考研考博-英语-哈尔滨幼儿师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨幼儿师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

______evidenceofheliumsawitasabrightyellowlineinspectroscopestheyaimedatthesun.

问题1选项

A.Thefirstpeoplewhosaw

B.Thefirstpeoplesaw

C.Thefirstpeoplewhohaveseen

D.Thefirstpeoplehadseen

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句。Thefirstpeople是先行词，在定语从句中作主语，因此who不能省略，故排除B和D，C项用的现在完成时，表示从过去到现在，时态不符，看到“evidenceofhelium”是发生在过去，与后面“aimedat”过去时保持一致，用see的一般过去式即可，句意：最早看到氨迹象的人们还以为是分光镜里面的一条明亮的黄线，当时他们正用分光镜对准太阳，因此A正确。

2.单选题

7.

问题1选项

A.Two.

B.Three.

C.Four.

D.Five.

【答案】B

【解析】W:NowDaddyI’mwearingthisonyourchest.It’scalledstethocope.Itmightbealittlecold,I’llwarmitup.Feeltheend,OK?FirstofallI’lllistentoyourfrontandthenyourback.

M:Shehasgonethatalotoftimes.

Q:Howmanypeoplehavebeeninvolvedinthesituation?

【解析】推断题。父亲说：Shehasgonethatalotoftimes，由此推测，本段对话中除了父女俩还有第三人的存在。

3.单选题

Althoughthefalsebanknotesfooledmanypeople,theydidnot______closeexamination.

问题1选项

A.faceupto

B.makeupto

C.standupto

D.lookupto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项faceupto“勇敢地面对”，B项makeupto“接近，奉承”，C项standupto“经得起，抵抗”，D项lookupto“尊敬，崇拜”。根据关键词falsebanknotes“假钞”和closeexamination“仔细检查”可知，C项符合语境。句意：虽然这些假钞骗过了很多人，但它们并没有经得起仔细的检验。因此，该题选择C项正确。

4.单选题

Amplifierssuchasthoseincomputersandsoundreproducingsystemsareresponsiblefor______anerraticinputsignal.

问题1选项

A.strengthening

B.tostrengthen

C.strengthen

D.beingstrengthened

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词宾语。介词for后应接名词性成份。A是动名词，可作介词宾语。D是其被动形式，与句意不合；C、D为动词形式。句意：计算机和音响系统中的放大器是用来强化输入的不稳定信号。因此只有A项正确。

5.单选题

TherearemanycopperminesinthestateofArizona,______contributessignificantlytothestate’seconomy.

问题1选项

A.afact

B.whichfact

C.whosefact

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：亚利桑那州有许多铜矿，这一事实对该州的经济做出了重大贡献。非限制性定语从句在句子中是一个独立成分，不受主句的限制，也就是说从句去掉以后主句仍然成立；非限制性定语从句与先行词和主句之间的关系不甚紧密，通常用逗号与主句分隔开；非限制性定语从句先行词不用that，先行词是关系代词或关系副词不能省略。A选项afact在这里不构成从句，故错误。B选项whichfact不需要用名词fact，故错误。D选项that不用在非限制性定语从句中，故错误。C选项whosefact符合句子意思和语法。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Ifyouhaddoneitasyou（

）,youwouldhavesucceeded.

问题1选项

A.weretold

B.wouldbetold

C.hadbeentold

D.weretoldto

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法。原句应为“asyouweretoldto(do)”前半句出现了同样的动词，后半句可以省略todo中的do，但to不能省。故D项正确。句意：如果按照别人告诉你的那样做的话，你早就成功了。

7.单选题

Thenewmanagerhadmanydifficultiestoovercomebuthe____themallinhisstride.

问题1选项

A.overlooked

B.obtained

C.tackled

D.took

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。overlook“忽略”；obtain“获得”；tackle“处理；抓住”；take“拿，带，抓，需要”。句意：新经理有很多困难需要克服，但是他从容应对，并且克服了困难。选项C符合题意。

8.翻译题

FiveNationalHealthService(NHS)trustshavesignedpartnershipswithGoogletoprocesssensitivepatientrecords,inwhatarebelievedtobethefirstdealsoftheirkind.ThecollaborationscameafterDeepMind,theLondon-basedartificialintelligencecompanyownedbyAlphabet,transferredcontrolofitshealthdivisiontoitsCalifornianparent.DeepMindhadcontractstoprocessmedicaldatafromsixNHStruststodevelopitsapp,whichalertsdoctorsandnurseswhenpatientsareatriskofacutekidneyinjury,aswellastoconductAIresearch.FiveofthetrustschosetosigncontractswithGoogle.AccordingtopapersfromtheRoyalFree,thedatathatwillbesharedwithGooglewillincludedetailssuchasmedicalhistory,diagnoses,treatmentdatesandethnicorigin.

【答案】【参考译文】英国国家医疗服务体系的五家信托公司与谷歌签署了合作伙伴关系，以处理敏感的患者记录，这被认为是此类交易的首次。此前，总部位于伦敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind将其医疗部门的控制权转让给了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind与NHS签订了合同，处理来自6个信托机构的医疗数据，以开发自己的应用，以及进行人工智能研究。当患者面临急性肾损伤风险时，该应用会向医生和护士发出警报。其中5家信托公司选择与谷歌签订合同。根据皇家自由报的文件，谷歌将共享的数据包括病史、诊断、治疗日期和种族等细节。

9.单选题

LargeareasofAlaskanlandremaindesolateduetoharshclimate.

问题1选项

A.inaccessible

B.immature

C.parched

D.stark

【答案】D

【解析】句意：由于气候恶劣，阿拉斯加的大片土地仍然荒凉。desolate意为“荒凉的，无人烟的”。inaccessible难达到的，难接近的；immature不成熟的；parched炎热的，干透的；stark荒凉的，光秃秃的。选项D与之意思相近。

10.单选题

Thecompanyrecommendedthatanewpetrolstationbebuiltinthevalley.

问题1选项

A.suggested

B.ordered

C.demanded

D.insisted

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项suggested“建议，推荐”；B选项ordered“命令，要求”；C选项demanded“要求，需求”；D选项insisted“坚持”。句意：公司建议在山谷里建一个新的加油站。A选项与划线词词义最近。因此A选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Thenewconvergenceofbiologyandeconomyhasbeenhelpedbyacommonmethodology—gametheory.JohnMaynardSmith,aprofessorofbiologyattheUniversityofSussex,inBritain,wasthefirsttoeffectivelyapplytheeconomist’shabitofplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.

Adramatizedversionofthegamerunsasfollows:twoguiltyaccomplicesareheldinseparatecellsandinterrogatedbythepolice.Eachisfacedwithadilemma.Iftheybothconfess(or“defect”),theywillbothgotojailforthreeyears.Iftheybothstaysilent(or“cooperate”),theywillbothgotojailforayearonalesserchargethatthepolicecanprove.Butifoneconfessesandtheotherdoesnot,theformerwillwalkfreeonanagreement,whilethecooperator,whostayedsilent,willgetafive-yearsentence.

Assumingthattheyhavenotdiscussedthedilemmabeforetheywerearrested,caneachtrusthisaccomplicetostaysilent?Ifnot,heshoulddefectandreducehissentencefromfivetothreeyears.Butevenifhecanrelyonhispartnertocooperate,heisstillbetteroffifhedefects,becausethatreduceshissentencefromthreeyearstononeatall.Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.Inthelanguageofgametheorists,individuallyrationalstrategiesresultinacollectivelyirrationaloutcome.

Biologistswereinterestedintheprisoner’sdilemmaasamodelfortheevolutionofcooperation.Underwhatconditions,theywantedtoknow,woulditpayananimaltoevolveastrategybasedoncooperationratherthandefection?Theydiscoveredthatthebleakmessageoftheprisoner’sdilemmaneednotobtainifthegameisonlyoneinalongseries—playedbystudents,researchers,orcomputers,forpointsratherthanyearsinjail.Underthesecircumstancesthebeststrategyistocooperateonthefirsttrialandthendowhatevertheotherguydidlasttime.Thisstrategybecameknownastit-for-tat.Thethreatofretaliationmakesdefectionmuchlesslikelytopay.

RobertAlfred,apoliticalscientist,andWilliamHamilton,abiologist,bothattheUniversityofMichigan,discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.Tit-for-two-tats—thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice—comesclosetobeatingit,butofhundredsofstrategiesthathavebeentried,noneworksbetter.

1.Whatisgametheory?

2.ThetwoguiltyaccomplicesmentionedinPara.2are（）.

3.Fortheworstsituation,whatisthetotalyearofthetwoaccomplices’sentence?

4.Whatarethebiologists’findingsforthecooperationstrategy?

5.Whatdoestit-for-two-tatsmean?

问题1选项

A.Thetheorytoplaygames.

B.Itmeansplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.

C.Itisamethodologyappliedtobotheconomyandevolution.

D.Ithelpspeopletosurvive.

问题2选项

A.partofadrama

B.usedtofindasimplerwaytoexplainthegametheory

C.toexplainhowthepolicepunishthecrime

D.toexplainhowthegametheorycomeintobeing

问题3选项

A.Threeyears.

B.Fiveyears.

C.Sixyears.

D.Zero

问题4选项

A.Thereisnoresultsincethegameisinalongseries.

B.Peoplewouldliketocooperate.

C.Peoplewouldliketocooperateandwhattheydonexttimedepends.

D.Peoplewouldlikenottocooperate.

问题5选项

A.Whenonegivestit,theotherwillgivetwotatsinresponse.

B.Whenonegivestwotats,theotherwillgivetitinresponse.

C.Tit-for-two-tatsdevelopsfromtit-for-tat.

D.Whencooperationfailsthefirsttime,therewillbeanotherchance.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段“Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.”中文翻译为：而这里的唯一差异是，经济博弈会奖励赢家金钱，而进化博弈却奖励胜者生存和繁殖的机会。因此答案为C选项：一种应用在经济和进化上的方法论。

2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.”中文翻译为：一种游戏，即囚犯的进退两难，尤其在这两门学科上被证明能增长见闻的。知B项“被用来去发现一个更简单的方式来解释博弈论”符合题意。

3.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段“Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.”中文翻译为：因此，每个人将推断，失信是正确的选择，这导致他们中每个人被判3年监禁。因此，C选项“6年”最符合题意。

4.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第五段“discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.”中文翻译为：通过公开锦标赛发现，似乎没有打败针锋相对的策略。故D选项“人们不愿意去合作”最符合题意。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位第五段“thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice.”中文翻译为：就是说，即使另外一个人失信了一次也合作，但是如果他失信了两次，那么就不会进行合作。可以得知D项“当第一次合作失败后，还有另外一次机会”最为符合。

12.单选题

The（）forspeedingisafineofonehundredandfiftydollars.

问题1选项

A.penalty

B.benefit

C.criticism

D.remedy

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项penalty“罚款，罚金”；B选项benefit“利益，好处”；C选项criticism“批评，考证”；D选项remedy“补救，疗法补救”。句意：超速的惩罚是罚款150美元。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

13.单选题

“Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise,”saidDr.HansSelye,thefirstphysiciantodocumenttheeffectsofstressonthebody.Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.

Ina2001studyof158hospitalnurses,thosewhofacedconsiderableworkdemandsbutcopedwiththechallengeweremorelikelytosaytheywereingoodhealththanthosewhofelttheycouldn’tgetthejobdone.

Stressthatyoucanmanagemayalsoboostimmunefunction.InastudyattheAcademicCenterforDentistryinAmsterdam,researchersputvolunteersthroughtwostressfulexperiences.Inthefirst,atimedtaskthatrequiredmemorizingalistfollowedbyashorttest,subjectsbelievedtheyhadcontrolovertheoutcome.Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol:Theyhadtositthroughagory(血淋淋的)videoonsurgicalprocedures.ThosewhodidwellonthememorytesthadanincreaseinlevelsofimmunoglobulinA,anantibodythat’sthebody’firstlineofdefenseagainstgerms.Thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibody.

Stresspromptsthebodytoproducecertainstresshormones.Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction.“Theycanhelpnervecellshandleinformationandputitintostorage,”saysDr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversityinNewYork.Butinthelongrunthesehormonescanhaveaharmfuleffectonthebodyandbrain.

‘'Sustainedstressisnotgoodforyou,”saysRichardMorimoto,aresearcheratNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisstudyingtheeffectsofstressonlongevity.“It’stheoccasionalburstofstressorbriefexposuretostressthatcouldbeprotective.”

1.Thepassageismainlyabout（

）.

2.Theword“shun’’(LineI,Para.1)mostprobablymean

（

）.

3.Wecanconcludefromthestudyofthe158nursesin2001that

（

）.

4.IntheexperimentdescribedinParagraph3，thevideo-watchersexperiencedadownturnintheantibodybecause

（

）.

5.Dr.BruceMcEwenofRockefellerUniversitybelievesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.thebenefitsofmanagementstress

B.howtoavoidstressfulsituations

C.howtocopewithstresseffectively

D.theeffectsofstresshormonesonmemory

问题2选项

A.cutdownon

B.stayawayfrom

C.runoutof

D.putupwith

问题3选项

A.peopleunderstresstendtohaveapoormemory

B.peoplewhocan’tgettheirjobdoneexperiencemorestress

C.doingchallengingworkmaybegoodforone’shealth

D.stresswillweakenthebody’sdefenseagainstgerms

问题4选项

A.thevideowasnotenjoyableatall

B.theoutcomewasbeyondtheircontrol

C.theyknewlittleaboutsurgicalprocedures

D.theyfeelnopressurewhilewatchingthevideo

问题5选项

A.aperson’smemoryisdeterminedbythelevelofhormonesinhisbody

B.stresshormoneshavelastingpositiveeffectsonthebrain

C.shortburstsofstresshormonesenhancememoryfunction

D.aperson’smemoryimproveswithcontinuedexperienceofstress.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章主要讲述了……”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句话“虽然持续的压力是有害的，但有几项研究表明，你能够应付的具有挑战性的情况对人是有好处的”（Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou），接下来围绕这个中心句阐述，因此选项A“压力管理的好处”符合题意。

2.词义题。题目问的是“单词shun的意思是……”。文章第一段第一句提到“人类不应该像躲避食物，爱情或锻炼那样去逃避压力”（Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise），根据anymorethan可知shun与avoid是同义词，因此选项B符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从2001年对158护士的研究中，我们可以得出……”。文章第二段提到相比那些感觉自己不能应付大量工作额护士，能应付大量工作的护士更有可能说自己身体健康，由此可知选项C“做具有挑战性工作可能对身体健康有益”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段描述的试验中，视频观看者经历抗体下降的原因是……”。文章第三段提到在第二个试验中，他们无法控制结果（Inthesecond,theyweren'tincontrol），选项B“结果超过控制”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题目问的是“Rockefeller大学的布鲁斯认为……”。文章第四段第二句话提到“这些荷尔蒙在短时间内有正面效应，包括提高记忆力”（Inshortburststhesehormoneshaveapositiveeffect,includingimprovingmemoryfunction），所以选项C“短时间内的压力荷尔蒙能对身体或人的大脑带来伤害”符合题意。

14.单选题

Operationswhichleftpatients（

）andinneedoflongperiodsofdiscoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

问题1选项

A.exhausted

B.unhealthy

C.upset

D.fearful

【答案】A

【解析】句意:以前，病人手术后精疲力竭，需长时间才能恢复，现在的手术却让他们感到轻松和舒适。

形容词辨析。Exhausted精疲力竭的;unhealthy不健康的;upset苦恼的;fearful担心的，可怕的。因此A符合句意。

15.单选题

ThoughEnglishwasonthewholeprosperousandhopeful,thoughcomparisonwithherneighborssheenjoyedinternalpeace,shecouldnotevadethefactthattheworldofwhichsheformedapartwastombyhatredandstrifeasfierceasanyinhumanhistory.Menwerestillfarfromrecognizingthattworeligionscouldexistsidebysideinthesamesociety;theybelievedthatthetolerationofanotherreligiondifferentfromtheirown,andhencenecessarilyfalse,mustinevitablydestroysuchasocietyandbringthesoulsofallitsmembersintodangerofhell.Sothestrugglewentonwithincreasingfurywithineachnationtoimposeasinglecreeduponeverysubject,andwithinthegeneralsocietyofChristendomtoimposeituponeverynation.InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.AgainstEngland,themostimportantofalltheProtestantnationstoreconquer,militarymightwasnotyetpossiblebecausetheCatholicPowersweretoooccupiedanddivided:andso,inthe1570’sRomebentherefforts,asshehaddoneathousandyearsbeforeinthedaysofSaintAugustine,towinEnglandbackbymeansofhermissionaries.

ThesewereyoungEnglishmenwhohadeithernevergivenuptheoldfaith,orhavingdoneso,hadreturnedtoitandfeltcalledtobecomepriests.Therebeing,ofcourse,noCatholicseminariesleftinEngland,theywentabroad,atfirstquiteeasily,laterwithdifficultyanddanger,tostudyintheEnglishcollegesatDouaiorRome:theformerestablishedforthetrainingofordinaryorsecularclergy,theotherforthemembertheSocietyofJesus,commonlyknownasJesuits,anewOrderestablishedbySt.IgnatiusLoyolasomethirtyyearsbefore.Thesecularscamefirst;theyachievedasuccess,whicheventhemosteagercouldhardlyhaveexpected.Cool-mindedandwell-informedmen,likeCecil,hadlongsurmisedthattheconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete;many-Cecilthoughteventhemajority-hadconformedoutoffear,self-interestor-possiblythecommonestreasonofall-sheerbewildermentattherapidchangesindoctrineandformsofworshipimposedontheminsoshortatime.Thusithappenedthatthemissionariesfoundawelcome,notonlywiththefamilieswhohadsecretlyofferedthemhospitalityiftheycame,butwithmanyotherswhomtheirfirsthostsinvitedtomeetthemorpassedthemonto.Theywouldandattheportsindisguise,asmerchants,courtiersorwhatnot,professingsomeplausiblebusinessinthecountry,andmakebydeviouswaysfortheirfirsthouseofrefuge.TheretheywouldadministertheSacramentsandpreachtothehouseholdsandtosuchoftheneighborsastheirhoststrustedandpresentlygoontosomeotherlocalitytowhichtheyweredirectedforfromwhichtheyreceivedacall.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thereligiousstrifementionedinthepassageisbetween（

）.

3.WhatwasMartinLuther'sreligion?

4.ThroughwhatwaydidtheRomerecoversomeofthelostland?

5.Whatdidthesecondparagraphmainlydescribe?

问题1选项

A.thecontinuityofthereligiousstruggleinBritaininnewways

B.theconversionofreligioninBritain

C.thevictoryofthenewreligioninBritain

D.Englandbecameprosperous

问题2选项

A.ReformersandProtestants

B.CatholicpoursandJesuits

C.Catholicpowersandprotestants

D.MartinLutherandSt.Augustine

问题3选项

A.Buddhism

B.Protestantism

C.Catholicism

D.Orthodox

问题4选项

A.Civilandmilitaryways

B.Propagandaandaback,

C.Persuasionandcriticism

D.Religiousandmilitaryways

问题5选项

A.TheactivitiesofmissionariesinBritain.

B.TheconversionofEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete.

C.TheyounginBritainbegantoconverttoCatholicism.

D.Mostfamiliesofferedhospitalitytomissionaries.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.这篇文章的中心思想是“英国宗教斗争以新的方式继续进行，所以A选项正确。B选项‘英国宗教的转变’、C选项‘新教在英国的胜利’和D选项‘英国变得繁荣’都是文章谈到具体事情，不是主题思想。

2.根据文章第一段：InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury在英国，改革者，或新教徒，在国王权力的帮助下，在这个阶段取得了胜利，但是在整个欧洲，罗马开始收复在本世纪早期马丁•路德起义后失去的部分失地。和Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,它通过两种方式做到了这一点，通过传教士的活动，比如在德国的部分地区，或者通过天主教强国的军事力量，确定C选项‘天主教势力与新教的势力’正确。

3.因为罗马教皇推行的是天主教。这在第一段第四句InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.“在英国，宗教改革者，或者说基督教，在英国皇权的协助下，此时己取得胜利；而作为整个欧洲来说，罗马教皇已经开始恢复世纪初马丁•路德反叛后所失去的一些地盘。”马丁•路德是改革者，也就是基督教。所以B选项‘新教‘正确。

4.第一段第五句Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.教皇用两种办法进行恢复，一种就像在部分德国地区进行的那样通过传教士的活动，另一种象在低地国里进行的，通过天主教国家的军事力量。那里荷兰的几个省份在西班牙的军事压力下，常常是被逼迫得几乎走投无路的。所以D选项‘宗教和军事方式’正确。

5.第二段讲到：这些英国青年或者根本没有放弃老的信仰，或者放弃以后又重新归返旧教，应召成为牧师。英国当然没有剩下天主教神学院，他们就出国，开始很容易，后来，有困难甚至有危险，到杜埃或罗马英文学院就读。前者专为培养一般或修道院外的牧师而建。后者是培养耶酥会教士，通称天主耶酥会会士，是约三十年前圣•罗拉创建的一种神职。在杜埃学习的牧师先回来，他们取得了令人意想不到的成功。头脑冷静，信息灵通人士，像西塞尔这种政治家，长期以来，一直猜度，英国人归返基督教新教的过程远远没有完成。许多人--西塞尔甚至认为是大多数的人，因出于恐惧、利己或者可能是其它原因——他们被在那么短的时期内强加到他们身上的信仰形式，飞快变更的教义搞糊涂了。所以A选项‘传教士活动在英国‘正确。B选项‘英国人归反基督教的事情远远没有完成’和C选项‘在英国青年开始归反天主教’都是传教活动开始的原因，不是第二段主要内容。D选项‘大多数家庭礼待传教士‘是第二段最后几行谈到这些传教士秘密来到英国后的情况。

16.单选题

Leaveapieceoffreshfishlyingaroundforafewdaysinthewarmthofsummerandtrytoforgetaboutit.Youcan't!Withinadayorsoitstartstodecayandgivesofftheindescribablesmellonlyrottenfishcangiveoff.Pickpearsfromatreeandforgettoeatthemandsoonyourpearswillbe'sleepy',orover-ripeandmushy,anduselessforanypurpose.Thesearejusttwocommonexamplesoffoodspoilagethatmayoccur.

Fortunatelytodaythereareagreatmanywaysofpreservingfoodsthatenableustoenjoyallkindsofmeats,fruits,andvegetablesoutofseasonandfromothercountries.

Justhowandwhydofoodsspoil?Whydoesfishgorotten,butlerturnrancid,milksour,andpears"sleepy"?Basicallytherearetwomeansbywhichfoodspoilageoccurs.Oneisbythegrowthofmicro-organismsontheoutside,andtheotherisbychemicalchangesontheinside.Micro-organismssuchasyeasts,molds,andbacteriaarealwayspresentintheairaroundus.Theysettleonfoodand,iftheconditionsareright,begintobreakitdown.Someyeaststendtomakefoodferment.Theychangesugarintoalcohol,whichthenturnsintoacidmakingthefoodtastesour.Moldstendtogrowonmoistfoods.Youhaveprobablyseenthegreenish-coloredmoldonbreadandoncheese.Itstartsastinywhitesporesandgrowsintoagreenishmass,onthesurfaceatfirstandthengraduallyrightthrough.Thefooddevelopsamustytaste.

Thesourandmustyfoodsarenotnecessarilyharmful.Butsomekindsofbacterialspoilagecanbedangerous.Certainbacteriaproducetoxinswhichcausefoodpoisoning.Theworstthingaboutthemisthattheymaybepresentevenwheretherearenooutwardsignsofdecay.Botulismisthemostdeadlyformoffoodpoisoningofthiskind.Itisalmostalwaysfatal.Butthetoxinsaredestroyedbycooking,asaremosttoxins.Chemicalspoilagemayoccurasaresultofseveralprocesses.Contactwiththeairoxidizesfoodssuchasbutterwhichcontainfatsandoils,andmakesthemrancid.Substancescalledenzymes,whicharepresentinalllivingthings,areresponsibleforfoodspoilage,too.Theiraction,iflimited,isbeneficial.Forexample,theyactonmeatandmakeitmoretender.

Allmethodsoffoodpreservationaimtopreventthegrowthofanymicro-organisms,andpreventorarresttheactionofotheragentscausingdecay.Canning,bottlingandfreezingarethemostcommonmethodsoffoodpreservationtoday.Dryingandcuringaremethodsthathavebeenpracticedforcenturiesinoneformoranother,andtheyarestillveryimportant.Twoup-to-datemethodsuseradiationandantibiotics(especiallyforpoultry)tosterilizeandpreservefoodstuffs,buttheyarenotusedonanywherenearthesamescaleastheothermethods.Pasteurizationisanothermethodoftemporarypreservationusedformilk.

1.Theword"sleepy"inline4ofparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Fromparagraph3,wecaninferthat（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,somesourandmustyfoodsare（）.

4.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe（）.

5.Theword“they”inline3ofparagraph4refersto（）.

6.Enzymesare（）.

7.AllofthefollowingarementionedaswaysoffoodpreservationmethodsEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.tiredandreadyforsleep

B.inactiveorslow-moving

C.beginningtospoil

D.beginningtosleep

问题2选项

A.foodsspoilsbecauseofchemicalchangesintheoutside

B.foodsgorottenbytwomeans

C.fishspoilsfasterthanpears

D.microorganismsoutsidefoodsareresponsibleforspoilageoffoods

问题3选项

A.beneficialtohumanbody

B.moldsandferments

C.poisons

D.astastyasthefreshones

问题4选项

A.WhyFishSpoil

B.BacteriaAreNotAlwaysHarmful

C.PasteurizationCanPreventFoodSpoilage

D.FoodPreservation

问题5选项

A.certainbacteria

B.toxins

C.outwardsigns

D.somekindsofbacterialofspoilage

问题6选项

A.harmfultohumanbeings

B.beneficialtoalllivingthings

C.uselesstohumanbeings

D.foundinalllivingthings

问题7选项

A.canningandbottling

B.freezinganddrying

C.usingradiationandantibiotics

D.pasteurizationandcooking

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

第6题:D

第7题:D

【解析】1.根据原文,这里是用来形容梨“sleepy”,首先排除选项A和D。根据下文的描述,这是食物变质的两个例子,所以“sleepy”指的是梨子变坏,选项C正确。

2.根据第三段的内容可知,选项A表述错误,食物变质是内部的化学变化而不是外部；选项B是原文内容,不同推导出来,所以不正确；选项C在文中没有提及；选D食物外面的微生物是食物变质的原因,与原文相符,所以正确。

3.根据第三段“Theychangesugarintoalcohol,whichthenturnsintoacidmakingthefoodtastesour.Moldstendtogrowonmoistfoods.”它们把糖变成酒精,酒精又变成酸,从而导致食物变酸。霉菌就容易在潮湿的食物上生长。所以选项B正确。根据第四段第一句“Thesourandmustyfoodsarenotnecessarilyharmful.”可知选项C错误。

4.结合全文内容,本文首先提出食物变质并分析原因,最后有提及关于食物保存的方法,所以选项D最能概括全文主旨。

5.根据原文句意：某些细菌会产生毒素,导致食物中毒。最糟糕的是,即使在没有明显腐烂迹象的地方,它们也可能存在。由此可知,“they”指代的是细菌产生的毒素,即使是没有明显腐烂迹象的地方也是存在的。所以选项B正确。

6.根据倒数第二段的倒数第二句“Substancescalledenzymes,whicharepresentinalllivingthings,areresponsibleforfoodspoilage,too.”可知,选项D与原文表述一致。

7.根据最后一段的内容可知,选项A,B,C均有提及,只有选项D没有提及,所以本题选D。

17.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

1.这些新设立的企业带动了上千万人就业，而且成长性强，是中国经济增长新的支撑力量。我们不仅降低市场准入门槛，采取“雪中送炭”的政策支持这些新设企业，还加强事中事后监管、创造公平竞争的市场环境，织密社会保障安全网、让创业创新者无后顾之忧，培植企业健康成长的沃土。

2.中国是医疗卫生领域国际合作的倡导者、推动者和践行者，始终致力于实现国际人口与发展大会行动纲领，全面落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程特别是健康领域可持续发展目标，积极开展对外医疗援助和全球应急处置，认真履行健康领域国际公约，勇于承担国际人道主义责任。

3.贫困的广泛存在严重妨碍人权的充分实现和享有。减缓和消除贫困，是人权保障的重要内容。多年来，中国政府坚持消除贫困、改善民生、逐步实现共同富裕，持续开展以农村扶贫开发为中心的减贫行动，努力实现脱贫致富。

【答案】1.Thesenewbusinesshavegeneratedmorethan10millionjobs,andhavebecomeanewpillarofChina’seconomicgrowththankstotheirstronggrowthprospect.Wehavenotonlyloweredthethresholdofmarketaccessbyofferingmuch-neededpolicysupporttothesenewly-establishedbusinesses,butalsoenhancedon-goingandex-postoversight,createdamarketenvironmentfeaturingfaircompetition,andimprovedthesocialsecuritynetwork,sothatthoseinvolvedinentrepreneurshipandinnovationwillhavenoadditionalworriesandwillgrowhealthilyonthelandwehavefosteredforthem.

2.Chinaadvocates,promotesandcarriesoutinternationalmedicalandhealthcooperation.ItisfirmlycommittedtorealizingtheProgramofActionoftheInternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment,andimplementingtheUnitedNations2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,especiallysustainabledevelopmentgoalsrelatingtohealth.Chinaactivelyprovidesmedicalaidtoothercountries,andpromptlyconductsglobalemergencyresponses.Itearnestlyimplementsinternationalhealthconventionsandshouldersitsinternationalhumanitarianresponsibilities.

3.Povertyissowidespreadthatithasseriouslyhinderedthefulfilmentandenjoymentofhumanrights;reducingandeliminatingpovertyisthereforeamajorelementofhumanrightsprotection.Overtherecentdecades,theChinesegovernmenthaspreservedinitsattempttoeliminatepoverty,improvepeopl