考研考博-英语-太原科技大学华科学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-太原科技大学华科学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Journalistsusuallyrefertowhattheywriteasstories.Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories.Thisdoesnotapplyonlytoreportersbuttoeverybodyintheeditorialchain,fromdeskeditors,copyeditors,specialistandsportswriterstotheeditorhimorherself.Wordspublishedinnewspapers,onairoronlinearestories.

Storiessoundinteresting;reportssounddull.Tosome,storiesmeanfiction:"Tellmeastory,mummy”.Storiesaretallandshort,madeupandtrue.Truestoriesareaboutwhathappened.Wetellstoriesinconversation,recountingexperiencesandeventsinwhichwetookpartorobserve.Thecrucialthingaboutastoryisthatotherpeoplewanttohearit,becauseitisinterestingorentertaining.Otherwisethestorytellerisabore.

Sojournalistswritestoriesfortheirreaderstotellthemwhatisgoingon,toinformthem,engagethem,entertainthem,shockthem,amusethem,disturbthem,upliftthem.Thesubjectmatterwillvaryaccordingtothenatureofthepublicationandtheintendedaudience.Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices.Andthepaperwillincludethatvitalingredientserendipity-thestoryyoudidn’texpect,the"justfancythat",theabsurditiesaswellasthetravailsofthehumancondition.

Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.Itisaboutfindingthingsoutandtellingotherpeopleaboutthem.Thefindingoutrequiresavarietyofskillsbecausethoseinpoweroftenpreferthatweknowonlysomuch.Journalismisaboutholdingsuchpeopletoaccount,exposingtheirhumbugandhypocrisy,theabuseoftheirpower.Thisincludesthecontrolitgivesthemovertheflowofinformation,theabilitytoburythebadnews,tospinandobfuscate.Goodjournalistsmustasktheawkwardquestionsandquestiontheanswers,mustdigtounearthandthenexplain,makingcomprehensiblethatwhichauthority,byintentorverbalinadequacy,hasleftconfused,incompleteorplainmendacious.Incomprehensiblejournalismisquitesimplybadjournalism,andthereforepointless.

Ultimatelythereisonlyonepurpose:tomakethereaderreadthestory.Iftheydon't,whatwasthepointoffindingitoutandtellingit?Thisbookletpicksupthestorywhenthereaderhasreachedthestageofdecidingtoaddressthestory.Thatisnotthesameasreadingit,orevenreadingacertainamountofit.Theyhavejustreachedthefirstword,perhapsattractedbythepicture,theextractedquote,oranyoftheotherpresentationaldevicesusedtodragthereadertothestory.Wehavereachedthestagewherethereaderisgoingtosubjectthestorytothefinaltest,readingsomeorallofin.Thisisaboutwriting.

Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.Itisselective,doesnotinvolvecommitmenttothewhole.Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper.Thenewspaperreader,unlikethereaderofthemoreliterarynovel,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour.Heorshewillnotreadasentenceorparagraphasecondtimetobeclearaboutwhatisbeingsaid.Confusion,moreoftenthannot,willmeanabandoningthestoryaltogetherandmovingon.Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.

Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting.Manyyoungpeoplethinktheywouldliketobejournalistsbecausetheyhave"alwayslovedwriting”orstartedwritingpoemswhentheywereeight.Itiscertainlynotenoughandmaywellbeabarriertosuccessinjournalism.ThelateNicholasTomalinfamouslywrotethat"theonlyqualitiesessentialforrealsuccessinjournalismarerat-likecunning,aplausiblemanner,andalittleliteraryability."Heincludedwriting,butheplaceditthirdandprefaceditwithadiminutive.Thewritingmatters;butdon'tthinkofitasart.Thinkofitasworkingwriting,writingdoingajob,writingthatputsacrossinformationinawaythatmakesreaderswanttoabsorbit.

Atatimewhenthevastmajorityofentrantstojournalismhavedegrees—welcomebecausejournalisminacomplexworldisanintellectualpursuititisworthpointingoutthatwritingfornewspapersisalsoverydifferentfromtheacademicwritingofstudentessays.Notimetoproducearoutemapfortheessayandreachthepointsomewhereneartheend;thejournalistmustgrabtheattentionatonce.

Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengagingly,sothatreaderswillkeepreading;toexplainsothatallthereadersunderstand,andwantto.Thisisthetaskthewritingjournalisthas.

1.Whichofthefollowingismostlyusedbyjournaliststodescribethepiecestheywrite?

2.Whatshouldagoodnewspapereditordoaccordingtothetext?

3.ThequoteofNicholasTomalinisusedtoexpressthat（）

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadifferencebetweennewspaperreadingandbookreading?

5.Whatisthefinalpurposeforjournalisticwritingaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Reports.

B.Stories.

C.Articles.

D.Pieces.

问题2选项

A.Findthingsoutandtellreadersaboutthem.

B.Grabtheattentionatonce.

C.Catertoreaders’interestsandpreoccupations.

D.Controltheflowofinformation.

问题3选项

A.Journalisticwritingisdifferentfromwritingasanart.

B.Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengaginglyforreaderstokeepreading.

C.Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.

D.Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.

问题4选项

A.Contentsareselectedinnewspapers.

B.Lesstimeisspentreadinganewspaper.

C.Newspaperreadersareexpectedtoinvesteffortintheendeavour.

D.Newspaperreadersgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.

问题5选项

A.Makingreadersspendmoretimereadinganewspaper.

B.Connectingreaderswithgovernments.

C.Makingreadersreadthestory.

D.Explaininginawaysothatallthereadersunderstand.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。第一段指出“Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories”，不是文章或报告，偶尔的作品是故事。由此可知B项“故事”正确。

第2题:2.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位至第三段“Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices”，一位好的报纸编辑要有明确的概念，即：什么样的人会读报纸，要迎合读者的兴趣，抓住读者的注意力，有时可能要关注他们的偏见。因此C项“迎合读者的兴趣，抓住读者的注意力”正确。

第3题:3.判断推理题。对NicholasTomalin所述的引用在第七段，第七段的主题句是“Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting”，所以新闻写作不同于创意写作。此后的每句都是在论证这一主题句，因此A项“新闻写作不同于创意写作”正确。

第4题:4.事实细节题。A:报纸上的内容是选择性的。第六段指出“Itisselective”，它是选择性的，因此A项正确。B：读报所花的时间更少。根据“Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper”可知B项正确。C：报纸读者应该在这方面努力。根据“Thenewspaperreader,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour”，看报的人并不需要投入太多的精力，因此C项与原文不符。D：报纸读者偏爱故事，而不喜欢从头到尾读。根据“Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough”，许多读报者只是略读，仅仅粗略看看故事而不是精读，因此D项正确。

第5题:5.判断推理题。文章讲述了新闻写作的特点与要求。因为看报者通常会花较少的时间浏览报纸各版面，所以新闻作品要迎合读者口味，吸引他们的注意力。故本题选A项“让读者花费更多的时间去阅读报纸”。

2.单选题

Hebecome（）withthegirlreporterwhoquestionedhimatpressconference.

问题1选项

A.observed

B.obsessed

C.notified

D.troubled

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。becomeobsessedwith为固定搭配，意为痴迷于……。

3.单选题

AriellaRosengardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniadidn’tsetouttoscareanyone.Shejustwantedtoinvestigatealittle-understoodpartoftheimmunesystembystudyinghowviralproteinsinteractwithit.Atfirst,Rosengardworkedwithacommonviruscalledvaccinia.Butvacciniararelymakespeoplesick,andshebegantoworrythatitwouldn’ttellhermuchaboutthehumanimmunesystem.Sosheturnedtoacloselyrelated,farmorefearsomevirus:smallpox.

Smallpoxvirusisn’teasytocomeby.Officially,itresidesinonlytwoplaces—securelabsintheUnitedStatesandRussia.ButRosengarddidn’tneedthevirusitself.ScientistshavemadeitsgeneticcodefreelyavailableontheInternet,givingherthedatasheneededtosynthesizeakeysmallpoxproteininthelab.Test-tubestudiesshowedthatitworksfarbetterthanthecorrespondingvacciniaproteinatblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse.Thediscoverymayhelpexplainwhysmallpoxkills,anditcouldleadtonewtreatments.

ButwhenRosengardpublishedherreportlastmonthintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,aslightlydefensivecommentaryappearedwithit.Thearticlesaiditwouldbeunlikelytousetheworkasablueprintformakingvacciniamorelikesmallpox.Itacknowledged,however,that“theideathatbioterroristsmightbetemptedtoattemptsuchanexperimenthasbeensuggestedasareasonforconsideringitunwisetopublishobservationsofthisnature.”

Rosengardrejectstheideathatbasicsciencelikehersshouldbeputunderwraps.“Thinkhowmanybrilliantmindswouldnotbeabletoparticipateinfindingacure,”shesays.“Youcan’tpredictthemindofamadman.Thebestdefenseagainstanyvirusisunderstandinghowitfunctions.”

Mostbiologistswouldagree.Butthesedays,theyfindthemselvesgrapplingwithadilemma,astheirtraditionofopennessclasheswiththefearthatwell-intentionedresearchcouldbemisusedtodevelopbioweapons.Asmuchasscientistsfearaidingtheirenemies,theygetunnervedwhengovernmentofficialstalkaboutrestrictingtheirfreedomtopublish.Onething’sforsure—theproblemwon’tjustgoaway.Thegovernmenthasproposedadramaticincreaseinfundingforbasicresearchonpotentialbiowarfareagents.Thismeansthatmanymorescientistswillstudydeadlygerms,andthey’llinevitablywanttopublishwhattheyfind.

1.WhydidAriellaRosengarddecidetostudysmallpox?

2.Howdidsheobtainthesmallpoxprotein?

3.Smallpoxis

deadlyprobablybecause（

）.

4.AccordingtothecommentarymentionedinParagraph3,Rosengard’sreport

（

）.

5.Rosengardthinksthatbasicscience

（

）.

6.Accordingtothefinalparagraph,biologistsareworriedabout（

）.

问题1选项

A.Becausesmallpoxisbecomingmoreimportantandcomplicated.

B.Becausesmallpoxismorefamiliartoscientiststoday.

C.Becausethesmallpoxviruscanbeobtainedmoreeasily.

D.Becausesmallpoxcanrevealmoreabouttheimmunesystem.

问题2选项

A.Shemadeitfrominformationavailableonline.

B.Shereliedonsecurelabsforasample.

C.Shedevelopeditbyusingvacciniavirus.

D.Shereceivedhelpfromgovernment.

问题3选项

A.itkillsvacciniainthehumanimmunesystem

B.itstopsthereactionofthehumanimmunesystem

C.itcausesthehumanimmunesystemtoattackproteins

D.itreproducesquicklyinthehumanimmunesystem

问题4选项

A.wouldbecriticized

B.wouldhelpcontrolsmallpox

C.wouldmisleadresearchers

D.wouldleadtomorepublicationsaboutsmallpox

问题5选项

A.shouldhavealong-termperspective

B.shouldreceivemorefinancialsupport

C.shouldfocusonacademicresearch

D.shoulddevelopinanopenmanner

问题6选项

A.alossofmotivationamongresearchers

B.fundingfromthegovernment

C.theirfreedomtopublish

D.theprospectsoftheirresearch

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:C

【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据“…shebegantoworrythatitwouldn’ttellhermuchaboutthehumanimmunesystem.Sosheturnedtoacloselyrelated,farmorefearsomevirus:smallpox.（她开始担心这并不能告诉她很多关于人类免疫系统的信息。因此，她转向了一种与之密切相关、可怕得多的病毒:天花。）”即可得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“smallpoxprotein”,可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据“ScientistshavemadeitsgeneticcodefreelyavailableontheInternet,givingherthedatasheneededtosynthesizeakeysmallpoxproteininthelab.（科学家们在互联网上免费提供了它的遗传密码，为她提供了在实验室合成一种关键天花蛋白所需的数据。）”即可得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“deadly”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据“itworksfarbetterthanthecorrespondingvacciniaproteinatblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse（它比相应的牛痘蛋白在阻断人体免疫反应中的一个关键步骤方面效果要好得多）”即可得出本题答案。

4.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据“aslightlydefensivecommentaryappearedwithit（与此同时出现了一篇略带辩护意味的评论）”“unlikely（不太可能的）”“unwise（不明智的）”即可得出本题答案。

5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“Rosengard”,可将信息点定位至原文第四段第一句。根据“Rosengardrejectstheideathatbasicsciencelikehersshouldbeputunderwraps.（罗辛格反对像她这样的基础科学应该保密的观点。）”,即可得出本题答案。

6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“theygetunnervedwhengovernmentofficialstalkaboutrestrictingtheirfreedomtopublish（当政府官员谈论限制他们的出版自由时，他们会感到不安）”即可得出本题答案。

4.单选题

Themedicine（）hispainbutdidnotcurehisillness.

问题1选项

A.activated

B.alleviated

C.mediated

D.deteriorated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。activate“刺激，使活动”；alleviate“减轻，缓和”；mediate“调解，居中”；deteriorate“恶化”。句意：这种药减轻了他的疼痛，但是没有治愈他的病。由but…可知空格处所填词的内容性质与其相反，故B项正确。

5.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthekeyboardcontainsthenotesofallmusic.

Buttheartistisborntopick,andchoose;andgroupwithscience,theseelements,thattheresultmaybebeautifulasthemusiciangathershisnotes,andformshischords,untilhebringsforthfromchaosgloriousharmony.

Tosaytothepainter,thatNatureistobetakenassheis,istosaytotheplayer,thathemaysitonthepiano...

Thedignityofthesnow-cappedmountainislostindistinctness,butthejoyofthetourististorecognizethetraveleronthetop.Thedesiretosee,forthesakeofseeing,is,withthemass,alonetheonetobegratified,hencethedelightindetail.

【答案】在色彩和形状方面，大自然包含所有的图画元素，如同键盘包含所有的音乐的音符一样。

但是艺术家生来就有挑选和选择的能力，将它们巧妙地结合在一起，构成一幅美丽的图画，如同音乐家用声音谱成和音，从混乱无序的声音中创作出动听和谐的乐曲一样。

对画家来说，他可以按照大自然本来的样子创作，就等同对演奏家说，他可以坐在钢琴……

白雪皑皑的高山若是变得清晰可见就失去了它的威严，但观光者的快乐在于能看到山顶上的游客。对于大多数人，只是为了看见而要看见，只是为了使这个愿望得到满足，因此，他们以能一睹细节为快。

6.单选题

Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot（）theirprospectofpromotion.

问题1选项

A.spur

B.further

C.induce

D.reinforce

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项spur“鞭策，刺激”；B选项further“促进，助长”；C选项induce“诱导”；D选项reinforce“加强，巩固”。根据句意：追求享乐对于雇员而言肯定不能促进他们晋升。选项B更符合语境。

7.单选题

Nowonderthatman’sgreatdreamhasbeensomedaytocontroltheweather.Thefirststep

A

B

towardcontrolis,ofcourse,knowledge,andscientistshavebeenhardatworkforyearstrying

C

tokeeptrackfortheweather.

D

问题1选项

A.Nowonder

B.man’s

C.hardatwork

D.keeptrackfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。keeptrackof意为“了解，记录，保持联系”。

试题答案：D;keeptrackof

8.单选题

Whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy（）?

问题1选项

A.ifyouhavefreechoicetochoosethecarsavailabletoday

B.Ifyouarefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday

C.Ifallcarsavailablewasfreetobechosenbyyou

D.Ifyouwerefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据题干主句Whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy，得知if引导的条件状语从句要用虚拟语气。主语谓语形式是would+动词原形，句子是对现在的虚拟。If条件状语从句应该用动词的过去式(be动词用were而不用was)，所以D选项符合题意。句意：如果你可以在所有的汽车中自由选择，你会买什么类型的汽车？因此，本题的正确选项是D选项。

9.单选题

（）IrealizedthatIhadleftmybriefcaseinthetaxi!

问题1选项

A.Atalltime

B.Timeaftertime

C.Allofasudden

D.Onceforall

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。atalltime“总是，随时，常常”；timeaftertime“不断地，反复”；allofasudden“突然地，出乎意料地”；onceforall“彻底地，一劳永逸地”。句意：突然我意识到我把公文包落在出租车上了。C项符合句意。

10.单选题

IfthereisonequalitythatmostAmericanshares,itisadesirethatsetstheireyesstrainingforalookbeyondthehorizon,theirmindswonderingwhatmightbebeyondtheirrangeofvision,andtheirfeetonpathsintotheunknown.Thehorizonskeepexpanding;overacenturytheadventurersandhome-seekersbravedthewildnesstolookforindependenceandprosperity.

Inthe1800’stheterm“theWest”wasoftenusedtodescribeanyfrontierregionorterritorythatlaybetweenthewell-establishedsettlementsandtheuntamedwildness.AsAmericanmovedsteadilywestward,thefrontiermovedwestwardalso.

Thepushingbackofthefrontier,however,wasfarfromeasy.Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.Horriblesnowstormsinwintermightdestroyhislivestock,andmanypioneersthemselveswerefrozentodeath.Insummerapioneermightstandbyhelplesslywhilehiscattlediedorcropswitheredforlackofwater.Atothertimes,floodsmightsweepawayallofhisworkButhisgreatestdangerintheearlyyearswasfromIndianraids.ThewestwardmovementwasatypicalexpressionoftheAmericancharacter,notoostronglydesiringforasettledlifebutseekingtheirdreamsbymovingfromplacetoplace.Itisstilltrueevennow.

TheworstdangerstoapeacefulpioneerinthemiddlenineteenthcenturycameperhapsnotfromnaturalconditionsorfromIndians,butfrompioneers.Itwasdifficulttoenforcelawandorderinsuchalargeareawithsolittleestablishedauthority,andsomepeoplemovedtothewestnotinordertodevelopthecountrybuttorobthosewhoweredoinghardwork.Themovementtothewesthaditsheroesaswellasitsvillains.

OnthewaytowardtheWest,one’ssuccessorfailuredependedlargelyonhisstrengthandabilityinmanagement.HardlaborandtensecompetitionintheWestmadethefrontiersmenrough,sowastheirlanguage.ThiscouldserveasacluetotheunderstandingofAmerican“honesty”.TheAmericansweresaidtovaluehonestspeech,honestpeople,honestgovernment,andhonestPresidents.

SomepeoplefeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpressesitselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenation,spokeofthe“NewFrontier”.Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthemoon,themostrecentofallfrontiersmentobecrossed.

1.Thetextismainlyabout（）.

2.Accordingtothetext,whatisatypicalexpressionofthefrontierspirit?

3.Fromthetextyoucanlearnwhatendangeredtheearlypioneerwas（）.

4.Itseemsthatsuccessfulfrontiersman（）.

5.Fromthetextyoucanseetheauthorthinks（）.

问题1选项

A.Americanhistoryinthe19thcentury

B.thedifferencebetweentheUSAandmostoftheolderEuropeancountries

C.theAmericanfrontierspirit

D.Americanhonesty

问题2选项

A.GoWest.

B.Bravethewildness.

C.Overcomedangersandhardships.

D.Travelfromplacetoplace.

问题3选项

A.coldweatheredandlackofwater

B.Indianraids

C.floodsandwildness

D.naturaldisastersandhumanattacks

问题4选项

A.mustbeverytoughmenspeakingroughlanguage

B.werehonestmenhungryforindependenceandprosperity

C.mustbeadventurersbraveandgoodatmanagement

D.werebothcountrybuildersandshamefulvillains

问题5选项

A.thefrontierspiritisnotnecessaryintheUSAtoday

B.courageandenterprisearethefrontierspiritintheUSAtoday

C.Americantodayenjoytravelinginsteadofgoingwest

D.theexplorationofouterspaceistheexpressionofthenewfrontierspirit

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。从19世纪的西进运动再到当今美国人的西进精神，本文主要讲了美国的拓荒精神，即美国人的勇气和进取心，以及能吃苦的精神。

2.推理判断题。由第三段Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.早期的拓荒者不得不面对和克服许多危险和困难。以及第五段“HardlaborandtensecompetitionintheWestmadethefrontiersmenrough,sowastheirlanguage.西部艰苦的劳动和激烈的竞争使边疆人生活艰难，他们的语言也是如此。”以及最后一段“SomepeoplefeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpressesitselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.有些人觉得美国的拓荒精神已经不存在了。但它以多种方式表现出来。美国人不喜欢没有工作，他们会跋涉数百英里寻找工作，显示出勇气和进取心，这在大多数较老的欧洲国家是不常见的。”可知拓荒精神体现为能克服危险和困难，有勇气和进取心。故C项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第三段“Theearlypioneerhadtofaceandovercomemanydangersandhardships.早期的拓荒者不得不面对和克服许多危险和困难。”“Horriblesnowstormsinwintermightdestroyhislivestock,andmanypioneersthemselveswerefrozentodeath.Insummerapioneermightstandbyhelplesslywhilehiscattlediedorcropswitheredforlackofwater.Atothertimes,floodsmightsweepawayallofhisworkButhisgreatestdangerintheearlyyearswasfromIndianraids.冬天可怕的暴风雪可能会毁掉他的牲畜，许多拓荒者自己也被冻死了。在夏天，一个拓荒者可能会无助地站在一边，看着他的牛死去或庄稼因缺水而枯萎。在其他时候，洪水可能会冲走他所有的工作，但他早年最大的危险来自印第安人的袭击。”以及第四段第一句“TheworstdangerstoapeacefulpioneerinthemiddlenineteenthcenturycameperhapsnotfromnaturalconditionsorfromIndians,butfrompioneers.在十九世纪中叶，对于一个爱好和平的拓荒者来说，最大的危险可能不是来自自然条件或印第安人，而是来自拓荒者。”可知早期拓荒者面临自然灾害的威胁以及印第安人的袭击。故D项正确。

4.细节事实题。由倒数第二段“OnthewaytowardtheWest,one’ssuccessorfailuredependedlargelyonhisstrengthandabilityinmanagement.在去西方的路上，一个人的成功或失败在很大程度上取决于他的实力和管理能力。可知C项“拓荒者的成败取决于他的力量与管理能力”正确。

5.推理判断题。由最后一段“Americansdonotlikebeingwithoutwork,andtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajob,showingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.美国人不喜欢没有工作，他们会跋涉数百英里寻找工作，显示出勇气和进取心，这在大多数较老的欧洲国家是不常见的。”可知当今美国人的拓荒精神体现为勇气和进取心。故B项正确。

11.单选题

Itisironicthatthe_______insightsofthegreatthinkersarevoicedsooftenthattheyhavebecomemere_______.

问题1选项

A.original...cliches

B.banal...beliefs

C.dubious...habits

D.philosophical...questions

【答案】A

【解析】original...cliches原始的,独创的陈词滥调;banal...beliefs陈腐的信仰;dubious…habits可疑的习惯;philosophical...questions哲学的问题。句意：具有讽刺意味的是,伟大思想家的独到见解经常被人提出,以至于成为陈词滥调。选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Thegovernmentisexpectedtomakenewlegislationsto（）foreigninvestmentinrealestate.

问题1选项

A.manipulate

B.regulate

C.dominate

D.prevail

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项manipulate“操纵，操作”，B项regulate“调节，控制”，C项dominate“占优势，支配”，D项prevail表示“盛行，流行”。句意：预计政府将制定新的立法来规范外国在房地产领域的投资。因此B项正确。

13.单选题

Doctorsmustinform______parentsaboutthelowoddsofsuccessinfertilitytreatments.

问题1选项

A.protective

B.respective

C.prospective

D.perspective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项protective“防护的；关切保护的；保护贸易的”；B选项respective“分别的，各自的”；C选项prospective“未来的；预期的”；D选项perspective“透视的”。句意：医生必须告知准父母生育治疗成功的几率很低。因此C选项正确。

14.单选题

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward（）.

2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?

3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isNOTcorrect?

问题1选项

A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

B.theappropriateamountofexternalrewards

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactions

D.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

问题2选项

A.Theyapproveofexternalrewards

B.Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards

C.Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards

D.Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents

问题3选项

A.Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem

B.Alwayspromiserewards

C.Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging

D.Bemoretoleranttostudentswhenmistakesaremade

问题4选项

A.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillstudents'creativity

B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency

问题5选项

A.Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks

B.Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances

C.Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask

D.Withtokeneconomics,students，creativitycanbeenhanced

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.研究行为和行为之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励可以提高工作和学习表现。其他一些研究精神生活各个方面的研究人员认为，这些奖励会鼓励人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而破坏创造力。”可知研究者对于奖励是否能提高工作和学习表现持相反意见。故D项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.后一种观点得到了许多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者。”后一种观点即第一段提到的反对观点。故B项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第三段“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”如果他们知道自己是为了奖励而工作，并且能够专注于一项相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力，”特拉华大学纽瓦克分校的RobertEsenberger说。但如果对表现不佳的学生进行奖励，或者让学生对奖励有太多的预期，就很容易扼杀创造力。可知C项正确。

4.细节事实题。由倒数第二段“Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Esenberger认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对一般的成绩给