考研考博-英语-宣城职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宣城职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

HetoldArablawmakerswhotookpartintheprotestthat“thedaywillcomewhenwewillbanishyoufromthenationalhome”.

问题1选项

A.conquer

B.transfer

C.depart

D.exile

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.conquer占领，攻克B.transfer转职，转学，改变（环境）

C.depart离开，离去D.exile流放，放逐

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】banish的意思为“放逐，流放，把（某人）驱逐出境”，这里指把参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员驱逐出境，exile与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。

【句意】他告诉参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员：“我们把你们赶出国家的那一天终将到来。”

2.单选题

Iremember（

）tohelpusifweeverwereindifficulties.

问题1选项

A.onceoffering

B.himonceoffering

C.himtooffer

D.toofferhim

【答案】B

【解析】考查remember的用法。remembersb.doingsth.“记得某人做过某事”。remembersb.todosth.“记得某人要去做某事”。根据后面的动词were可知是发生在过去的事情，所以选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Asonlinecomputersystemsbecomemorepopular,televisionsandcomputersareincreasingly().Suchtechnologiescombinethecapabilitiesofcomputers,televisionetc.,andgreatlyexpandtheservicesthatcanbeprovided.

问题1选项

A.separated

B.segregated

C.integrated

D.intersected

【答案】C

【解析】separated分开，隔开；segregated隔离，分离；integrated结合；intersected分割。句意：随着在线计算机系统变得越来越流行，电视和计算机日益融合。这些技术结合了计算机、电视等的功能，极大地扩展了所能提供的服务。选项C符合句意。

4.单选题

Manyyoungpeopletake（

）radiostothebeachwiththem.

问题1选项

A.liable

B.portable

C.purchasable

D.cherishable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。liable“有责任的，有义务的”；portable“手提的，便携式的”；purchasable“可买的，可买到的”；cherishable“值得珍惜的”。句意：很多年轻人带着便携式收音机去沙滩。选项B符合题意。

5.单选题

Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations.Thisincludesincreasingsuchpopularquantitativemeasuresassalesrevenues,numberofemployees,andmarketshare.Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.

Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,productioncapacity,orworkforce.Nootherfirmsareacquiredormergedwith;instead,thecompanychoosestogrowbyitselfthroughitsownbusinessoperations.Forinstance,McDonald’shaspursuedagrowthstrategybywayofdirectexpansion.Thecompanyhasgrownbyawardingfranchises(经营许可)topeoplewhoarewillingtobetrainedintheMcDonald’swayandbyopeningcompany-ownedoutlets.

Acompanymightalsochoosetogrowbyverticalintegration,whichisanattempttogaincontrolofinput(backwardverticalintegration),output(forwardverticalintegration)orboth.Inbackwardverticalintegration,theorganizationattemptstoagaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.Forinstance,UnitedAirlineshadcreateditsownin-flightfoodservicebusiness.Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.Forexample,GatewayComputer’sretailstoresareanexampleoranorganizationcontrollingitsdistribution.

Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry—thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.Forinstance,H,J,Heinz,Inc.,thefood-processingcompany,combinedoperationswithanorganicbabyfoodcompany,Earth’sBest,tohelpitsownHeinzbabyfoodsdivisionbecomemorecompetitive.Becausecombiningwithcompetitorsmightdecreasetheamountofcompetitioninanindustry,theU.S.FederalTradeCommissionassessestheimpactofsuchproposedgrowthactionandmustapproveanyproposedhorizontalintegrationstrategy.Othercountrieshavesimilarrestrictions.

Finally,anorganizationcangrowthroughdiversification,eitherrelatedorunrelated.Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries.Forexample,AmericanStandardCos.isinavarietyofbusinessesincludingbathroomfixtures,air-conditioningandheatingunits,plumbingparts,andbrakesfortrucks.Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.Forexample,LancasterColonyCorporationmakessaladdressing,carmatsandcandles.Theseindustriesaredifferentandunrelated.

1.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

2.Whatis“directexpansion”？

3.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueof“verticalintegration”?

4.Ifacompanyadoptsthemethodof“horizontalintegration”,itattemptsto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisclosestinmeaningtotheword“diversification”？

问题1选项

A.HowMcDonald’shasbecomesuccessful.

B.Howcompanieshavebecomesuccessful.

C.Howcompaniescandeveloptheirbusinesses.

D.Howcompaniescompetewitheachother.

问题2选项

A.Acompanydevelopsitsownbusinessintoabiggerscale.

B.Acompanyacquiresanothercompany.

C.Acompanymergeswithanothercompany.

D.Acompanygrowswithoutincreasingitsworkforce.

问题3选项

A.Acompanyattemptstosupplyitsowninputs.

B.Acompanyattemptstosellitsownproducts.

C.Acompanyattemptstoprovideservice.

D.Acompanyattemptstoenteranotherindustry.

问题4选项

A.acquireaverydifferentcompany

B.acquireasimilarcompany

C.acquireasalescompany

D.acquireadistributioncompany

问题5选项

A.mergingwithoracquiringfirms

B.eitherrelatedorunrelated

C.avarietyofbusinesses

D.acompanygrows

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，“Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations…Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.”，可知本篇文章主要讨论的问题是公司的增长策略，增长可以通过直接扩张、纵向一体化、横向一体化或多样化来实现。下文直接对公司的增长策略进行了展开说明和解释。可判断出本篇文章主要是关于公司怎么发展他们的业务，得到增长的。选项C符合题意。

2.词义理解题。根据文章第二段，“Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,productioncapacity,orworkforce.”，可知通过直接扩张实现的增长是通过内部增加公司的销售、生产能力或劳动力来实现的。可判断出directexpansion意思是一个公司把自己的业务发展到更大的规模。选项A符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据文章第三段，“theorganizationattemptstoagaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.”，可知公司在垂直整合中试图通过成为自己的供应商来再次控制其投入。选项A正确，可排除。根据文章第三段，“Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.”，可知在垂直整合中，公司通过成为自己的分销商来获得对其输出（产品或服务）的控制。可判断出公司在垂直整合中既能够试图自己销售产品，也能自己提供服务。选项B和C正确，可排除。综上所述，选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章第四段，“Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry—thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.”，可知在横向整合中，公司通过与同行业的其他组织（即与竞争对手的业务组合）相互合并来增长。可判断出如果一个公司采用了“横向整合”的方法，它会尝试收购一家同行业的类似的公司。选项B符合题意。

5.词义理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries….Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.”，可知相关多元化是指一个公司通过与其他相关行业的公司合并或收购，来实现增长。不相关多元化是指一个公司通过与其他不同的不相关行业的公司合并或收购，来实现增长。可判断出diversification多元化的意思最接近于拓展更多的行业，开展更多不同的业务。选项C符合题意。

6.单选题

IsupposeyouarenotleavingforBeijingtoday,（

）?

问题1选项

A.areyou

B.doyou

C.aren’tyou

D.don’tyou

【答案】A

【解析】考查反义疑问句。句中“Isuppose”是一个插入语，陈述部分“youarenot…”是否定意义，因此疑问部分应该用肯定意义，选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Idon'tthinkitisimpartialfortheprofessortoflunkmyChemistrytest.

问题1选项

A.unbiased

B.compatible

C.exonerative

D.effusive

【答案】A

【解析】句意：我不认为教授让我的化学考试不及格是公正的。impartial意为公平的，不偏不倚的。unbiased公正的，无偏见的；compatible兼容的，可并立的；exonerative免罪的，免除的；effusive流出的，感情横溢的。选项A与之意思最为相近。

8.翻译题

改革开放是国家发展进步的根本动力。我国改革已进入攻坚阶段，必须进一步解放思想，全面推进经济、政治、文化、社会等领域的改革，不断把改革引向深入。要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制。毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展，形成各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护的体制环境。深化国有企业改革以及重点行业改革。

【答案】参考译文：

ReformandopeninguparethefundamentalforcethatdrivesChina’sdevelopmentandprogress.Chinahasenteredacrucialstageofreform,andwemustfurtheremancipateourminds;carryoutall-aroundeconomic,political,culturalandsocialreforms;andconstantlydeepenthem.Weneedtoimprovethesocialistmarketeconomy.Weshouldunwaveringlyconsolidateanddevelopthepublicsectoroftheeconomyandencourage,supportandguidethedevelopmentofthenon-publicsector,soastofosterastructuralenvironmentinwhicheconomicentitiesunderdifferentformsofownershiphaveequalaccesstofactorsofproductioninaccordancewiththelaw,competeonalevelplayingfieldandenjoyequallegalprotection.Weshoulddeepenreformofstate-ownedenterprisesandkeyindustries.

9.单选题

Ishalltellhimthetruth,______.

问题1选项

A.nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot

B.whetherhelikesitornot

C.nomatterhelikesitornot

D.whetherhewouldlikeitornot

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句。句意：不管他喜不喜欢，我都会告诉他真相。nomatter与疑问词who，what，where，when，how，if，whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”，可引导让步状语从句，A选项nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot符合题意。B选项中whether意思为“（表示迟疑或两个可能性之间的选择）是否”，不符合语境；C选项中nomatter意思为“不要紧”，用法错误；D选项中whether用法错误。因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

（）mywife’sconsistentencouragementIwouldn’thaveaccomplishedmygraduatestudy.

问题1选项

A.Butfor

B.Butwith

C.Exceptfor

D.Exceptthat

【答案】A

【解析】连词词义辨析。Butfor“要不是”；exceptfor“除了，排除在外”，后接名词，动名词。Exceptthat“排除在外”，后接句子。没有butwith的结构，可排除。句意：要不是我妻子的一直以来的鼓励，我肯定不会完成研究生学习。选项A符合题意。

11.单选题

Youshouldhaveyoureyesexamined（

）tobesureofyoureyesight.

问题1选项

A.periodically

B.persistently

C.continuously

D.continually

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。periodically“定期地；周期性地；偶尔”；persistently“坚持地；固执地”；continuously“连续不断地”；continually“不断地；频繁地”。句意：为了确保你的视力，你应该定期检查眼睛。选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

VI.LitigationProcedure

Methodsofservingprocessincivilcaseshavebothevolvedanderoded.InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.Eventually,arrestatthecommencementofacivilactionwasdeferred.Arrestwasthenreplacedwithsubjectiontothecourt’spowerbypersonaldeliveryofprocess,whichservedasthefoundationforonemodernservicemethodwhereaUnitedStatesMarshalpersonallyhandsthesummonstoadefendant.

Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”

Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.Asoneexpertinthefieldaptlydescribed:“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”

Althoughmostmodernservicemethodsarewelcomeimprovementstothoseofearlieryears(i.e.,notneedingtoarrestalldefendantsineverycivilaction),thisArticlearguestheservicemethodauthorizedbyRule7004(b)(1)oftheFederalRulesofBankruptcyProcedureviolatesadefendant’sdueprocessrightsundertheFifthAmendment.Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...totheindividual’sdwellinghouseorusualplaceofabodeortotheplacewheretheindividualregularlyconductsabusinessorprofession.”Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.

71.ThedefendantinacivilcaseintheUnitedStateshadbeennotifiedaboutthecaseinthefollowingwayBUT___.

72.Thelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeansthat___.

73.AccordingtoRule7004(b)(1),adefendantinabankruptcycaseisservedby___.

74.TheproblemoftheRule7004(b)(1)forservingasummonsisthefollowing,except___.

问题1选项

A.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyUSMarshal

B.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyanyoneabove18notapartytothelawsuit

C.summonsandcomplaintbeleftatthedefendant’sdwelling

D.arrested

问题2选项

A.summoningprocessisthecourt’sassertionofpower

B.deliveryofasummonsisnolongerasseriousasbefore

C.thereshouldbeaspecialformofsummoning

D.asummonsmaybesentwithablandmanilaenvelopetogetherwithaloveletter

问题3选项

A.registeredmail

B.personaldelivery

C.firstclassmail

D.firstclassmailpostagetobepaid

问题4选项

A.Thedefendantisnotnotified

B.Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt

C.Nowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned

D.Nowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】71.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.（在中世纪的英国，逮捕被告在民事诉讼开始时是很常见的。虽然逮捕确实提供了通知，但其主要目的是实现法院对被告人的实际权力的主张）可知逮捕是在中世纪的英国而不是美国，D选项“逮捕”符合题意；第二段Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.（认为只有政府官员，比如美国法警或副警长才能成为传送者的想法最终被放弃，转而允许传送者是任何年满18岁的人，且不是诉讼的一方）可知A选项“美国法警亲自交付传票”和B选项“18岁以上的非诉讼方的个人送达传票”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除；第二段Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”（甚至要求被告亲自收到传票的要求也因增加了另一种方法而被淡化了，这种方法允许将传票和申诉留在被告的“由具有适当年龄和自由裁量权的人居住在那里的住所或通常居住的地方”）可知C选项“传票和申诉留在被告住所”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除。因此D选项符合题意。

72.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段最后一句“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”（“在中世纪的英格兰，警长身穿盔甲骑马前来递交令状，君主的权威在炎热的天气里被封印，这种可怕的影响，早期的红蜡已经被一个平淡的马尼拉信封所取代，信封上贴着邮票，可以庆祝爱情或诗歌的概念。”）结合第三段第一句Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.（从接受者的角度看，传唤法院的权力主张已逐渐消磨殆尽）可知现在的法院传票已经不像以前一样有仪式感和严肃感，选B选项“传票的送达不再像以前那样严肃”，D选项“传票可以和一封情书连同一个乏味的牛皮纸信封一起寄出”明显不符合原文，排除；A选项“传唤程序是法院对权力的主张”和C选项“应该有一种特殊的召唤形式”第三段未涉及，第三段只是在描述法院传票不再像以前那样严肃，没有提出其他建议。因此B选项符合题意。

73.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...”（规则7004（b）（1）允许传票和申诉通过“预付一等邮资的邮件……”）可知选D选项“第一类邮件的邮资预付”；A选项“挂号邮件”，B选项“个人支付”和C选项“第一类邮件”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

74.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.（没有回执，没有挂号信，无需签署并返还的弃权文件。除了被告的答复（如果有的话），没有办法知道被告是否收到传票和申诉）可知A选项“被告未被通知”并不是关于送达传票的第7004(b)(1)条规则的问题；B选项“没有回执”，C选项“没有必须签署和返还的放弃文件”以及D选项“无法得知被告是否收到传票和投诉”和原文相符。因此A选项符合题意。

13.单选题

Thehumancriterionforperfectvisionis20/20forreadingthestandardlinesonaSnelleneyechartwithoutahitch.Thescoreisdeterminedbyhowwellyoureadlinesoflettersofdifferentsizesfrom20feetaway.Butbeingabletoreadthebottomlineontheeyechartdoesnotmeanapproximateperfectionasfarasotherspeciesareconcerned.Mostbirdswouldconsiderusveryvisuallyhandicapped.Thehawk,forinstance,hassuchsharpeyesthatitcanspotadimeonthesidewalkwhileperchedontopoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Itcanmakefinevisualdistinctionsbecauseitisblessedwithonemillionconespersquaremillimeterinitsretina（视网膜）.Andinwater,humansarefarsighted,whilethe

kingfisher,swoopingdowntospearfish,canseewellinboththeairandwaterbecauseitisendowedwithtwofoveae（凹窝）areasoftheeye,consistingmostlyofconesthatprovidevisualdistinctions.Onefoveapermitsthebird,whileintheair,toscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.Thisiscalledmonocularvision.Onceithitsthewater,theotherfoveajoinsin,allowingthekingfishertofocusbotheyes,likebinoculars,onitspreyatthesametime.Afrog’svisionisdistinguishedbyitsabilitytoperceivethingsasaconstantmotionpicture.Knownas“bugdetectors”,ahighlydevelopedsetofcellsinafrog’seyesrespondsmainlytomovingobjects.So,itissaidthatafrogsittinginafieldofdeadbugswouldn’tseethemasfoodandwouldstarve.

Thebeehasa“compound”eye,whichisusedfornavigation.Ithas15,000facetsthatdividewhatitseesintoapatternofdotsormosaic.Withthiskindofvision,thebeeseesthesunonlyasasingledot,aconstantpointofreference.Thus,theeyeisasuperbnavigationalinstrumentthatconstantlymeasurestheangleofitslineofflightinrelationtothesun.Abee’seyealsogaugesflightspeed.Andifthatisnotenoughtoleaveour20/20“perfectvision”palingintoinsignificance,thebeeiscapableofseeingsomethingwecan’t—ultravioletlight.Thus,whathumansconsidertobe“perfectvision”isinfactratherlimitedwhenwelookatotherspecies.However,thereisstillmuchtobesaidforthehumaneye.Ofallthemammals,onlyhumansandsomeprimatescanenjoythepleasuresofcolorvision.

1.TheSnelleneyechartmeasuresone’seyesightby（）.

2.Howishawk’seyesightbetterthanours?

3.Monocularvisionenablesthekingfisherto（）.

4.Abeefindsitsdirectionby（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.TheSnelleneyechartmeasuresone’seyesightbythenumberoflineshereads

B.thedistancehestandsawayfromthechart

C.thespeedatwhichherecognizestheletters

D.severalintegrativefactors

问题2选项

A.Itcanidentifysmallitemsmorequicklythanwedo.

B.Itcanseeatalongerdistancethanwedo.

C.Ithasmoreconesintheretinathanwedo.

D.Ithasbiggereyesthanwedo.

问题3选项

A.avoidfarsightedness

B.beabletoseeunderwater

C.moveoneeyeatatime

D.focusitseyesontheprey

问题4选项

A.dividingwhatitseesintothousandsofdots

B.constantlygaugingitsflyingspeed

C.usingthesunasaconstantpointofreference

D.measuringtheangleofthesun

问题5选项

A.Thedifferencesbetweenhumaneyesandotherspecies’eyes.

B.Theadvantagesofotherspecies’eyesincomparisonwithhumaneyes.

C.Thefactorsthatmakeotherspecies’eyesbetterthanhumaneyes.

D.Thestandardthatdeterminesthe“perfectvision”ofhumaneyes.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Snelleneyechart”定位至第一段：Thehumancriterionforperfectvisionis20/20forreadingthestandardlinesonaSnelleneyechartwithoutahitch.Thescoreisdeterminedbyhowwellyoureadlinesoflettersofdifferentsizesfrom20feetaway（可知，判断人的视力是否完好的标准是在看斯内伦视力表的时候是否能毫无障碍地达到20/20的视力。测试值取决于从20英尺之外，你能看到多少行大小不一的字母）。据此可知，A项为正确答案。

2.根据题干关键词“hawk’seyesight”定位至第一段：Thehawk,forinstance,hassuchsharpeyesthatitcanspotadimeonthesidewalkwhileperchedontopoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Itcanmakefinevisualdistinctionsbecauseitisblessedwithonemillionconespersquaremillimeterinitsretina（视网膜）（鹰的视力非常敏锐，当它在帝国大厦的顶层时，它能看清在人行道上的一角硬币）。据此可知，鹰眼可以从更远的距离看清物体，B项为正确答案。

3.根据题干关键词“Monocularvision”定位至第一段：Onefoveapermitsthebird,whileintheair,toscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.Thisiscalledmonocularvision.（一个中央窝让飞翔在空中的翠鸟每次用一只眼睛扫视水下面的情况，这被称为单眼视觉。）因此，C项为正确答案。

4.题干问的是“蜜蜂是怎么找到方向的”，定位至第二段：Withthiskindofvision,thebeeseesthesunonlyasasingledot,aconstantpointofreference.Thus,theeyeisasuperbnavigationalinstrumentthatconstantlymeasurestheangleofitslineofflightinrelationtothesun（有了这种视觉，蜜蜂只把太阳看作一个单点，一个不变的参照点。因此，眼睛是一种极好的导航仪器，它不断地测量飞行路线相对于太阳的角度）。因此，蜜蜂是以太阳为常参考点的，C项为正确答案。

5.综观全文可知，文中先是描述人类测试视力的方法，而后指出人类的视力不如其他物种并举例加以说明。后面又指出人类视力在某一方面优于其他物种。因此，本文主要通过举例说明人类的眼睛和其他物种眼睛的不同之处，A项为正确答案。

14.单选题

Democrituswasfascinatedbythequestionofwhatprincipleunderlaythematerialuniverseanddevelopedasolutionthatrevealedthebrillianceofhisthought.Everymaterialthing,Democritusbelieved,ismadeupofafinitenumberofdiscreteparticles,oratoms,ashecalledthem,whosejoiningtogetherandsubsequentseparationaccountforthecomingtobeofthingsandfortheirpassingaway.Theatomsthemselves,hesaid,areinfiniteinnumberandeternal.Theymove,accordingtoanecessarymotion,inthevoid,whichwewouldcallspace.

MostofthemaintenetsoftheatomismofDemocrituswereastonishinglymodern.First,theatomswereinvisiblysmall.Theywereallofthesamestuff,ornature,buttheycameinamultitudeofdifferentshapesandsizes.Thoughimpermeable(Democritusdidnotknowthatatomscouldbesplit),theyactedupononeanother,aggregatingandclingingtooneanothersoastoproducethegreatvarietyofbodiesthatwesee.Thespaceoutsidetheatomswasempty,aconceptthatmostofDemocritus’contemporariescouldnotaccept.

Second,theatomswereinperpetualmotion,ineverydirection,throughoutemptyspace.Thereisnoaboveorbelow,beforeorbehind,inemptyspace,saidDemocritus.Inmodernterms,emptyspacedidnotvaryaccordingtodirection.Thiswasanextremelysophisticatednotion.

Third,thecontinualmotionoftheatomswasinherent.Theypossessedwhatwouldcallinertialmass.Thenotionthattheatomskeptonmovingwithoutbeingpushed,besidesbeinganotherremarkableintellectualconcept,wasnotacceptabletoAristotleandothers.Onlythecelestialbodies,Aristotlethought,keptonmovingofanybythemselves,becausetheyweredivine.ThegeneralrefusalbyAristotleandhisinfluentialfollowerstoacceptthelawofinertiastoodasanobstacletothedevelopmentofphysicsfortwothousandyears.

Fourth,weightorgravitywasnotapropertyofatomsorindeedofaggregatesthereof.HereDemocrituswasaswrongaswrongcouldbe.

WhetherDemocrituswasrightorwrongaboutafifthpointisnotdefinitelydecidedtothisday.Heheldthatthesoulisbreathandbecausebreathismaterial,andthereforemadeupofatoms,somustthesoulbe.Hemaintainedthat,becausethesoulisaphysicalthing,itmustbedeterminedbyphysicallaws;itcannotbefree.Eventhehardythinkerswhoclaimtoacceptthistheorydonotactasiftheydo.Theymaydenytheinnatefreedomofothers,buttheyactasiftheybelieveintheirown.

Thetensionbuiltupbythisantinomyhasprovedtobefruitfuloverthecenturies.However,thenotionthatthesoulwasmaterialprovedsounacceptabletoboththeAristoteliansandtheChristiansthatfornearlytwomillenniatheatomichypothesislanguished.

26.AccordingtoDemocritus,emptyspace______.

27.TheauthordiscussesthebeliefsofAristotleandhisfollowers(inParagraph4)inorderto______.

28.ItcanbeinferredfromDemocritus’inclusionofthesoulinhistheoriesofthematerialuniverse(inParagraph6)that______.

29.Democrituswouldmostlikelybelievethatwhichofthefollowingwouldexplainthelifecycleofaflower?

30.Whichismotanalogoustoa“hardythinkers”(inParagraph6)viewofthesoul?

问题1选项

A.doesnotexistwithregardtoatoms

B.isdirectionlesswithregardtothemovementofatoms

C.isanerroneousnotionconcerningatoms

D.possessesinertialmass

问题2选项

A.supportthevalidityofDemocritus’theories

B.notethatinfluentialindividualsdelayedtheacceptanceofscientifictruth

C.highlighttheaccuracyofcertainpartsofDemocritus’theory

D.addanelementofphilosophyintoanotherwisescientificdiscussion

问题3选项

A.philosophy,religion,andsciencewerenotalwaysthoughtofasseparatefields

B.scientistsareoftenunsuccessfulinmakingphilosophicaltheories

C.hislineofthinkingwasessentiallyunsound

D.hewasattemptinghisthinkingwiththatofAristotle

问题4选项

A.Auniquetypeofmatterisdrawntoapointinthevoidandtakesroot.

B.Theconstantmotionofatomsproducestheillusionofaflower.

C.Thesamematerialthatcomposesthesoulalsobreatheslifeintoplants.

D.Atomscometogetherastheflowergrowsanddisperseasitdies.

问题5选项

A.Apolitician’spracticeofusingpublictransportationbecausethatishoweveryoneinhiscitytravels.

B.Adoctor’srecommendationthathispatientquitsmokingtoimprovethepatient’shealthwhilethedoctorsmokesapackaday.

C.Amothertakingherdaughtertoballetpracticeeverydaybecausethemotherneverhadthatopportunityasachild.

D.Amuseumcuratordecidingnottorunanexhibitionbecausehebelievesthepublicwillnotenjoyit.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】26.【选项释义】

26.AccordingtoDemocritus,emptyspace______.26.根据德谟克利特的说法，真空______。

A.doesnotexistwithregardtoatomsA.对于原子来说是不存在的

B.isdirectionlesswithregardtothemovementofatomsB.对于原子的运动来说是没有方向的

C.isanerroneousnotionconcerningatomsC.关于原子，它的概念是错误的

D.possessesinertialmassD.具有惯性质量

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位到第三段前两句“第二，在整个真空中原子在每个方向（ineverydirection）无限运动（inperpetualmotion）。德谟克利特说，在真空中没有上面或下面、前面或后面。”，这一点属于德谟克利特原子论的其中一点，所以根据德谟克利特的说法，在真空中，原子的运动是没有方向的，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项定位第二段最后一句“原子外的空间是真空的（Thespaceoutsidetheatomswasempty），这是德谟克利特同时代的大多数人无法接受的概念”，可知A项与原文相反，为反向干扰；

C选项在原文并未提及德谟克利特对于原子的概念是错误的，属于曲解原文；

D选项讲的是原子的连续运动，和题干无关，属于张冠李戴。

27.【选项释义】

27.TheauthordiscussesthebeliefsofAristotleandhisfollowers(inParagraph4)inorderto______.27.作者在第4段讨论了亚里士多德和他的追随者的信仰，是为了______。

A.supportthevalidityofDemocritus’theoriesA.支持德谟克利特理论的可信性

B.notethatinfluentialindividualsdelayedtheacceptanceofscientifictruthB.注意到有影响力的个人推迟了对科学真理的接受

C.highlighttheaccuracyofcertainpartsofDemocritus’theoryC.强调德谟克利特理论某些部分的准确性

D.addanelementofphilosophyintoanotherwisescientificdiscussionD.在科学讨论中加入哲学元素

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位第四段最后一句“亚里士多德和他的有影响力的追随者普遍拒绝接受惯性定律，这成为物理学发展的一个障碍（anobstacletothedevelopmentofphysics），持续了两千年”，由obstacle可知，亚里士多德和他的追随者对惯性定律的普遍拒绝阻碍了物理学的发展，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、C选项在这一段没有讨论到德谟克利特理论准确性