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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨体育学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题
Atthepartywefoundthattheshygirl()hermotherallthetime.
问题1选项
A.dependingon
B.coincidingwith
C.adhering
D.clingingto
【答案】C
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项dependingon“取决于,根据”;B选项coincidingwith“符合,与……一致”;C选项adhering“附着”;D选项clingingto“坚持,依靠,依附”。句意:在聚会上我们发现那个害羞的女孩一直()她的母亲。通过判断句意可以得知意思应该是“小女孩很害羞,所以一直挨着妈妈”,只有C选项可以表达这种具象的依靠,因此C选项符合题意。
2.单选题
Doyouagreewiththesayingthatthemonkeywasthe(
)ofhumanrace?
问题1选项
A.offspring
B.successor
C.breeder
D.predecessor
【答案】D
【解析】名词辨析题。A选项offspring“后代,子孙”;B选项successor“继承者”;C选项breeder“饲养员,繁殖者”;D选项predecessor“前身,祖先”。句意:你同意猴子是人类祖先的说法吗?选项D符合句意。
3.翻译题
在日常生活中,力似乎是靠“直接接触”(directcontact)来传递的。
【答案】Indailylife,powerseemstobetransferredbydirectcontact.
4.单选题
A:Lee,haveyouseenthatnewvampiremovieeveryone’stalkingabout?
B:No,Ihaven’t,I()horrorfilms.
问题1选项
A.loathe
B.discard
C.resolve
D.contest
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项loathe“讨厌”;B选项discard“抛弃”;C选项resolve“决定”;D选项contest“竞争”。句意:A:李,你看过人人都在谈论的那部最新的吸血鬼电影了吗?B:我没看过,我讨厌恐怖片。本句表示讨厌恐怖片。因此A选项正确。
5.问答题
Nothinkerinthenineteenthcenturyhashadsodirect,deliberateandpowerfulaninfluenceuponmankindasKarlMarx.Bothduringhislifetimeandafterithehasexercisedanintellectualandmoralascendancyoverhisfollowers,thestrengthofwhichwasuniqueeveninthatgoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandmartyrs,romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.YetMarxcouldnot,atanytime,becalledapopularfigureintheordinarysense:certainlyhewasinnosenseapopularwriterororator.Hewroteextensively,buthisworkswerenot,duringhislifetime,readwidely;andwhen,inthelateeighteenseventies,theybegantoreachtheimmensepublicwhichseveralamongthemafterwardsobtained,thedesiretoreadthemwasduenotsomuchtoarecognitionoftheirintrinsicqualitiesastothegrowthofthefameandnotorietyofthemovementwithwhichhewasidentified.
Marxtotallylackedthequalitiesofagreatpopularleaderoragitator,wasnotapublicistofgeniusliketheRussiandemocratAlexanderHelen,nordidhepossessBakunin'smarvelouseloquence;thegreaterpartofhisworkinglifewasspentincomparativeobscurityinLondon,athiswriting-deskandinthereading-roomoftheBritishMuseum.Hewaslittleknowntothegeneralpublic,andwhiletowardstheendofhislifehebecametherecognizedandadmiredleaderofapowerfulinternationalmovement,nothinginhislifeorcharacterstirredtheimaginationorevokedtheboundlessdevotion,theintense,almostreligion,worship,withwhichsuchmenasKossuth,Mazzini,andevenLassalleinhislastyears,wereregardedbytheirfollowers.
Hispublicappearanceswereneitherfrequentnornotablysuccessful.Onthefewoccasionsonwhichheaddressedbanquetsorpublicmeetings,hisspeecheswereoverloadedwithmatter,anddeliveredwithacombinationofmonotonousnessandbrusqueness,whichcommandedtherespectbutnottheenthusiasmofhisaudience.Hewasbytemperamentatheoristandanintellectual,andinstinctivelyavoideddirectcontactwiththemasses,tothestudyofwhoseinterestshisentirelifewasdevoted.TomanyofhisfollowersheappearedintheroleofadogmaticandsententiousGermanschoolmaster,preparedtorepeathisthesesindefinitely,withrisingsharpness,untiltheiressencebecameirremovablylodgedinhisdisciples'minds.Thegreaterpartofhiseconomicteachingwasgivenitsfirstexpressioninlecturestoworkingmen:hisexpositionunderthesecircumstanceswasbyallaccountsamodeloflucidityandconciseness.Buthewroteslowlyandpainfully,assometimeshappenswithrapidandfertilethinkers,scarcelyabletocopewiththespeedoftheirownideas,impatientatoncetocommunicateanewdoctrine,andtoforestalleverypossibleobjection;thepublishedversionsweregenerallyturgid,clumsy,andobscureindetail,althoughthecentraldoctrineisneverinseriousdoubt.HewasacutelycopiousofthisandoncecomparedhimselfwiththeheroofBalzac'sUnknownMasterpiece,whotriestopaintthepicturewhichhasformeditselfinhismind,touchesandretouchesthecanvasendlessly,toproduceatlastashapelessmassofcolors,whichtohiseyeseemstoexpressthevisioninhisimagination.Hebelongedtoagenerationwhichcultivatedtheemotionsmoreintentlyanddeliberatelythanitspredecessors,andwasbroughtupamongmentowhomideaswereoftenmorerealthanfacts,andpersonalrelationsmeantfarmorethantheeventsoftheexternalworld;bywhomindeedpubliclifewascommonlyunderstoodandinterpretedintermsoftherichandelaborateworldoftheirownprivateexperience.
1.WhatkindofpersonwasKarlMarxaccordingtothepassage?
2.HowcouldyoudescribetheagewhenMarxlivedaccordingtothepassage?
3.WhatdidtheauthorthinkofMarx’spopularity?
4.WhywastheaudiencenotenthusiasticaboutMarx’sspeeches?
5.ForwhatpurposewasBalzac’sUnknownMasterpiecementioned?
【答案】1.KarlMarxwasagreatthinkerwhobroughtdirect,deliberateandpowerfulinfluenceuponmankind.Buthetotallylackedthequalitiesofagreatpopularleaderoragitator.Hispublicappearanceswereneitherfrequentnornotablysuccessful.
2.Itisagoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandmartyrs,romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.
3.ThereasonofMarx’popularitywasduenotsomuchtoarecognitionofintrinsicqualitiescontainedinhisworksastothegrowthofthefameandnotorietyofthemovementwithwhichhewasidentified.
4.Becausehisspeecheswereoverloadedwithmatter,anddeliveredwithacombinationofmonotonousnessandbrusqueness.
5.KarlMarxoncecomparedhimselfwiththeheroofBalzac'sUnknownMasterpiecetoexplainhisspecialwaysofwritingandthinking.
6.填空题
Chongqing(1)tobepartofSichuan,butitwas(2)fromtheprovincein1997andmade(3)self-governingmunicipality.Thenewpoliticalunithasapopulation(4)about33millionpeople,butonly7.5millionofthemliveintheurbanarea.The(5)ofthemliveinthenearbydistrictsthatarepartofthemunicipality.
【答案】1.used
2.separated
3.a
4.of
5.rest
【解析】1.固定搭配。usedtobe曾经是。
2.固定搭配。beseparatedfrom与……分离
3.语法分析。此处填不定冠词a,表示“一个”。
4.语义题。Hasapopulationof后面接具体人数表示“有…人”。
5.语义题。Rest其余的。
7.单选题
Astheoldmanlaydyinghekept()
theexperiencesofhisboyhoodinAfrica.
问题1选项
A.complainingof
B.enteringinto
C.ramblingabout
D.turningup
【答案】C
【解析】词组辨析题。complainof
抱怨;enterinto
进入;rambleabout
漫步于,闲逛;turnup出现、发生。句意:老人在称留之际,思绪一直漫游在他美好童年时代的非洲生活经历当中。选项C符合句意。
8.单选题
Somereadersmayfindit()thatabookarguingforgreaterliteracyandintellectualdisciplineshouldleadtoacallforlessratherthanmoreeducation.
问题1选项
A.paradoxical
B.controversial
C.appealing
D.ambiguous
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项paradoxical“自相矛盾的,荒谬的”;B选项controversial“有争议的”;C选项appealing“吸引人的”;D选项ambiguous“模糊不清的”。句意:
一本提倡更多的精通文学和知识学科的书应该导致需要更少的而不是更多的教育,一些读者可能会觉得这是自相矛盾的。选项A符合语境。
9.单选题
HelenKeller'sworkgavecomfortandencouragementtootherhandicappedpeoplewho()mighthaveledahopelesslife.
问题1选项
A.therefore
B.thus
C.or
D.otherwise
【答案】D
【解析】考查逻辑关系。句意:海伦•凯勒的工作是给其他残疾人以安慰和鼓励,否则他们可能会过着绝望的生活。前后构成转折关系,选项D正确。
10.单选题
Weneedtobemore(
)totheneedsoftheyoungstudents.
问题1选项
A.sensitive
B.sensational
C.sensory
D.sensible
【答案】A
【解析】形容词词义辨析。sensitive“敏感的”;sensational“轰动的,耸人听闻的”;sensory“感知的,知觉的”;sensible“明智的,通情达理的”。句意:我们需要对青年学生的需求更加敏感。因此选项A符合题意。
11.单选题
BritishForeignSecretaryFrancisPymhascancelledavisittoRiyadh.ReportsfromLondonsaidtheForeignOfficeplayeddownsuggestionofadiplomatic()andsaidonlythatthedatesofSecretaryPym’stripwerenotconvenientinRiyadh.
问题1选项
A.raft
B.raffle
C.rift
D.riffle
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项raft“筏;救生艇”;B选项raffle“废物,垃圾;抽彩出售”;C选项rift“裂痕;不和”;D选项riffle“浅滩;急流,涟漪”。句意:英国外交大臣弗朗西斯•皮姆已取消了去利雅得的访问。来自英国的报道称外交部淡化了一种外交裂痕的暗示,且还称只有外交大臣弗朗西斯•皮姆出行的日期在利雅得是不方便的,因此C选项正确。
12.单选题
Theareaaroundthemainrailroadstationandexhibitionhalloffersan()combinationofancienthistoryandnaturalhistory.
问题1选项
A.arrogant
B.agreeable
C.ambitious
D.innocent
【答案】B
【解析】arrogant自大的,傲慢的;agreeable令人愉快的,和蔼可亲的;ambitious野心勃勃的;innocent无知的。句意:主火车站和展览馆周围的区域呈现出古代历史和自然历史的完美结合。根据句意这里应填入的为褒义词,所以选项B符合语境。
13.单选题
Hisface(
)ashecameinafterrunningallthewayfromschool.
问题1选项
A.flared
B.fluctuated
C.fluttered
D.flushed
【答案】D
【解析】考察动词词义辨析。Flare“闪光”;fluctuate“波动,涨落”;flutter“飘动”;flush“使激动,脸红”。句意:他一路从学校跑回家,脸通红。选项D符合题意。
14.单选题
Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured____thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.
问题1选项
A.inlinewith
B.intermsof
C.inregardwith
D.bymeansof
【答案】D
【解析】【选项释义】
A.inlinewith与……一致B.intermsof就……而言
C.inregardwith无此表达D.bymeansof通过……方式
【答案】D
【考查点】语义衔接
【解题思路】空格前语义为“一个国家的财富应该被衡量”,空格后语义为“人民的健康和幸福,以及它所能生产的物质产品”,由此可知,后者为衡量一个国家财富的两种方式或两个标准,D选项bymeansof“通过……方式”最符合原句语义衔接。
【干扰项排除】
A选项inlinewith“与……一致”,不符合原句语义衔接;
B选项intermsof“就……而言”,不符合原句语义衔接;
C选项inregardwith,其正确表达为in/withregardto“关于;至于”。
【句意】一个国家的财富应该用国民的健康和幸福以及它所能生产的物质产品来衡量。
15.单选题
Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst(16),theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis(17)tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind’sfuture(18)andculturalgrowthincreased.
Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis(19)forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They(20)thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus(21)aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlow(22).Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour(23)forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,(24)afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical(25)timesforlanguagedevelopment.
Current(26)ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.(27),moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin(28)grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing(29)tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe(30)oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.
(31)someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen(32)fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthat(33)withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage(34)thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.(35)childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.
问题1选项
A.generated
B.evolved
C.born
D.originated
问题2选项
A.valuable
B.appropriate
C.convenient
D.favorite
问题3选项
A.attainments
B.feasibility
C.entertainments
D.evolution
问题4选项
A.essential
B.available
C.reliable
D.responsible
问题5选项
A.confirm
B.inform
C.claim
D.convince
问题6选项
A.for
B.from
C.of
D.with
问题7选项
A.organizations
B.organisms
C.humans
D.children
问题8选项
A.potential
B.performance
C.preference
D.passion
问题9选项
A.as
B.justas
C.like
D.unlike
问题10选项
A.ideological
B.biological
C.social
D.psychological
问题11选项
A.reviews
B.reference
C.reaction
D.recommendation
问题12选项
A.Inaword
B.Inasense
C.Indeed
D.Inotherwords
问题13选项
A.various
B.different
C.thehigher
D.thelower
问题14选项
A.revealed
B.exposed
C.engaged
D.involved
问题15选项
A.regulations
B.formations
C.rules
D.constitutions
问题16选项
A.Though
B.Whether
C.Since
D.When
问题17选项
A.distinguished
B.different
C.protected
D.isolated
问题18选项
A.exposition
B.comparison
C.contrast
D.interaction
问题19选项
A.acquisition
B.appreciation
C.requirement
D.alternative
问题20选项
A.Asaresult
B.Afterall
C.Inotherwords
D.Aboveall
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:C
第6题:D
第7题:B
第8题:A
第9题:A
第10题:B
第11题:B
第12题:C
第13题:D
第14题:B
第15题:C
第16题:C
第17题:D
第18题:D
第19题:A
第20题:C
【解析】16.考查动词辨析。A选项generated“产生,引发”;B选项evolved“进化”;C选项born“出生”;D选项originated“起源,发起”。句意:当人类刚刚开始_____,他们如同新生儿一样不会运用语言这种工具。此处表达的意思是“人类刚开始进化”,因此B选项符合题意。
17.考查形容词辨析。A选项valuable“有价值的”;B选项appropriate“适当的,合适的”;C选项convenient“便利的”;D选项favorite“喜爱的”。句意:语言并不是人类选择的结果,而是人类在进化过程中慢慢发展起来的,对人类来说,应当是_____。而语言对于人类来说应该是相当珍贵的,因此A选项符合题意。
18.考查名词辨析。A选项attainments“造诣,成就”;B选项feasibility“可行性”;C选项entertainments“休闲,娱乐”;D选项evolution“演变,进化”。句意:语言的发展增加了人类未来的_____和文化进步的可能性。这里表达的意思是“人类未来的成就”,因此A选项符合题意。
19.考查形容词辨析。A选项essential“重要的,基本的”;B选项available“可利用的,可获得的”;C选项reliable“可靠的,可信赖的”;D选项responsible“负责的,尽责的”。句意:许多语言学家认为进化使人们产生和具备了语言的能力。这里考查了短语beresponsiblefor“对……负责,是……的原由。”其它选项不与for搭配。因此D选项符合题意。
20.考查动词辨析。A选项confirm“确认,确定”;B选项inform“通知,告诉”;C选项claim“宣称”;D选项convince“说服,使信服”。句意:他们声称我们高度进化的大脑为我们提供了……。空格后是一个宾语从句,而A选项,B选项以及D选项三项后都不能接从句做直接宾语。因此C选项符合题意。
21.考查固定搭配。A选项for“为了”;B选项from“从……来”;C选项of“……的”;D选项with“和……一起”。句意:他们声称,我们高度进化的大脑为我们提供了一种天生的语言能力,而这种能力在低等动物中是找不到的。这里考查了固定搭配providesb.withsth.“向(人)提供(物)”。因此D选项符合题意。
22.考查名词辨析。A选项organizations“组织,构造”;B选项organisms“生物体,有机体”;C选项humans“人类”;D选项children“孩子,儿童”。句意:我们高度发达的大脑是我们具备了其它低等动物所不具备的语言能力。题干这里是把人和低等动物相比较,因此B选项正确。
23.考查名词辨析。A选项potential“潜能”;B选项performance“表现”;C选项preference“偏爱”;D选项passion“热情,激情”。句意:人类的语言能力是与生俱来的,但语言本身也在逐渐发展,所以这种能力应该是_____。这里表达的是“这种能力是潜在的”,因此A选项符合题意。
24.考查介词辨析。A选项as“作为,当作”;B选项justas“正像是”;C选项like“像……一样”;D选项unlike“不像”。句意:语言本身_____童年时期大脑生长的一种功能,其发展是缓慢的。此处表达的意思“作为一种功能”,因此A选项符合题意,其余选项均不合适。
25.考查形容词辨析。A选项ideological“思想的,意识形态的”;B选项biological“生物的”;C选项social“社会的”;D选项psychological“心理的”。句意:语言的发展有一个关键期,人体的成长是_____变化的过程。根据常识可知,人的生长是生物过程的生长,因此B选项符合题意。
26.考查名词辨析。A选项reviews“评论,回顾,复习”;B选项reference“参考,参照”;C选项reaction“反应,感应”;D选项recommendation“建议,推荐”。句意:目前人们对“先天论”_____观点不一,但是支持某些天生能力的证据却是确凿无疑的。本句表达的是“对于这个理论的评论观点不一”,因此A选项符合题意。
27.A选项Inaword“总之,简言之”;B选项Inasense“在某种意义上”;C选项Indeed“的确,确实,甚至,真正的”;D选项Inotherwords“换句话说”。句意:_____,越来越多的学校发现外语最好在低年级的时候进行教学。而作者是倾向于先天论的,为了进一步证明先天论是有道理的,作者选择了以学校为例加以说明,因此这里应填一个表示递进关系的词,因此C选项符合题意。
28.考查形容词辨析。A选项various“各种各样的”;B选项different“不同的”;C选项thehigher“更高的”;D选项thelower“更低的”。句意:越来越多的学校发现在_____年级学外语较容易。后面一句Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing...(小孩子经常可以学习几种语言通过……)可以看出,应该是在低年级教学效果最好,因此D选项符合题意。
29.考查固定搭配。A选项revealed“揭示,揭露”;B选项exposed“暴露”;C选项engaged“参加,订婚”;D选项involved“涉及,包含”。句意:小孩子经常可以通过_____几种语言来学习。固定搭配exposeto“接触……”,因此B选项符合题意。
30.考查名词辨析。A选项regulations“条例,章程”;B选项formations“形成,形态”;C选项rules“规则”;D选项constitutions“构成”。句意:一旦母语的_____被深深印入脑海中,成年人就很难再学好另一种语言。一般语法的规则会用rule,因此C选项符合题意。
31.考查连词辨析。A选项Though“虽然,尽管”;B选项Whether“是否”;C选项Since“因此,由于”;D选项When“当……时”。句意:不可否认,语言的某些方面是天生的,_____语言并不是在真空中自动发展的。两句之间的逻辑关系是转折,只有A选项可以表示转折,因此A选项符合题意。
32.考查形容词辨析。A选项distinguished“有区别的”;B选项different“不同的”;C选项protected“受保护的”;D选项isolated“偏远的,孤立的”。句意:语言不是在真空中自动发展起来的。与他人_____的儿童无法掌握语言。根据前文说的“不是在真空中发展起来的”,可以得知,这里表达的是“与他人隔离的儿童无法掌握语言”,因此D选项符合题意。
33.考查名词辨析。A选项exposition“阐述,博览会”;B选项comparison“比较,比喻”,着重“相似之处”;C选项contrast“明显的差异,对比”,着重“相异处”;D选项interaction“交流,互相作用”。句意:这表明,与他人的_____对适当的语言发展是必要的。根据对前几句的总结可以得出,应该是和他人互动才能促进语言的发展,因此D选项符合题意。
34.考查名词辨析。A选项acquisition“获得物,习得”;B选项appreciation“欣赏,鉴别”;C选项requirement“要求,必要条件”;D选项alternative“二中择一”。句意:一些语言学家认为,在人类语言_____中,这甚至比任何先天能力都更基本。languageacquisition“语言习得”是固定短语,因此A选项符合题意。
35.考查短语辨析。A选项Asaresult“结果”;B选项Afterall“毕竟”;C选项Inotherwords“换句话说”;D选项Aboveall“综上所述”。句意:_____,孩子通过模仿父母来学习语言。本句是以另一种方式解释前文中的imitative,learnedbehavior.(模仿性的后天行为。)因此是讲上句话换句话说,因此C选项符合题意。
16.单选题
Hydrogenandoxygenarepresentinwaterinthe()of1to8byweight.
问题1选项
A.rate
B.proportion
C.ratio
D.scale
【答案】C
【解析】考查近义词辨析。rate,proportion,ratio,scale都有“比例”的意思,rate指比率,比值等,强调部分相对整体形成的比率;proportion指比例关系,在使用时通常不出现具体的比值;ratio指两个量之间的比值,通常相关的两个量必须在上下文中直接出现;scale指比例尺。句意:氢气和氧气在水中以1比8的重量比存在。本句表示氢气和氧气两个量之间的比值。因此C选项正确。
17.单选题
1.Lovehastoppledkings,inspiredpoets,sparkedwars,soothedbeasts,andchangedthecourseofhistory.Itiscreditedforlife'sgreatestjoys,blamedforthemostcrushingsorrows.Andofcourse,it"makestheworldgoaround."
2.Allofwhichisnosurprisetobiologists.Theyknowthatloveiscentraltohumanexistence.Wearenotjustprogrammedforreproduction.Thecapacityforlovingemotionsisalsowrittenintoourbiochemistry,essentialifchildrenaretogrowandtothrive.Andlove'sabsencecanbedevastating.Thelossofaspouseoftenhastensdeathinolderpeople.
3.Lovebeganwithmotherhood.Formammalianyoungtosurvive,mothersmustinvestconsiderabletimeandenergyinthem.Ofcourse,thevaryinggrowthratesofmammalianspeciesrequiresomemotherstoinvestmoretimeandenergythanothers.Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.
4.Withthehelpofoxytocin(achemicalthatfostersthebondbetweenmothersandchildren),dotingmothersareabletocatertotheiroffspring'severywhimandwhimper.Whenfemalesofmostmammalianspeciesgivebirth,theirbodiesarefloodedwithoxytocin,knownsince1906asahormonethatstimulatesuterinecontractionsandallowthebreaststo"letdown"milk.Butoxytocinalsoactsasaneurotransmitter,orchemicalmessenger,thatcanguidebehavior.Withoutit,aewecannotrecognizeherownlamb.Avirginfemaleratgivenashotofoxytocinwillnuzzleanotherfemale'spups,crouchingoverthemprotectivelyasiftheywereherown.
5.Studiesofasmallrodentknownastheprairievole,acuddlyballoffur,whosematingbondoflifelongmonogamywouldputmosthumancouplestoshame,indicateoxytocinmayalsoplayaroleintheheadyfeelingsassociatedwithromance."Youjustcan'timaginehowmuchtimetheseanimalsspendtogether.Prairievolesalwayswanttobewithsomebody,"saysCarter.Thevoles'undyingdevotionistheworknotonlyofoxytocinbutalsoofarelatedhormone,vasopressin.Whensinglemaleandfemaleprairievolesmeet;theycommenceatwo-day-longboutofsexthatreleasesoxytocininthefemale'sbrain,bondinghertothemale,whoprefershismate'scompanyaboveallothers,guardinghisfamilyagainstintruderswithajealoushusband'szeal.
6.Likesomehumanplayboys,maleprairievolesseemtogetakickoutofcourtshipmixedwithdanger.CarterandcolleagueCourtneyDeVriesmadeyoung,unmatedvolesswimforthreeminutesbeforeallowingthemtomeetaprospectivemate.Theexerciseelevatedtheanimals'stresshormones,whicharealsoheightenedbyfear.Butwhilefemalesscurriedoffaftertheswimwithoutbondingtothemalesastheynormallywould,malevolesbondedfasterthanever.
7.Humanbeings—unlikerodents—arenotentirelyslavestotheirhormones.Butthebehaviorofvolesmayholdcluestowhymenandwomensometimesholddivergentviewsofsexandromance.Whilemanywomenprefercandlelightandsweettalk,menaremoreapttowelcomearollinthehayanytime,anywhere.Forsomemen(andsomewomen),sexisespeciallyenticingwhenforbidden.CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.
8.Passionateorplatonic,loveaffectsthewholebody,settingtheheartpounding,makingthestomachdoflip-flops,andofcourse,lightingthelionsonfire.Thesevisceralsensationsaretheworkofthevagusnerve,whichtracesameanderingpaththroughthebody,coordinatingtheactivitiesofinternalorgans,saystheUniversityofMaryland'sStephenPorges.Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.
9.Withoutthevagus,saysPorges,lovewouldbeimpossible.Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.This"old"vagusrespondstooxytocinandservesasthepathwaybetweensexualorgansandthebrainforfeelingsofbotharousalandsatiationaftersex.ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.
10.Inotherwords,thepoetsandbardswerefightaboutonething.Theheartspeaksthelanguageoflove.AsEnglishpoetW.H.Audenwrote:"Whereloveisstrengthened,hoperestored,inheartsbychemicalaccord.Itmaynotliterallyskipabeatatthesightofone'sdesireorbreakwithsorrow,buttheheart'srhythmsareexquisitelytunedtolove."
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfrompassageaboutelephantseals?
2.Thedifferentloveritualsemployedbymenandwomencouldbeattributedtothepresenceofwhichofthefollowing?
3.WhichofthefollowingcouldbethebestanalogytothevagusnervedescribedinParagraph8?
4.Animalsequippedonlywith"old"vaguscanNOTdowhichofthefollowing?
5.Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto(
).
问题1选项
A.Thefemalesareirresponsiblemothers.
B.Theiryoungtakelesstimetogrowupthanyoungelephants.
C.Theyhaveashorterlifespanthanelephants.
D.Theyreproducemorerapidlythanelephant.
问题2选项
A.Oxytocin.
B.Vasopressin.
C.Interactionofoxytocinandvasepressin.
D.Stresshormones.
问题3选项
A.Ahighwaybetweentwocites.
B.Airrouteslinkingmajorcitiesaroundtheworld.
C.TheWorldWideWeb.
D.CircuitslinkingtheCPUandtheaccessoriesinthecomputer.
问题4选项
A.Feelhungry.
B.Experiencefear.
C.Feelsexualarousal.
D.Faciallyexpressemotions.
问题5选项
A.indicatethatpoetsandbardsaremostcapableofexpressinglove
B.implythatloveisexpressedthroughtheheartratherthroughthefaceorthevoice
C.givesupporttothestatementthatnewerbranchesofvagusconnecttheemotionalbraincenterstotheheart,thefaceandthevocalequipment
D.drawaconclusionbasedonthefactsinthepreviousparagraph
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:D
第5题:C
【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干中的elephantseals可定位到文章第三段中,由Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.(一只海象在抛弃它的幼仔之前只给它喂奶了几个星期;其他物种,包括大象、一些灵长类动物,特别是人类,多年来一直在关注他们的幼仔)可知B选项“海象的幼仔比小象花更少的时间长大”符合题意。
2.推理判断题。由文章第七段中的CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.(Carter和DeVries怀疑压力荷尔蒙会干扰大脑中的后叶催产素,阻止雌性田鼠与雄性结合,可能同样导致大多数女性认为危险并不具有性吸引力。相反,后叶加压素与压力荷尔蒙则产生不同的效果,可能促使多数男性认为危险具有性吸引力)可知压力荷尔蒙与不同的激素结合,在男性和女性身上会产生不同的效果,因此选D。
3.细节事实题。题干:以下哪项可能是第8段所述迷走神经的最佳类比?
由文章第八段中的Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.(迷走神经在内脏和大脑之间传递信号,将身体内部状态向上传递给大脑,再将大脑指令传递给心脏、胃、肺以及性器官)可知D选项“连接CPU和计算机附件的电路”符合题意。
4.细节事实题。由文章第九段中的Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.(迷走神经的一部分从人类进化初期就出现,控制着性、饥饿和恐惧等原始功能)可知迷走神经不包括面部表情,因此选D。
5.主旨大意题。由文章最后一段第一句Inotherwords(换句话说)可知本段是对上一段的内容进行补充说明,由第九段最后一句ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.(但Porges认为,在哺乳动物中,迷走神经的新分支也连接大脑情感中心与心脏、脸部、发声器官、帮助协调感觉与面部和语言表达)可知C选项“支持一种说法,即迷走神经的新分支将大脑情感中心与心脏、面部和发声器官连接起来”符合题意。
18.单选题
Healways(
)whathethinksright,nomatterthecosttohimself.
问题1选项
A.standsfor
B.standsout
C.standsby
D.standsupfor
【答案】D
【解析】【试题解析】动词短语辨析题。本题考查的是动词stand后面不同的副词,表示不同的意思。A选项standfor“代表、支持”;B选项standout“突出、站起来”;C选项standsby“支持、袖手旁观”;D选项standsupfor“支持、坚持;拥护”,空格后面是一个从句,意思是“他认为正确的事情”,所以这里空格部分单词意思应该是“坚持”,句意为:他总是坚持他认为对的,不管他为此付出多少代价。故选项D为正确答案。
19.单选题
Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthe(1)paceofmodemlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonsters
(2)
thewheel.Itisallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatis
(3)
matteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististhe
(4)
totherule.Perhapsthesituation
(5)
a“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign,
(6)
itmaygetcompletely
(7)
.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgood
(8)
too.Ittakesthemost
cool-headedandgood-temperedofdriversto
(9)
thetemptationtorevengewhen
(10)
touncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowards
(11)
thetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementin
(12)
toanactofpolitenesshelpsto
(13)
anatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltoo
(14)
today.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.(15)
,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakes
(16)
toallowacartoemerge
(17)
asidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,
(18)
afewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebra
(19)
intothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostop
(20)
.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.
问题1选项
A.hasty
B.prompt
C.urgent
D.quick
问题2选项
A.on
B.above
C.behind
D.by
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