

growth.细胞的生长随季节的不同而变化Cells

growth

varies

withtheseasons图示为一个年轮One

annual

ring

is

shown木材的材性随树种、生长差异和木纹方向而定Properties

vary

with

species,growth

variances

and

direction

ofgrain木材的材性-强度Wood

Properties

-

strength木材（道格拉斯杉木-落叶松）Wood

(DouglasFir-Larch)顺纹抗拉强度

8.8MPaTension

parallel

tograin

8.8

Mpa顺纹抗压强度20.0MPaCompression

parallel

to

grain

20.0MPa横纹抗压强度

7.3MPaCompression

perpendicular

to

grain

7.3

MPa混凝土：Concrete:抗压强度20.7MPa-45MPaCompression

20.7

MPa

-45

MPa15顺纹Parallel

to

grainCompression

抗压强度横纹Perpendicular

to

grain强度取决于纹理方向：Strength

varies

due

to

graindirection:顺纹Parallel

to

grain横纹

Perpendicular

to

grain有角度纹理

Angle

to

grain木材的强度取决于不同的受力情况：Strength

varies

due

to

forces抗压强度

Compression拉力Tension弯曲度

BendingTension

拉力Shear

抗剪力抗剪力

Shear

Bending

弯曲度

木材的材性-含水率Wood

Properties–

Moisture

Content木材材性-含水率Wood

Properties

–

Moisture

Content木材材性-含水率Wood

Properties

–

Moisture

Content16木材材性-含水率的影响Wood

Properties

–

Moisture

Content

Effects木材材性-湿度的影响Wood

Properties

–

Moisture

Effects轻型木结构只要保持干燥，能够使用很久Wood

framing

kept

dry

can

lastindefini

y位于旧金山的一栋老房子已经250年了250

year

old

house

in

San

Francisco位于 的一栋老房子已经700年了700

year

old

house

in

Switzerland木材材性-湿度的影响Wood

Properties

–

Moisture

Effects湿度太大，温度和氧气会导致真菌快速繁殖和生长，从而引起腐蚀Too

mu oisture,

warmth

and

oxygen

will

cause

rapid

fungal

growth

and

decay右边的 是一栋15年的房屋Pictures

at

right

are

of

a

15

year

old

house在潮湿的木结构中严重的蚁害Significant

carpenter

ant

attack

was

also

present

in

wet

wood

areas木材材性-快速修复Wood

Properties

–

Easy

Repair被破坏的木结构部分可以方便的移除并替换新的结构，保证结构的防水性能和隔声性能Damaged

wood

can

be

easily

removed

and

replaced

to

return

building

to

structurally

sound

weatherproof

condition17木材的特性——含水率Wood

Characteristics

–

Moisture

Content含水率过高的木材会收缩，并且当含水率超过28%时木材会腐烂，因此建议所有结构用材料在闭合前的含水率在20%以下。As

woodwith

too

high

amoisturecontentwillshrink,

and

start

to

decay

at

fibre

saturation

of

28%,

it

is mended

that

all

structuralframing

lumber

have

a

moisture

content

ofunder

20%,

at

the

time

of

enclosure.作为建筑物结构的材料通常是经过窑干的。Wood

manufactured

for

use

as

structuralbuilding

components

is

usually

kiln

dried湿度计Moisture

Meter窑干KilnDry规格材简介——尺寸Dimension

lumber

-

Sizes结构规格材常用的尺寸Commonsizes

of

framing

lumber38×89

mm2×438×140

mm2×638×184

mm2×838×235

mm2×1038×286

mm2×12规格材简介——长度Dimension

lumber

-

Length结构用规格材的长度common

lengths

of

framing

lumber–2.4m至7.2m

，以约600mm递增2400mm

to

7200mm,

in

600mm

increments中国内地能买到的最长材料为6.1mThe

longest

material

available

in

China

is

6.1m常见长度：8英尺8

ft.10英尺10

ft.12英尺12

ft.14英尺14

ft.16英尺16

ft.18英尺18

ft.20英尺20

ft.2.44m3.05m3.66m4.27m4.88m5.49m6.10m规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading•国家 系统Canada

National

Grading

System– 国家木材

机构National

Lumber

Grades

Authority– 木材

标准规定Standard

Grading

Rules

for

Canadian

Lumber视觉

与机械应力Visual

grading

&

machine

stress

rated

(MSR)18规格材简介——视觉Dimension

lumber

-

Grading是基于以下几点因素：visual

grading

for

strength

based

on:节疤的尺寸与位置size

andlocation

ofknots斜纹理slopeof

grain钝棱的数量amountofwane轮裂、端裂与干裂的尺寸size

of

shakes,

splits

and

checksP.26

–

P.38节疤Knot斜纹理Slope

of干裂Check钝棱Wane规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading视觉Visual

Grading

Stamp机构树种等级含水率制材厂规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading机构树种等级含水率

制材厂木材标准管理局National

Lumber

Grade

Authority(NLGA)

regulatory

authority

.

共有约15家木材定级机构Approx

Fifteen

grading

agenciesspread

across

the

country所有木材厂家都是木材标准会员All

the

lumber

manufacturers

are

members

of

NLGA机构规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading具有相似特性的木材种类被划分为一类lumber

species

with

similarcharacteristics

are

grouped

together;花旗松-落叶松

(D.Fir-

L)Douglas

Fir

–

Larch

(D.Fir-L)铁杉-冷杉(Hem-fir)Hemlock

–

Fir

(Hem-fir)云杉-松-冷杉

(SPF)Spruce

–

Pine

–

Fir(SPF)北方树种

(Northern)Northern

Species

(Northern)树种等级含水率制材厂19机构树种规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading视觉强度visualstrength

grades特选结构级材SSselect

structural

(SS)一级与二级材

No.1,No.2

（结构用材）No.1

&

No.2

(used

for

framing)三级材No.3等级含水率制材厂规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading机构树种等级含水率moisture

content干材刨光S-DryS

–

Dry

(surfaced

dry)湿材刨光S-GrnS

–

Grn

(surfacedgreen

orwet)制材时的测定值measured

at

time

of

milling含水率制材厂木材材性Wood

Properties木材的7种等级7

Grades

of

Lumber图中等级从高到

Listed

from

strongest

to

weakest所有等级的木材在木结构房屋中都有不同的应用All

grades

have

applications

in

timber

construction规格材简介——Dimension

lumber

-

Grading机械应力

（MSR）machine

stress

rated

(MSR)每片材料均经负载测试each

piece

of

lumber

is

load

tested测定静曲强度与刚度determines

bending

strength

and

stiffness供高应力构件之用，例如桁架与工字梁used

in

highlystressed

components,such

astrusses

and

I-joists定级机构树种含水率弹性系数计算预计最终弯曲度锯木厂20木材材性Wood

Properties4种软木类型4

Groups

of

SoftwoodLumber

Categories从强到弱分类Listed

from

generally

from

strongest

to

weakest所有种类在不同建筑领域都有应用All

species

have

applications

in

timber

construction种类的选择必须符合强度需要和本地供应Choice

of

species

will

be

strength

requirements

andlocal

availability工程木产品简介Engineered

Wood

Products大截面的木材不易获取large

sections

of

wooddifficult

to

find可利用废弃材料use

wastematerial强度、刚度、外观strength,

stiffness,

appearance跨度长于规格材Longer

spansthandimensional

lumber尺寸稳定Dimensionally

Stabile剔除强度不佳部分weak

sections

of

wood

removed最大程度使用木材的品质produced

to

enhancequalities

of

wood工程木产品简介Engineered

Wood

Products胶合板Plywood定向刨花板OSB胶合木Glue-lam旋切木片胶合木LVL平行木片胶合木PSL层叠木片胶合木LSL胶合板PlywoodOSB胶合木Glue-lamLVLPSLLSL工程木简介Glued-

Laminated

TimberLaminated

Veneer

LumberWoodI-joistParallel

Strand

LumberLaminated

StrandLumber1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000PlywoodParticrboardFiberboardOrientedStrandBoardMedium

Density

ThickOriented

工程木材产品的演变StrandBoard1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

200021工程木简介层板胶合木（Glulam）层板胶合木目前已被广泛应用在木结构中，尤其是大型木结构工程。层板胶合木是将某些树种或树种组合的木材，加工成一定厚度的木板，经干燥、刨

加工，按一定的截面组坯方式平叠，施胶加压而成的木材产品。层板胶合木是经精心组坯的重组木材，其弹性模量的变异性一般小于目测定级或机械定级木材，且随截面层板数量的增加，变异性降低。工程木简介1.层板胶合木（Glulam）工程木简介结构胶合板Plywood结构胶合板由数层旋切或刨切的单板按一定规则铺放经胶合而成。单板的厚度一般不小于1.5mm，也不大于5.5mm。胶合板中心层两侧对称位置上的单板其木纹和厚度相一致，且由物理性能相似的树种木材制成，相邻单板的木纹相互垂直，表层板的木纹方向应与成品板的长度方向平行。结构胶合板的总厚度为2～30mm，板面尺

寸一般为2440mm×1220mm。22工程木简介单板层积材（LVL）LVL是将旋切成厚度2.5～4.5mm的单板多层平行施胶叠铺，加温加压而成。

生产的LVL所用树种或树种组合为花旗松、落叶松、黄柏、西部铁杉和云杉，北欧主要为挪威云杉。成品板厚度19

～

90mm，宽度63

～

1200mm，长度可达20m。含水率为10%。使用时可在成品板的宽度和长度方向进行切割，但不应在厚度方向上再做加工。做受弯构件时，一般均采用单板成侧列状态。工程木简介3.单板层积材（LVL）工程木简介平行木片胶合木（PSL）PSL是将旋切成的单板劈成木条施胶加温加压而成。

生产的PSL所用树种或树种组合同LVL。旋切片单板厚度为3.2mm,1.2m–2.4m长。PSL的力学性能可优于同树种制造的LVL，这是因为它在制作过程中剔除了质量差的木片条且木片条有足够的长度。工程木简介4.平行木片胶合木（PSL）23工程木简介定向刨花板（OSB）定向刨花板由切削成长度为100mm、厚度约为0.8mm、宽度为35mm以下的木片，施胶加压而成。表层木片的长度方向与成品板的长度方向一致。成品板的厚度为9.5

～28.5mm，板面尺寸亦为

2440mm×1220mm。在物理力学性能上与结构胶合板相比，湿胀较大，抗压强度偏低，轴向劲度较小。工程木简介OSB生产流程工程木简介层叠木片胶合木（LSL）LSL是将削成的薄木片均匀施胶，定向铺装加温加压而成。LSL采用的速生树种如阔叶树白杨为原料。削成木片的片厚0.9～1.3mm，宽度

13

～25mm，长度约为300mm。成品板材厚度140mm，宽度约

1.2m，长度约14.6m，含水率为6%～8%。使用时可在宽度和长度方向做切割。24工程木简介定向木片胶合木（OSL）OSL是定向刨花板技术的延伸，即仅是板的厚度增加，所用树种通常为白杨、黄杨或南方松。生产工艺类似于LSL。OSL胶合木有较高的抗剪强度，它的抗弯强度也高于同树种锯材。工程木简介木头妙!Wood

Is

Good完25262728外墙体结构Exterior

wall

Structure第八章Chapter

829要点/Key

Message:墙体的设计和建造必须满足下列功能：将建筑物的结构荷载传递到房屋基础上抵抗由

和风引起的水平荷载提供内墙和外墙装饰的背衬墙骨间距提供了填充保温棉的空腔Wall

systems

must

bedesigned

andconstructed

to

fulfill

thefollowing

functions:transfer

the

structural

loads

ofthebuilding

to

the

house

foundationresistlateral

loads

from

earthquakes

and

windsprovide

backing

for

interior

and

exterior

finishesspacing

of

studsprovides for

insulation

to

be

installed内容简介Agenda构件名称Component

names荷载传递Load

transfer过梁Lin托柱Jackstud转角背衬Corner

Backing内墙背衬Partition

Backing二层顶梁板Second

Top

Plate结构墙板（OSB）Structural

Wallpanel

(OSB)荷载传递附加墙骨Stud短柱Cripple

stud窗台梁Bottomwidow

sill窗上梁Top

widow

sill托柱Jackstud内墙背衬板Partition

backing两根托柱Double

cripple

stud二层顶梁板Second

top

plate过梁Lin开口宽度大于1.5m时，需使用两根托柱。

Double

cripple

stud

is

neededwhen

opening

width

is

greaterthan1.5m.406mm转角背衬板

Corner

backingJackstuds

to

be

on

the

same

layoutas

the

main

studs1.墙体结构——构件名称Wall

structure

–

Component

names首层顶梁板

top

plate1.墙体结构——构件名称Wall

structure

–

Component

names组合立柱做点荷载支撑

Built-up

post

forpoint

load

support.简单墙体结构Simple

Wall

Structure31荷载传导路径Load

Transferring2.墙体结构——荷载传导Wall

structure

–

Load

transfer过梁Lin过梁承担来自上方结构的荷载Lin

carriesthe

loadfrom

structures

above,

forStud

spacing

more

than600mm短柱

Cripple

stud荷载传导路径：二层顶梁板——顶梁板——过梁——短柱——地梁板Load

Transfer:

2nd

top

plate

–

top

plate

–

lin

--

jack

stud–

bottom

plate2.墙体结构——荷载传导Wall

structure–Load

transfer

集中荷载，荷载传递Point

load,

loadtransfer:双层顶梁板Double

top

plate二层墙骨2ndfloor

wall

studs底梁板Bottom

plateOSB楼板OSB

sub-floor垂直木块Vertical

compression

blocks首层双层顶梁板1st

floor

double

top

plates一层墙骨1st

floor

wall

studs底梁板Bottom

plate混凝土基础墙Concrete

foundation

wall混凝土基脚Concrete

footing10.土层Soil

layer在没有均布荷载分布的部位，比如组合梁式桁架或楼板梁等处，需要布置集中荷载进行支撑。Point

load

support

needed

whereever

thereis

a

non

uniformload,such

as,

abuilt

up

girder

truss

Orfloor

beam.关于点荷载，详见《施工指南》8-11页。See

GTGP

pg

8-11

formore

information

about

pointloads.3.墙体结构——过梁Wall

structure

–

Lin2片材料的过梁2-plylin3片材料的过梁3-ply

lin12mm

OSB过梁有多种尺寸，从38x89mm

到38x285mm。.过梁尺寸取决于所承担的荷载，需查跨度表确定，见施工指南第八章P.8-22。Lin

s

can

be

many

different

sizes,

from

38x89mm

to

38x285mm.

Must

use

the

use

the

span

tableto

size

the

lin

depending

on

the

load.

See

GTGP

Chapter

8,

P.244.123456－两片SPF规格材过梁两片SPF规格材过梁夹OSB三片SPF规格材过梁工程加工胶合木过/梁7Dimensional

SPF

2

ply

linDimensional

SPF

2ply

lin

with

OSB

spacerDimensional

SPF

3

ply

lin

Engineered

Glulam

lin

/beam旋切木片胶合木过梁（组合过梁）

LVL

lin

(built

up)平行木片胶合木过梁（很结实）

PSL

lin

(Very

strong)层叠木片胶合木适合较小负荷的应用

LSL

used

for

light

duty

applications3.各种常见过梁材料Different

types

of

common

lin

materials.324.墙体结构——托柱Wall

structure

–

Cripple

Stud开口宽度大于1.5mOpening

width

greater

than

1.5m开口宽度小于1.5mOpening

widthsmallerthan

1.5m墙体开口结构——双根托柱Wall

opening

structure

–

double

jack

stud墙体开口结构——单托柱Wall

opening

structure

–

single

jack

stud需单根托柱需双根托柱墙体结构——转角背衬Wall

structure

–

corner

backing转角背衬功能Functionof

corner

backing连接另一面外墙Fasten

the

exterior

wall内饰的背衬Backing

of

interior

finishes6.墙体结构——内隔墙背衬Wall

structure

–

Partition

backing38x89内隔墙38x89Partition

wall38x140内隔墙背衬板38x140Exterior

wall38x140

内墙背衬板38x140

Partition

backing内墙端部墙骨柱End

stud

of

partition

wall背衬挡块Short

blocks背衬挡块Short

blocks外墙墙骨柱Stud

of

exterior

wall内墙端部墙骨柱End

stud

of

partition

wall背衬挡块Ladder

blocks其它形式的内墙背衬Other

types

of

partition

backing外墙墙骨柱Stud

of

exterior

wall38x89内墙38x89Partitionwall6.墙体结构——内墙背衬Wall

structure

–

Partition

backing背衬挡块与内墙墙骨柱宽度相同

38x140外墙38x140ExteriorEnd

stud

&

blocks

are

wallsame

width337.墙体结构——二层顶梁板Wall

structure

–

Second

topplate二层顶梁板Second

top

plate二层顶梁板Second

top

plate该墙体抵住相邻墙体，根据相邻墙体的厚度第二块顶梁板会超出其厚度，横断相邻墙体上也盖有第二块顶梁板。The

wallthat

butt

into

the

other

will

have

it

s

secondtop

plate

project

past

ofthe

wall

by

the

thickness

of

the

adjacent

wall,

transversely

the

adjacent

wallwill

have

it

s

second

top

plateheld

back

by

the

wall

thickness

as

well.7.墙体结构——二层顶梁板Wall

structure

–

Second

top

plate内外墙交接位置Exterior

and

Partition

Wall

Intersection7.墙体结构——二层顶梁板Wall

structure

–

Second

topplate第二层顶梁板超出内隔墙的厚度和超出外墙的厚度一样。外墙上第二层顶梁板要留有空余，略宽于内墙厚度。Second

top

plate

on

interior

partition

wall

to

project

past

end

ofwall

bysame

amountas

the

thickness

of

exterior

wall.The

exterior

wallsecond

top

plate

to

have

a

gap

thatis

slightly

wider

the

interior

wall

width.8.墙体结构——结构OSB板Wall

structure

–

Structural

OSB

panelsOSB板或胶合板可用于外墙，为墙体与建筑体起到抗剪作用。未安装OSB或斜撑，建筑体受力减弱，在地震或暴风中会带来潜在。重点：OSB板厚度取决于龙骨间距。OSB与龙骨间钉连接至关重要，可以最大程度上起到抗剪作用。必须选用适用于外墙的OSB板，同时满足结构强度。

OSB

or

plywood

can

be

used

on

the

exterior

walls,to

provide

lateral

strength

to

the

walls

and

the

building

overall.With

out

OSB

or

diagonal

bracing

the

building

would

be

very

weak

and

could

potentially

fall

over

in

an

earthquake

or

storm.Important

points-Thickness

of

the

OSB

is

determined

by

the

spacing

ofthe

studs.-Nailing

of

OSB

to

studs

is

critically

important

to

provide

um

lateral

strength.-OSB

must

be

rated

for

exterior

use,

along

with

structurally

graded.OSB板厚度要求，详见《施工指南》

8-19页。See

GTGP

for

required

OSB

thickness

pg.

8-

19OSB板的背面盖有结构等级章Structural

grade

stamp

on

the

back

sideof

the

OSB34木头妙！Wood

Is

Good!完35363738外墙体施工Exterior

Wall

Construction第八章Chapter

839要点/Key

Message:墙体的设计和建造必须满足下列功能：将建筑物的结构荷载传递到房屋基础上抵抗由

和风引起的水平荷载提供内墙和外墙装饰的背衬墙骨间距提供了填充保温棉的空腔Wall

systems

must

bedesigned

andconstructed

to

fulfill

thefollowing

functions:transfer

the

structural

loads

ofthebuilding

to

the

house

foundationresistlateral

loads

from

earthquakes

and

windsprovide

backing

for

interior

and

exterior

finishesspacing

of

studsprovides for

insulation

to

be

installed内容简介Agenda在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置Laying

out

studs

on

wall

plates在平台上拼装墙体-布钉样式Exterior

load

bearing

walls

-

Nailing

patterns墙体组装步骤Wall

assembly

procedure立起就位并临时固定Stand

up

and

temporarily

bracing外墙体封板的两种方法（立墙前或立墙后）Sheathing

exterior

wall

before

and

after

erection

(two

methods)钉接底板和地板框架Nail

through

bottom

plate

intofloor

framing二层顶梁板与墙体结构组合一起Locking

walls

together

with

2nd

top

plate立正墙体并校对垂直度Straightening

and

alignment

of

walls4.墙体不同部位的布置步骤Layoutprocedurefor

different

partsof

a

wall墙体梁板Wall

Plates梁板必须切割为准确的尺寸后才可以按布置图放置。Before

layoutof

the

plates

can

be

done,

the

plates

must

becut

to

the

correctlength.4.在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置——外墙转角Laying

out

studs

on

wall

plates

-

Exterior

Corners第一步：标出所有转角点Step

one:

mark

out

corners414.在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置——转角Laying

out

ofstuds

on

wall

plates

–

interiorwall

intersection第二步：定位并标出所有墙体交接点和荷载点Step

two:

Locate

and

layout

allwall

intersections

&

pointloads4.在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置——开口Laying

out

studs

on

wall

plates

–

Opening窗开口宽度Opening

width第三步：标出所有门窗开口（到开口边沿）Step

three:Layout

all

window

and

doors

rough

openings,(to

edge

of

openings)4.在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置——开口Laying

out

studs

onwall

plates

–

Opening窗开口宽度Opening

width附加墙骨柱King

Stud托柱Jack

stud第三步：标出所有门窗开口（到开口边沿）Step

three:

Layout

all

window

and

doors

rough

openings,

(toedge

of

openings)短柱Cripple

stud4.在墙体梁板上标记墙骨柱位置——墙骨和托柱布