语用学 常月圆

PragmaticsChangYueyuan112014043112022/11/162Contents1

TheDefinitionofPragmatics2

SpeechActTheory3

ClassifyingSpeechActs4

ConversationalImplicature4.1

CooperativePrinciple(CP)4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP4.3ViolationoftheMaxims5References21

DefinitionofPragmaticsPragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Thestudyoflanguageinuse.32SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords

(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedvia

utterances42.1PerformativesandConstativesConstatives叙事句Performatives施为句56Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

67Performatives:

utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:

name,bet,etc.78Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.89FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态910Ipromisetobethere.I’llbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.I’mverygrateful.Iapologize.I’msorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.10

2.2IllocutionaryActTheory

行事行为/施为行为理论Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:11Level1Alocutionaryact

发话行为/言内行为:

theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.12Morning!12Level2Anillocutionaryact行事行为:

anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.131314Morning!＝Sheofferedagreeting.14Level3Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer).15Level316AshowoffriendshipAninstanceofhypocrisyOR16Theeffectofthespeaker’swordsmaybenotwhatthespeakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandperlocutionaryactisnot.1717BrieflyLocutionaryactThephysicalactionofutteringthesentence发话行为IllocutionaryactTheintentionofthespeaker行事行为PerlocutionaryactTheeffectsofthesentenceonthehearer取效/成事行为1818ExerciseCanyourecognizethelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionaryactperformedbythefollowingutterance??1919Awifesaystoherhusband:“There’snomilkinthefridge.”Locutionaryact:???Illocutionaryact:???Perlocutionaryact:???20Uttering“Thereisnomilkinthefridge.”Makingarequest:husbandshouldgooutandbuysome.Offeringanexplanation:nomilkleft,soIwillbuysome.Husbandfollowstherequestandbuysomemilk.Husbandunderstandswhyhiswifeisreadytogoout.Orhemaysuspectthereasonhiswifeoffers:isshereallygoingouttogetsomemilk?203Classifyingspeechactsalsomadehiscontributiontothestudyofillocutionaryspeechacts.Hespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts.

21JohnSearle(1932-)211)representative描述性

Iguessthathehascome2)directive

指示性

Openthedoor!3)commissive

承担性

Ipromisetoloveyou!4)expressive

表达性

It’sverykindofyouto

havethoughtofme.5)declaration

宣告性Ideclarethemeeting

open/Ifireyou!224ConversationalImplicature

会话含义Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesat

Harvardin1967LogicandConversationin1975234.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)

合作原则CooperativePrinciple:Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向244.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP252526MaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofQuality:质量准则/真实准则Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;2627MaximofRelation:相关准则Berelative.MaximofManner:方式准则/明晰准则

Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.274.3ViolationofthemaximsWhenweviolatethesemaxims,insomesituations,conversationalimplicaturewillarise.28294.3Violationofthemaxims(Quantity)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。>Idon’twanttotellyouwhatIbought.29302.

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn.>Hersonshouldnotbeblamed.30314.3Violationofthemaxims

(Quality)1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.Xrunsasfastasadeer.Heismadeofiron.31322.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.A:NanjingisinJiangSu,isn’tit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.>It’sridiculous.32334.3Violationofthemaxims(Relation)Berelevant.A:Prof.Wangisanoldbag.B:Niceweatherforthetimeofyear.>Idon’twanttotalkaboutProf.Wang.33344.3Violationofthemaxims

(Manner)1.AvoidobscurityofexpressionA:Let’sgetthekidssomething.B:Ok,butIvetoC-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.>Don’tgivethemchocolate.34352.Avoidambiguity买一赠一。35363.BebriefA:Didyougetmyassignment?B:Ireceivedtwopagesclippedtogetherandcoveredwithrowsofblacksquiggles.>notsatisfied.36Exercise1Mother:Where’sthecake?Jimmy:Lucywasjustinthekitchen.37MaximsofQuantityandRelation×37Exercise2Man:MayIknowyourname?Woman:DianaWang.Andyours?Man:David.DavidZhang.MyfriendsallcallmeDave.Iamadirectorinajointventure.I’mgoingtoNewYorkonabusinesstripnextweek.38Ma