毕业设计说明书-多联机系统设计

本科毕业设计（论文）/r/n北京市居住建筑采暖空调系统设计/r/n——/r/n基于建筑气候设计原理工程设计实践/r/nHeatingandairconditionalsystemdesignofresidential/r/nbuildinginBeijingcity/r/n——Basedonclimateconsiderationsinbuildingdesign/r/n学/r/n/r/n院（系）：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n专/r/n/r/n业：/r/n/r/n建筑环境与设备工程/r/n/r/n学/r/n/r/n生/r/n/r/n姓/r/n/r/n名：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n学/r/n/r/n号：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n指/r/n/r/n导/r/n/r/n教/r/n/r/n师：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n评/r/n/r/n阅/r/n/r/n教/r/n/r/n师：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n完/r/n/r/n成/r/n/r/n日/r/n/r/n期：/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n大连理工大学毕业设计（论文）格式规范/r/n北京市居住建筑采暖空调系统设计——基于建筑气候设计原理工程设计实践/r/n-/r/nPAGE/r/nII/r/n-/r/n-/r/nPAGE/r/nI/r/n-/r/n摘/r/n/r/n要/r/n本设计为北京市某居住建筑采/r/n暖空调系统节能设计。除完成建筑环境与设备工程常规设计内容外，/r/n还与建筑学院进行联合毕业设计，成立了联合设计小组，/r/n其基本要求是最大限度地利用被动式设计手法营造全年室内舒适性热湿环境。/r/n首先，/r/n本次设计对三栋不同类型/r/n（/r/n多层、小高层和高层/r/n）/r/n的建筑进行了负荷/r/n计算及/r/n特性分析，计算结果表明新风冷负荷与日射得热之和占总冷负荷的一半以上；而冬季通过门窗围护结构传热和冷风渗透形成的热负荷占了大部分比例。/r/n经过系统方案论证比较，最终选择多联机空调系统与热水采暖系统相结合/r/n。本设计/r/n对空调风系统及采暖管道进行了水力计算，并对多联机系统室内机与室外机、新风系统、热回收装置、风机、气流组织、散热器、地板辐射加热管等进行了选择。绘制了空调系统平面布置图及系统图，/r/n采暖系统平面布置图及系统图，防排烟系统图等，/r/n撰写了设计施工说明书。/r/n其次，/r/n本次/r/n联合/r/n设计部分的主要内容是根据北京地区的气候特征，以优先考虑冬季/r/n采暖需求/r/n设计、其次考虑夏季/r/n降温需求/r/n为原则，在原有方案的基础上，通过/r/n设置/r/n附加阳光间/r/n、/r/n增强通风等被动式策略，使最终方案节能率达到/r/n78.3%/r/n。/r/n最后，/r/n本次设计的个人重/r/n点是/r/n应用/r/n了/r/nPHPP/r/n软件进行不同建筑设计方案全年能量需求的计算，并通过调研，重点研究了建筑节能设计的技术经济比较方法。/r/n关键词：/r/n建筑气候设计；空调系统设计；联合毕业设计；技术经济分析/r/n北京市居住建筑采暖空调系统设计——基于建筑气候设计原理工程设计实践/r/n-/r/nPAGE/r/nV/r/n-/r/nHeatingandairconditionalsystemdesignofresidential/r/nbuildinginBeijingcity/r/n——Basedonclimateconsiderationsinbuildingdesign/r/n /r/n /r/nAbstract/r/n/r/nThisprojectisaresidentialbuildingheatingandairconditioningsystemdesigninBeijing.Inadditiontotheconventionaldesignofthearchitecturalenvironmentandequipmentengineering,thisprojectisalsoajointgraduationdesignwiththeSchoolofArchitecture,establishingofajointdesignteam,whosebasicrequirementistomaximizetheuseofpassivedesigntechniquestocreateafull-yearindoorcomfortheatandmoistureenvironment./r/nFirstly,t/r/nhisprojectanaly/r/nz/r/nedtheloadcharacteristicsofthreetypeofbuildings,/r/nrespectivelymultilayer/r/n,smallhigh-riseandhigh-rise,andalsotheresultindicatedthatthen/r/newair-cooledloadwiththeins/r/nu/r/nlationheattookupmorethanhalfofthetotalwhiletheheattransferofdoorsandwindowsaccountedformostoftheproportioninwinter.Accordingtothecomparisonofthesystemsolutions,thisprojectultimatelychoseacombinationofmulti-connectedairconditionersystemandhotwaterheatingsystem.Thisprojectcarriedoutthehydrauliccalculationoftheairconditioningductandtheheatingpipes,chosetheindoor-outdoorsetofthemulti-connectedairconditioner,freshairsystem,heatrecoverydevice,blower,air-floworganization,radiatorandradiantfloorheatingpipes,drewtheplanofair-conditioningsystemaswellassystemdrawing,theplanofheatingsystemaswellassystemdrawing,smokecontrolsystemdrawingandsoon,wrotethedesignconstructionspecification./r/nAlso,a/r/nccordingtotheclimaticcharacteristicsofBeijingregion/r/n，/r/nthem/r/nai/r/nncontentofthecooperationistoconsidertheprincipleofprioritytothewinterdesignfollowedbythesummerdesignandthenbasedonthepreviousproposals,usethepassivestrategiessuchasaddingsunroom,enhancingventilationandsoontomaketheenergy-savingrateof78.3%finally/r/n./r/nLastly,t/r/nhedesignofthepersonalfocusistousePHPPsoftwareforthecalculationoftheannualenergyneedsofthedifferentarchitecturaldesignprogramand,throughresearch,mainlystudythetechnicalandeconomiccomparisonofbuilding./r/nKeyWords/r/n:/r/nBuildingclimatedesign/r/n;/r/nHVACdesign/r/n;/r/nCooperative/r/ngraduateproject/r/n;/r/nTechnicalandeconomicanalysis/r/n

/r/n目/r/n/r/n录/r/n/r/n/r/n摘/r/n/r/n要/r/n /r/n/r/nI/r/n/r/nAbstract/r/n /r/n/r/nII/r/n/r/n引/r/n/r/n言/r/n /r/n/r/n1/r/n/r/n第一部分/r/n /r/n/r/n2/r/n/r/n1/r/n建筑概况/r/n /r/n/r/n3/r/n/r/n2/r/n/r/n设计原则及内容/r/n /r/n/r/n5/r/n/r/n3/r/n设计计算参数/r/n /r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n3.1/r/n室外空气计算参数/r/n /r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n3.2/r/n室内设计参数/r/n /r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n3.3/r/n其他设计参数/r/n /r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n4/r/n冷负荷、热负荷及湿负荷计算/r/n /r/n/r/n7/r/n/r/n4.1/r/n夏季冷负荷计算/r/n /r/n/r/n7/r/n/r/n4.2/r/n夏季湿负荷计算/r/n /r/n/r/n9/r/n/r/n4.3/r/n冬季热负荷计算/r/n /r/n/r/n9/r/n/r/n4.4/r/n计算结果分析/r/n /r/n/r/n10/r/n/r/n4.4.1/r/n冷负荷结果分析/r/n /r/n/r/n10/r/n/r/n4.4.2/r/n热负荷结果分析/r/n /r/n/r/n14/r/n/r/n5/r/n系统方案选择/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.1/r/n/r/n冷热源选择/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.1.1/r/n/r/n冷源/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.1.2/r/n热源/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.2/r/n夏季系统方案选择/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.2.1/r/n多联机系统论证/r/n /r/n/r/n16/r/n/r/n5.2.2/r/n新风系统论证/r/n /r/n/r/n17/r/n/r/n5.3/r/n冬季系统方案选择/r/n /r/n/r/n17/r/n/r/n6/r/n/r/n空调系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n19/r/n/r/n6.1/r/n多联机系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n19/r/n/r/n6.1.1/r/n室内机初步选择/r/n /r/n/r/n19/r/n/r/n6.1.2/r/n多联机系统划分/r/n /r/n/r/n20/r/n/r/n6.1.3/r/n室外机型号初步选择/r/n /r/n/r/n20/r/n/r/n6.1.4/r/n室内外机重新选择/r/n /r/n/r/n21/r/n/r/n6.1.5/r/n多联机系统气流组织设计/r/n /r/n/r/n23/r/n/r/n6.2/r/n热回收式新风系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n23/r/n/r/n6.2.1/r/n热回收式新风系统工作原理/r/n /r/n/r/n23/r/n/r/n6.2.2/r/n热回收装置选择/r/n /r/n/r/n24/r/n/r/n6.2.3/r/n新风机组选择/r/n /r/n/r/n24/r/n/r/n6.2.4/r/n新风系统风管的水力计算/r/n /r/n/r/n24/r/n/r/n6.2.5/r/n新风系统送回风口的选择/r/n /r/n/r/n25/r/n/r/n6.3/r/n风机的选择/r/n /r/n/r/n26/r/n/r/n6.4/r/n空调系统冷凝水管道设计/r/n /r/n/r/n26/r/n/r/n7/r/n采暖系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n27/r/n/r/n7.1/r/n散热器采暖系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n27/r/n/r/n7.1.1/r/n散热器选择/r/n /r/n/r/n27/r/n/r/n7.1.2/r/n散热器采暖系统水力计算/r/n /r/n/r/n28/r/n/r/n7.1.3/r/n膨胀水箱的选择/r/n /r/n/r/n29/r/n/r/n7.2/r/n低温地板辐射采暖系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n29/r/n/r/n7.2.1/r/n地板辐射采暖加热管选择与布置/r/n /r/n/r/n29/r/n/r/n7.2.2/r/n地板辐射采暖系统水力计算/r/n /r/n/r/n29/r/n/r/n8/r/n通风及防排烟系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n30/r/n/r/n8.1/r/n防排烟系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n30/r/n/r/n8.2/r/n厨房及卫生间通风系统设计/r/n /r/n/r/n30/r/n/r/n第二部分/r/n/r/n与建筑学院联合毕业设计/r/n /r/n/r/n31/r/n/r/n9/r/n总体要求/r/n /r/n/r/n32/r/n/r/n10/r/n北京地区气候条件分析/r/n /r/n/r/n33/r/n/r/n11/r/n被动式策略分析/r/n /r/n/r/n34/r/n/r/n12/r/n建筑学院同学方案设计过程及方案分析/r/n /r/n/r/n36/r/n/r/n12.1/r/n联合毕业设计过程/r/n /r/n/r/n36/r/n/r/n12.2/r/n设计各方案比较/r/n /r/n/r/n37/r/n/r/n12.2.1/r/n原方案/r/n /r/n/r/n37/r/n/r/n12.2.2/r/n方案一/r/n /r/n/r/n38/r/n/r/n12.2.3/r/n方案二/r/n /r/n/r/n40/r/n/r/n12.2.4/r/n方案三/r/n /r/n/r/n42/r/n/r/n12.3/r/n结论/r/n /r/n/r/n42/r/n/r/n第三部分/r/n/r/n个人重点/r/n /r/n/r/n44/r/n/r/n13/r/n用/r/nPHPP/r/n设计软件进行全年能耗分析/r/n /r/n/r/n45/r/n/r/n13.1/r/n设计软件与常规计算方法比较/r/n /r/n/r/n45/r/n/r/n13.1.1/r/n设计软件计算方法/r/n /r/n/r/n45/r/n/r/n13.1.2/r/n两种计算方法对比/r/n /r/n/r/n46/r/n/r/n13.2/r/n设计软件与常规计算结果比较/r/n /r/n/r/n47/r/n/r/n14/r/n建筑节能设计中的技术经济比较方法/r/n /r/n/r/n50/r/n/r/n结/r/n/r/n论/r/n /r/n/r/n51/r/n/r/n参/r/n/r/n考/r/n/r/n文/r/n/r/n献/r/n /r/n/r/n52/r/n/r/n附录/r/nA1/r/n冷负荷计算结果/r/n /r/n/r/n53/r/n/r/n附录/r/nA2/r/n热负荷计算结果/r/n /r/n/r/n90/r/n/r/n附录/r/nB/r/n新风管道水力计算表/r/n /r/n/r/n96/r/n/r/n附录/r/nC1/r/n散热器选择计算表/r/n /r/n/r/n103/r/n/r/n附录/r/nC2/r/n散热器采暖系统水力计算表/r/n /r/n/r/n105/r/n/r/n附录/r/nD1/r/n地板辐射采暖加热管选择计算表/r/n /r/n/r/n107/r/n/r/n附录/r/nD2/r/n地板辐射采暖水力计算表/r/n /r/n/r/n108/r/n/r/n附录/r/nE/r/n附加阳光间的算法/r/n /r/n/r/n127/r/n/r/n致/r/n/r/n谢/r/n /r/n/r/n135/r/n大连理工大学毕业设计（论文）格式规范/r/n北京市居住建筑采暖空调系统设计——基于建筑气候设计原理工程设计实践/r/nPAGE/r/n2/r/n–/r/nPAGE/r/n131/r/n–/r/n引/r/n/r/n言/r/n随着/r/n社会的进步、科技的发展以及人口高度集中，进入/r/n21/r/n世纪，人们将会追求更高的物质文化生活水平，对室内空气品质的要求也更高了，因此对建筑暖通空调的设计与施工我们应该有新的认识。/r/n本设计为北京市某居住建筑采暖空调系统节能设计。北京市位于北纬/r/n39.8°/r/n，东经/r/n116.47°/r/n，海拔高度/r/n31.3m/r/n，常年大气压/r/n101169Pa/r/n，属于寒冷地带。/r/n本次设计题目来源于科研项目，设计共分为两个部分。第一部分为建筑环境与设备工程专业常规毕业设计，第二部分为与建筑学院联合毕业设计。其/r/n具体目标在于：学习和了解良好的建筑设计与降低设备系统能耗的关联性，体验建筑师与设备工程师合作设计和协调的方法，学习如何充分地利用当地的气候资源条件营造舒适的低能耗生态建筑的方法；提高独自调研、思考与研究的设计创新能力，注重超低能耗建筑系统设计方案，以被动式（利用自然条件和资源）采暖降温方法为主。通过对具有相同建筑设计功能的既有建筑采暖空调系统的设计，提高采暖空调设计过程各个环节的知识理解和应用的水平，掌握国家节能规范及设计条文中相关要点与规定。/r/n/r/n本设计为与建筑学院的共同完成的探索性毕业设计，其基本要求是最大限度地利用被动式设计手法营造全年室内舒适性热湿环境。通过/r/n进行区域气候分析，了解室外气候条件与人的生理需求之间的关系，了解如何通过建筑设计合理运用气候调控手段。通过参加与建筑学院的联合设计，熟悉了解在不同的建筑设计阶段，通过能耗计算软件的全年能量需求计算，如何尽可能地降低冷热负荷的需求。/r/n本/r/n设计的个人重点为：学会应用/r/nPHPP/r/n软件进行不同建筑设计方案全年能量需求的计算及应用天正暖通软件进行施工图设计；通过调研，重点研究建筑节能设计的技术经济比较方法。通过/r/nPHPP/r/n软件的全年能耗分析，并与建筑学院同组学生进行沟通研究，考虑了合适的设计方案。最终通过分析建筑节能设计中的技术经济比较选定了最终方案。/r/n

/r/n第一部分/r/n/r/n建筑环境与设备工程常规毕业设计/r/n

/r/n/r/n本/r/n设计来源于工程实例及教育部博士点基金项目/r/n--"/r/n基于建筑气候学理论室内环境自然调节方法的研究/r/n"/r/n中工程实践部分。/r/n1/r/n建筑概况/r/n本设计包括/r/n3/r/n栋不同类型的建筑，即多层建筑、小高层建筑和高层建筑，分别编号为/r/n1#/r/n楼、/r/n2#/r/n楼和/r/n3#/r/n楼。/r/n1#/r/n楼：共/r/n3/r/n层，一二层为裙房公建部分，三层为住宅部分，建筑高度/r/n12/r/nm/r/n，总建筑面积为/r/n8560/r/n./r/n75/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，/r/n公建/r/n面积/r/n4660.27m/r/n2/r/n，/r/n住宅面积/r/n1570.35/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，/r/n地下/r/n层面积/r/n2330.13/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/n2#/r/n楼：共/r/n11/r/n层，一层为公寓大堂，二至十一层为公寓式房间，建筑高度/r/n37.85m/r/n，总建筑面积/r/n8605.85m/r/n2/r/n，/r/n公建面积/r/n589.55m/r/n2/r/n，/r/n公寓/r/n面积/r/n7297.26/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，/r/n地下层面积/r/n719.12m/r/n2/r/n；/r/n3#/r/n楼：/r/n26/r/n层，一二层为公建部分，其余为住宅部分，建筑高度/r/n84.45m/r/n，总建筑面积/r/n1/r/n3391.4/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，公建面积/r/n1194.44/r/n/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，住宅面积/r/n11636.4/r/n/r/nm/r/n2/r/n，地下层面积/r/n560.56/r/n/r/nm/r/n2/r/n。/r/n该建筑围护结构说明见表/r/n1.1/r/n表/r/n1.1/r/n建筑围护结构说明/r/n/r/n名称/r/n传热系数/r/n外墙/r/n聚合物砂浆加强面层外保温/r/n1-2-/r/n聚苯板/r/n90/r/n0.42/r/n北面及东西面外窗/r/n断热铝合金低辐射中空玻璃/r/n2/r/n南外窗/r/n断热铝合金普通中空玻璃/r/n3.3/r/n北面及东西面外门/r/n双层金属门板/r/n,/r/n中间填充/r/n15/r/n～/r/n18/r/n厚玻璃棉板/r/n2/r/n南外门/r/n双层金属门板/r/n,/r/n中间填充/r/n15/r/n～/r/n18/r/n厚矿棉板/r/n3.3/r/n屋面/r/n非上人屋面/r/n-/r/n挤塑型聚苯板/r/n70/r/n0.44/r/n设置集中采暖的居住建筑应严格执行《民用建筑节能设计标准（采暖居住建筑部分）》（/r/nJGJ26—95/r/n）。北京市采暖居住建筑各围护结构传热系数不应超过表/r/n1.2/r/n规定的限制。/r/n表/r/n1.2/r/n北京市采暖居住建筑各部分围护结构传热系数/r/nK/r/n限值/r/n[W//r/n(/r/nm/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n]/r/n/r/n屋顶/r/n外墙/r/n无采暖楼梯间/r/n窗户/r/n外门/r/n地板/r/n体型系数/r/n≤0.3/r/n体型系数/r/n>0.3/r/n体型系数/r/n≤0.3/r/n体型系数/r/n>0.3/r/n隔墙/r/n户门/r/n接触室外空气/r/n无采暖地下室顶板/r/nK/r/n限值/r/n0.8/r/n0.6/r/n0.9/r/n0.55/r/n1.83/r/n2/r/n4.7/r/n_/r/n0.5/r/n0.55/r/n从表/r/n1.1/r/n及表/r/n1.2/r/n可以看出，本次设计的三栋既有建筑围护结构传热系数均符合《民用建筑节能设计标准（采暖居住建筑部分）》（/r/nJGJ26—95/r/n），均属于节能设计。/r/n

/r/n2/r/n/r/n设计原则及内容/r/n本工程采暖空调系统设计根据甲方提供的设计任务书，并参照现行国家颁发的有关规范、标准进行设计，具体有：/r/n（/r/n1/r/n）/r/n/r/n《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》/r/nGB50019-2003/r/n（/r/n2/r/n）/r/n/r/n《公共建筑节能设计标准》/r/nGB500189-2005/r/n（/r/n3/r/n）/r/n/r/n《实用供热空调设计手册》第二版/r/n（/r/n4/r/n）/r/n/r/n《通风与空调工程施工质量验收规范》/r/nGB50243-2002/r/n（/r/n5/r/n）/r/n/r/n《采暖通风与空气调节制图标准》/r/nGB/T50114-2001/r/n（/r/n6/r/n）/r/n/r/n《地面辐射供暖技术规程》/r/nJGJ142-2004/r/n（/r/n7/r/n）/r/n/r/n《多联机空调系统工程技术规程》/r/nJGJ174-2010/r/n本工程暖通空调的设计内容主要包括：多联机空调系统设计、散热器采暖系统设计、低温地板辐射采暖系统设计。/r/n

/r/n3/r/n设计计算参数/r/n3.1室外/r/n空气计算参数/r/n依据《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》（/r/nGB50019-2003/r/n），北京室外计算参数如下：/r/n夏季：空调室外计算（干球）温度/r/n33.2/r/n℃/r/n，空调室外计算（湿球）温度/r/n26.4/r/n℃/r/n，通风室外计算（干球）温度/r/n30/r/n℃/r/n，室外平均风速/r/n1.9m/s/r/n，室外大气压/r/n99.86kPa/r/n；/r/n冬季：空调室外计算（干球）温度/r/n-12.0/r/n℃/r/n，采暖室外计算（干球）温度/r/n-9.0/r/n℃/r/n，通风室外计算（干球）温度/r/n-5.0/r/n℃/r/n，室外平均风速/r/n2.8m/s/r/n，室外大气压/r/n102.04kPa/r/n。/r/n3.2室内设计/r/n参数/r/n/r/n本设计室内设计参数见表/r/n3.1/r/n。/r/n表/r/n3.1/r/n室内设计参数/r/n主要房间类型/r/n夏季室内计算参数/r/n冬季室内计算参数/r/n干球温度/r/n℃/r/n相对湿度/r/n%/r/n干球温度/r/n℃/r/n相对湿度/r/n%/r/n公建/r/n26/r/n60/r/n18/r/n60/r/n卫生间/r/n28/r/n60/r/n16/r/n60/r/n厨房/r/n28/r/n60/r/n16/r/n60/r/n卧室/r/n26/r/n60/r/n18/r/n60/r/n起居室/r/n26/r/n60/r/n18/r/n60/r/n书房/r/n26/r/n60/r/n18/r/n60/r/n3.3其他设计参数/r/n各功能房间其它设计参数见表/r/n3.2/r/n。/r/n表/r/n3.2/r/n各功能房间照明等设备功率及人数/r/n参数名称/r/n数值/r/n房间人数/r/n10m/r/n2/r/n//r/n人/r/n设备功率/r/n10W/m/r/n2/r/n灯光功率/r/n10W/m/r/n2/r/n新风量/r/n30m/r/n3/r/n//r/n（/r/nh·/r/n人）/r/n

/r/n4冷负荷、热负荷及湿负荷计算/r/n本设计采用冷负荷系数法计算空调设计冷负荷。设计/r/n冷负荷主要包括围护结构冷负荷（外墙和屋面瞬变传热引起的冷负荷、外玻璃窗瞬变传热引起的冷负荷、外窗日射得热冷负荷、内围护结构冷负荷），室内热源散热冷负荷（人员、照明散热和设备散热）。/r/n根据《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》（/r/nGB50019—2003/r/n）规定，冬季热负荷包括围护结构的基本耗热量、附加耗热量和通过门窗缝隙的冷风渗透耗热量两部分。围护结构附加耗热量考虑朝向修正、风力附加、高度附加。/r/n4.1夏季冷负荷计算/r/n（/r/n1/r/n）外墙和屋面/r/n逐时/r/n传热形成的冷负荷/r/n在日射和室外气温综合作用下，外墙和屋面逐时传热形成的冷负荷可按下式计算：/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n=/r/nAK/r/n[/r/nK/r/nρ/r/nK/r/nα/r/n(/r/nT/r/nc(τ)/r/n+/r/nT/r/nd/r/n)-/r/nT/r/nr/r/n]/r/n/r/n/r/n（/r/n4-1/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc(/r/nτ/r/n)/r/n―/r/n外墙和屋面逐时传热形成的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/n/r/n/r/nA/r/n—/r/n外墙和屋面的面积，/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/n/r/nK/r/nρ/r/n—/r/n吸收系数修正值，外墙取/r/n0.94/r/n，屋面取/r/n0.88/r/n；/r/n/r/nK/r/nα/r/n—/r/n放热系数修正值，取/r/n1.0/r/n；/r/n/r/nK/r/n—/r/n传热系数，外墙/r/n0.42W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n，屋面为/r/n0.44W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n；/r/n/r/nT/r/nc(τ)/r/n—/r/n冷负荷计算温度的逐时值，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/nT/r/nr/r/n—/r/n室内计算温度，/r/n26/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/nT/r/nd/r/n—/r/n地点修正值，/r/n℃/r/n，北京为/r/n0/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n（/r/n2/r/n）外玻璃窗/r/n逐时/r/n传热形成的冷负荷/r/n在室内外温差作用下，通过外玻璃窗传热形成的冷负荷可按下式计算：/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n=/r/nc/r/nw/r/n/r/nKA/r/n(/r/nT/r/nc(/r/nτ/r/n)/r/n+/r/nT/r/nd/r/n-/r/nT/r/nr/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-2/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗/r/n逐时/r/n传热形成的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/nA/r/n―/r/n窗口面积，/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/nc/r/nw/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗传热系数修正值，双层金属窗框、/r/n80%/r/n玻璃，取/r/n1.2/r/n；/r/nK/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗的传热系数，南向取/r/n3.3W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n，北东西向取/r/n2W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n；/r/nT/r/nc(/r/nτ/r/n)/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗冷负荷计算温度的逐时值，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/nT/r/nr/r/n―/r/n室内计算温度，/r/n26/r/n℃/r/n；/r/nT/r/nd/r/n―/r/n地点修正值，/r/n℃/r/n，北京为/r/n0/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n（/r/n3/r/n）内围护结构/r/n逐时/r/n传热形成的冷负荷/r/n在室内外温差作用下，通过内围护结构传热形成的冷负荷可按下式计算：/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n=/r/nK/r/ni/r/nA/r/ni/r/n(/r/nT/r/no·m/r/n+/r/nT/r/na/r/n-/r/nT/r/nr/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-3/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n―/r/n内围护结构/r/n逐时/r/n传热形成的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/nA/r/ni/r/n―/r/n窗口面积，/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/nK/r/ni/r/n/r/n―/r/n内围护结构的传热系数，内墙/r/n1.02W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n，内门/r/n1.5W/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n；/r/nT/r/no·m/r/n―/r/n夏季空调室外计算日平均温度，北京为/r/n28.6/r/n℃/r/n；/r/nT/r/na/r/n―/r/n附加升温，/r/n1/r/n℃/r/nT/r/nr/r/n―/r/n室内计算温度，/r/n26/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n（/r/n4/r/n）外玻璃窗日射得热形成的冷负荷/r/n透过玻璃窗进入室内的日射得热形成的逐时冷负荷按下式计算：/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n=/r/nAC/r/na/r/nC/r/ni/r/nC/r/ns/r/n/r/nD/r/nj.max/r/nC/r/nlq/r/n（/r/n4-4/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc(/r/nτ/r/n)/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗日射得引起的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/n/r/n/r/nA/r/n―/r/n窗口面积，/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/n/r/nC/r/na/r/n―/r/n外玻璃窗的有效面积系数，双层钢玻璃窗取/r/n0.75/r/n；/r/n/r/nC/r/ni/r/n―/r/n窗内遮阳设施的遮阳系数，设活动百叶内遮阳设施，取/r/n0.6/r/n；/r/n/r/nC/r/ns/r/n―/r/n窗玻璃的遮阳系数，/r/n双层/r/n3mm/r/n厚/r/n，取/r/n0.86/r/n；/r/nD/r/nj.max/r/n―/r/n日射得热因数，/r/nW/m/r/n2/r/n，东西向/r/n599/r/n，南向/r/n302/r/n，北向/r/n114/r/n，；/r/n/r/nC/r/nlq/r/n―/r/n窗玻璃的冷负荷系数。/r/n（/r/n5/r/n）人员散热引起的冷负荷/r/n人员散热引起的冷负荷分为显热负荷和潜热负荷。/r/nQ/r/nc(/r/nτ/r/n)/r/n＝/r/nQ/r/nl/r/n+/r/nQ/r/nq/r/n=/r/nα/r/n(/r/nC/r/nlq/r/nq/r/ns/r/nΦn/r/n+/r/nq/r/nl/r/nΦn/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-5/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nl/r/n―/r/n人体显热散热引起的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/nQ/r/nq/r/n―/r/n人体潜热散热引起的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/nC/r/nlq/r/n―/r/n人体显热散热的冷负荷系数，/r/n见《暖通空调》附录/r/n2-23/r/n；/r/n/r/nq/r/ns/r/n―/r/n不同室温和劳动性质成年男子显热散热量，/r/nW/r/n，见《暖通空调》表/r/n2-13/r/n；/r/n/r/nq/r/nl/r/n―/r/n不同室温和劳动性质成年男子潜热散热量，/r/nW/r/n，见《暖通空调》表/r/n2-13/r/n；/r/nn/r/n―/r/n室内全部人数；/r/nΦ/r/n―/r/n群集系数，取/r/n0.93/r/n；/r/nα/r/n—/r/n房间人员逐时在室率，见《公共建筑节能设计标准》续表/r/nB.O.6-1/r/n。/r/n（/r/n6/r/n）照明及设备散热引起的冷负荷/r/n室内照明方式为荧光灯暗装。/r/nQ/r/nc/r/n＝/r/nC/r/nlq/r/nn/r/n1/r/nn/r/n2/r/nN/r/n/r/n（/r/n4-6/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc(τ)/r/n―/r/n照明及设备散热引起的冷负荷，/r/nW/r/n；/r/nC/r/nlq/r/n―/r/n照明及设备散热的冷负荷系数；/r/nn/r/n1/r/n―/r/n镇流器的功率系数，暗装荧光灯取/r/n1.0/r/n；/r/nn/r/n2/r/n―/r/n灯罩隔热系数，取/r/n0.6/r/n；/r/nN/r/n―/r/n照明灯具及设备功率，/r/nW/r/n。/r/n（/r/n7/r/n）新风冷负荷/r/nQc/r/n＝/r/nM/r/no/r/n(h/r/no/r/n-h/r/nr/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-7/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nc/r/n―/r/n夏季新风冷负荷，/r/nkW/r/n；/r/nM/r/no/r/n/r/n―/r/n新风量，/r/nkg/s/r/n；/r/nh/r/no/r/n―/r/n室外空气的焓值，/r/n82kJ/kg/r/n；/r/nh/r/nr/r/n―/r/n室内空气的焓值，/r/n58.8kJ/kg/r/n。/r/n夏季冷负荷计算结果见附录/r/nA1/r/n。/r/n4.2夏季湿负荷计算/r/n人体散湿量可按下式计算：/r/nm/r/nw/r/n=0.278nΦg×10/r/n-6/r/n/r/n（/r/n4-8/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nm/r/nw/r/n—/r/n人体散湿量，/r/nkg/s/r/n；/r/ng/r/n—/r/n成年男子的小时散热量，/r/ng/h/r/n，见《暖通空调》表/r/n2-13/r/n；/r/nn/r/n—/r/n室内全部人数；/r/nΦ/r/n―/r/n群集系数，取/r/n0.93/r/n。/r/n4.3冬季热负荷计算/r/n（/r/n1/r/n）围护结构温差传热形成的热负荷/r/n/r/nQ/r/nj/r/n=/r/nKF/r/n（/r/nt/r/nn/r/n-/r/nt/r/nw/r/n）/r/na/r/n/r/n（/r/n4-9/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/nj/r/n—/r/n通过供暖房间某一面围护结构的基本耗热量/r/n,W/r/n；/r/n/r/nK/r/n—/r/n围护结构的传热系数，/r/nW/(m/r/n2/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n；/r/n/r/nF/r/n—/r/n围护结构的散热面积，/r/nm/r/n2/r/n；/r/n/r/nt/r/nn/r/n—/r/n室内空气计算温度，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/nt/r/nw/r/n—/r/n室外供暖计算温度，/r/n-7.5/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/na/r/n—/r/n温差修正系数，见《暖通空调》表/r/n2-4/r/n；/r/n（/r/n2/r/n）/r/n附加耗热量/r/n/r/nQ/r/n1/r/n=/r/nQ/r/nj/r/n(1+/r/nβ/r/nch/r/n+/r/nβ/r/nf/r/n)(1+/r/nβ/r/nf·g/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-10/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/n1/r/n—/r/n考虑各项附加后，围护结构的耗热量，/r/nW/r/n；/r/n/r/nQ/r/nj/r/n—/r/n通过供暖房间某一面围护结构的基本耗热量/r/n,W/r/n；/r/n/r/nβ/r/nch/r/n—/r/n朝向修正率，/r/n%/r/n，见《实用供热空调设计手册》表/r/n4.1-5/r/n；/r/n/r/nβ/r/nf/r/n—/r/n风力附加率，/r/n%/r/n，见《实用供热空调设计手册》表/r/n4.1-5/r/n；/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/nβ/r/nf·g/r/n—/r/n高度附加率，/r/n%/r/n，/r/nβ/r/nf·g/r/n=0.02(h-4)/r/n≤15%/r/n；/r/n（/r/n3/r/n）门窗缝隙渗入冷空气的耗热量/r/n/r/nQ/r/ni/r/n=0.278/r/nc/r/np/r/nVρ/r/nw/r/n(/r/nt/r/nn/r/n-/r/nt/r/nw/r/n)/r/n（/r/n4-11/r/n）/r/n式中，/r/nQ/r/ni/r/n—/r/n加热门窗缝隙渗入的冷空气耗热量，/r/nW/r/n；/r/n/r/n/r/nc/r/np/r/n—/r/n空气定压比热，/r/nc/r/np/r/n=1kJ/(kg/r/n·/r/n℃/r/n)/r/n；/r/n/r/nρ/r/nw/r/n—/r/n采暖室外计算温度下的空气密度，/r/nkg/m/r/n3/r/n；/r/n/r/nV/r/n—/r/n渗透冷空气量，/r/nm/r/n3/r/n/h/r/n；/r/n/r/nt/r/nn/r/n—/r/n室内空气计算温度，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/nt/r/nw/r/n—/r/n室外采暖计算温度，/r/n-7.5/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n冬季热负荷计算结果见附录/r/nA2/r/n。/r/n4.4计算结果分析/r/n4.4.1冷负荷结果分析/r/n（/r/n1/r/n）设计冷负荷逐时分布情况/r/n1#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况见表/r/n4.1/r/n及图/r/n4.1/r/n。/r/n表/r/n4.11#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况表/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n0:00/r/n80324.2/r/n8:00/r/n97091.8/r/n16:00/r/n191383.1/r/n1:00/r/n70426.7/r/n9:00/r/n154205.1/r/n17:00/r/n184402.2/r/n2:00/r/n65872.7/r/n10:00/r/n188861.3/r/n18:00/r/n176684.0/r/n3:00/r/n62080.0/r/n11:00/r/n206865.5/r/n19:00/r/n139199.6/r/n4:00/r/n59263.7/r/n12:00/r/n223452.3/r/n20:00/r/n109637.0/r/n5:00/r/n56245.8/r/n13:00/r/n227811.8/r/n21:00/r/n89497.0/r/n6:00/r/n76663.1/r/n14:00/r/n215322.9/r/n22:00/r/n83693.0/r/n7:00/r/n84854.5/r/n15:00/r/n203398.9/r/n23:00/r/n79560.7/r/n图/r/n4.11#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布图/r/n2#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况见表/r/n4.2/r/n及图/r/n4.2/r/n。/r/n表/r/n4.22#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况表/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n0:00/r/n106708.1/r/n8:00/r/n112839.1/r/n16:00/r/n125887.3/r/n1:00/r/n105517.9/r/n9:00/r/n119482.0/r/n17:00/r/n121352.4/r/n2:00/r/n103847.9/r/n10:00/r/n132375.8/r/n18:00/r/n116094.1/r/n3:00/r/n102464.7/r/n11:00/r/n139801.5/r/n19:00/r/n118351.1/r/n4:00/r/n101584.1/r/n12:00/r/n146972.8/r/n20:00/r/n115136.5/r/n5:00/r/n100296.9/r/n13:00/r/n147217.8/r/n21:00/r/n111413.7/r/n6:00/r/n104612.4/r/n14:00/r/n140252/r/n22:00/r/n109401.8/r/n7:00/r/n105925.2/r/n15:00/r/n132751.7/r/n23:00/r/n108299.2/r/n图/r/n4.22#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布图/r/n3#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况见表/r/n4.6/r/n及图/r/n4.3/r/n。/r/n表/r/n4.63#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布情况表/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n时刻/r/n冷负荷/r/n/W/r/n0:00/r/n141466.0/r/n8:00/r/n178409.4/r/n16:00/r/n245080.5/r/n1:00/r/n136028.4/r/n9:00/r/n207470.0/r/n17:00/r/n228758.7/r/n2:00/r/n130675.1/r/n10:00/r/n238072.0/r/n18:00/r/n202065.2/r/n3:00/r/n125770.5/r/n11:00/r/n257151.4/r/n19:00/r/n172226.4/r/n4:00/r/n123075.5/r/n12:00/r/n276149.2/r/n20:00/r/n166322.2/r/n5:00/r/n119571.2/r/n13:00/r/n283943.5/r/n21:00/r/n156889.7/r/n6:00/r/n141268.3/r/n14:00/r/n274738.9/r/n22:00/r/n151255.2/r/n7:00/r/n153961.4/r/n15:00/r/n260569.7/r/n23:00/r/n146484.4/r/n图/r/n4.33#/r/n楼设计冷负荷逐时分布图/r/n由图/r/n4.1~/r/n图/r/n4.3/r/n可知：最大设计冷负荷均出现在/r/n13/r/n：/r/n00/r/n，因为日射得热在这个时刻比较明显，而日射得热占房间冷负荷的比重很大，故最大设计冷负荷出现在此时刻；/r/n5/r/n：/r/n00/r/n时刻设计冷负荷最小，此时围护结构散热形成的冷负荷相对较小，日射得热量也相对较小，故在此时刻出现最小设计冷负荷。/r/n（/r/n2/r/n）设计冷负荷中各分项冷负荷分布情况及其所占比例/r/n/r/n设计冷负荷中各项冷负荷分布情况见图/r/n4.4-/r/n图/r/n4.6/r/n。/r/n图/r/n4.41#/r/n楼设计冷负荷中各分项冷负荷分布情况图/r/n图/r/n4.52#/r/n楼设计冷负荷中各分项冷负荷分布情况图/r/n图/r/n4.63#/r/n楼设计冷负荷中各分项冷负荷分布情况图/r/n由图/r/n4.4~/r/n图/r/n4.6/r/n可知：/r/n夏季新风冷负荷与日射得热之和占夏季总冷负荷的一半以上。因此，在设计空调系统时，应采用热回收系统来减少新风冷负荷；同时，建筑设计过程中应注意采用遮阳措施和控制窗墙比的方法来减少门窗冷负荷。/r/n照明设备冷负荷占了/r/n10%/r/n以上。因此，设计中应注意自然采光问题。/r/n人员冷负荷占/r/n10%/r/n左右。因此，应该加强通风措施。/r/n通过围护结构传热形成的冷负荷也占了/r/n10%/r/n左右。因此，应注意采用具有保温隔热的材料。/r/n4.4.2热负荷结果分析/r/n设计热负荷中各分项热负荷分布情况见图/r/n4.7/r/n。/r/n/r/n/r/n图/r/n4.7/r/n设计热负荷中各项热负荷分布情况（从左到右分别为/r/n1#/r/n楼、/r/n2#/r/n楼、/r/n3#/r/n楼）/r/n由图/r/n4.7/r/n可知：/r/n冷风渗透与门窗耗热量占了冬季热负荷约/r/n3/4/r/n的比例，因此在设计中应尽量减小窗墙比，并尽可能减少开口设计。/r/n外墙和屋面热负荷也占了比较大的比重，故应注意围护结构传热系数的选择。/r/n1#/r/n楼由于占地面积很大，故地面传热量占了约/r/n20%/r/n。因此，当建筑占地面积大时，应格外注意地板材料的选择。/r/n

/r/n5系统方案/r/n选择/r/n5.1/r/n/r/n冷热源选择/r/n5.1.1/r/n/r/n冷源/r/n通常，空调系统的冷源首先应考虑采用天然冷源。对大、中型空调系统，当无条件采用天然冷源时，可采用人工冷源，即利用制冷机制取冷量，通过冷媒输送至空调系统中。采用人工冷源时，制冷方式的选择应根据建筑物的性质、制冷容量、供水温度、电源、热源和水源等情况，通过技术经济比较来确定。民用建筑应采用电动压缩式和溴化锂吸收式制冷。/r/n本设计由于缺乏天然冷源的条件，/r/n又属于普通民用建筑，故/r/n可采用/r/n电动压缩式制冷/r/n或溴化锂吸收式制冷/r/n。/r/n溴化锂吸收式制冷机是以热能为动力，可利用废热、余热等低品位的热能作其热源，以达到变废为利的节能效果。但本设计由于缺乏可利用的热能，故采用电动压缩式制冷。/r/n5.1.2热源/r/n冬季采暖一般采用方式有电采暖、空调采暖及热水或蒸汽集中供热采暖。根据建筑区域热源条件，/r/n市政管网会提供/r/n80/r/n℃/r/n/60/r/n℃/r/n热水/r/n，从节能、安全、经济性及管理等方面/r/n综合考虑/r/n，选择外网提供的热水集中供热采暖。/r/n5./r/n2/r/n夏季系统方案/r/n选择/r/n/r/n本设计夏季采用多联机/r/n+/r/n新风系统，具体方案论证如下：/r/n5./r/n2/r/n.1多联机系统论证/r/n（/r/n1/r/n）公建部分/r/n对于/r/n1#/r/n楼一二层，/r/n2#/r/n楼一层及/r/n3#/r/n楼一二层的公建部分来讲，由于其场所空间大，人员集中，且使用时间一致，故传统来讲一般采用集中式全空气系统。但近几年来，多联机系统已成为了几百到上万平方米空调区域工程中的新型空调方式。本设计选择多联机系统主要是基于以下几点：/r/n1./r/n多联机的造价虽然较全空气系统高，但只用/r/n“/r/n电/r/n”/r/n这一种能源，不用设置机房就可以解决全部问题；而全空气系统还需专门占用空间设置机房，再加上冷热源机组、空气处理机组等其他设备，全空气系统的经济效益并不比多联机好；/r/n2./r/n由于公建部分作出租用，各店铺的使用时间不可能完全一致，或多或少会有差异，如果用多联机系统，室内机可单独控制，则可根据使用者的要求控制室内机的开关，从而减少不必要的能源浪费；/r/n3./r/n各出租店铺应实行分别计量、分别计费的原则，以免引起不必要的纠纷，单从这一点上来讲，多联机系统较全空气系统就有明显的优势。/r/n（/r/n2/r/n）住宅部分/r/n对于住宅部分来讲，现在家用空调多采用分体式空调，但由于以下原因，本设计采用变频多联机系统：/r/n1./r/n舒适性：家用中央空调（/r/n变频多联机）/r/n解决了分体式空调风直接吹到人身上的缺点，能使室内空气更好的循环起来，房间内各个角落的温差极小，再加上家用中央空调采用了电子膨胀阀技术，能够精确控制房间内的温度变化，大大提升了空调舒适性。/r/n2./r/n美观度：一般家庭都采用低静压风管机做侧出下回，其室内机安装在吊顶内，既节省了空间又提升了房间的装修档次。/r/n3./r/n节能：家用中央空调采用的是变频压缩机，一般的调频范围都在/r/n30%-130%/r/n，其压缩机可以根据室内机开启数量及冷量需求来调节转速，避免了大马拉小车现象，相对分体式空调大约能再节能/r/n30%-40%/r/n。/r/n/r/n虽然家用中央空调的成本较高，但从舒适性、美观度、节能等方面来讲，它对于分体式空调确实具有一定的优势，而现在越来越多的住户在选择上已经不局限于价格，而更多的在乎性能方面，故本设计采用变频多联机系统。/r/n5./r/n2/r/n.2新风系统论证/r/n虽然多联机系统有诸多优势，但其最大的不足就是对新风的处理能力较差，一二层的公建部分由于人员流动量大，使得所需新风量大；而三层由于是住宅，新风需求量小，从节能省钱方面考虑，三层可通过开窗措施来调节新风量。故一二层的空调设计需加上新风系统。本设计采用直接蒸发式全新风