考研考博-英语-和田师范专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-和田师范专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Theycanpredictfutureevents.

B.Theyhavenospecialmeanings.

C.Theyhaveculturalconnotations.

D.Theycannotbeeasilyexplained.

问题2选项

A.Itwascanceledduetobadweather.

B.Sheoversleptandmissedtheflight.

C.Shedreamedofaplanecrash.

D.Itwaspostponedtothefollowingday.

问题3选项

A.Theycanbeaffectedbypeople’schildhoodexperiences.

B.Theymaysometimesseemridiculoustoarationalmind.

C.Theyusuallyresultfrompeople’sunpleasantmemories.

D.Theycanhaveanimpactasgreatasrationalthinking.

问题4选项

A.Theycallforscientificmethodstointerpret.

B.Theymirrortheirlong-cherishedwishes.

C.Theyreflecttheircomplicatedemotions.

D.Theyareoftenrelatedtoirrationalfeelings.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】ConversationTwo

M:[5]Doyouthinkdreamshavespecialmeanings?

W:[5]No,Idon’tthinktheydo.

M:[5]Idon’teither.Butsomepeopledo.Iwouldsaypeoplewhobelievethatdreamshavespecialmeaningsaresuperstitious,especiallynowadays.Inthepast,duringthetimesofancientEgypt,GreeceorChina,peopleusedtobelievethatdreamscouldforeseethefuture.Buttoday,withallthescientificknowledgethatwehave,Ithinkit’smuchhardertobelieveinthesesortsofthings.

W:Mygrandmotherissuperstitious,andshethinksdreamscanpredictthefuture.[6]Onceshedreamedthattheflightshewasduetotakethefollowingdaycrashed.Canyouguesswhatshedid?Shedidn’ttakethatflight.Shedidn’tevenbothertogototheairportthefollowingday.Insteadshetookthesameflight,butaweeklater,andeverythingwasfine,ofcourse.Noplaneevercrashed.

M:Howfunny!Didyouknowthatflyingisactuallysaferthananyothermodeoftransport?It’sbeenstatisticallyproven.Peoplecanbesoirrationalsometimes.

W:Yes,absolutely.Butevenifwethinkthey’reridiculous,[7]emotionscanbejustaspowerfulasrationalthinking.

M:Exactly,peopledoallsortsofcrazythingsbecauseoftheirirrationalfeelings,butinfact,somepsychologistsbelievethatourdreamsaretheresultofouremotionsandmemoriesfromthatday.IthinkitwasSigmundFreudwhosaidthatchildren’sdreamswereusuallysimplerepresentationsoftheirwishes—thingstheywishedwouldhappen.Butinadults,[8]dreamsaremuchmorecomplicatedreflectionsoftheirmoresophisticatedsentiments.

W:Isn’titinterestinghowpsychologiststrytounderstandusingthescientificmethodsomethingasbizarreasdreams?Psychologyisliketherationalstudyofirrationalfeelings.

5.Whatdobothspeakersthinkofdreams?

【试题答案】B

【试题解析】题目问的是两位说话者对梦的看法。对话开头，男士询问女士是否认为梦具有特殊意义，女士给出否定回答，接着男士说“我也不这么认为”，表明他与女士看法一致，因此B选项“它们没有特殊意义”符合录音原文。A选项“它们能够预测未来发生的事情”，这是古埃及、古希腊和中国古代的人们的看法，并不是说话者的看法，因此不正确；C选项“它们蕴含着文化意义”和D选项“它们很难解释”在录音中均未提及。

6.Whydidn’tthewoman’sgrandmothertakeherscheduledflight?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问为什么这位女士的祖母没有乘坐她预定的航班？录音中女士提及她的祖母相信梦可以预测未来，有一次因为梦见自己第二天要乘坐的飞机坠毁了（theflight...crashed），她就没有坐那趟航班，甚至连机场也没去。C选项“她梦见飞机失事”是录音原文的同义表达，因此正确。A选项“由于天气不好取消了”；B选项“她睡过头，错过了航班”和D选项“推迟到了第二天”在录音中均未提及，因此可排除。

7.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutpeople’semotions?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问的是女士关于人的情绪的看法。录音中女士提及即使人们有时候很荒唐，但情绪的力量并不亚于理性思考。D选项“它们的影响力不亚于理性思考”是录音原文的同义表述，因此正确。A选项“它们会受到人们童年经历的影响”和C选项“它们通常是由人们不愉快的记忆引起的”在录音中均没有信息提及，因此排除；B选项“相比于理性思维，它们有时会显得很可笑”，虽然是女士说的，但这是女士对男士的上一句话“人们有时会很不理智”表示赞同，并且着重想强调的还是后半部分：情绪的力量并不亚于理性思考，因此B选项也不选。

8.WhatdidpsychologistSigmundFreudsayaboutadults’dreams?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问心理学家弗洛伊德对成人的梦的看法。男士提到，弗洛伊德将儿童的梦与成人的梦进行了对比阐释，认为成人的梦更为复杂，反映了他们复杂的情感。C选项“反映了他们复杂的情感”是录音原文的复现，因此正确。A选项“它们需要用科学的方法来阐释”，利用录音中出现的thescientificmethod设置的干扰，这并不是弗洛伊德的看法，所以排除；B选项“反映了他们长期以来的愿望”，这是弗洛伊德对儿童的梦的看法，不是成人的梦，因此排除；D选项“它们通常与非理性情绪相关”，利用录音中的irrationalfeelings设置干扰，这是男士的个人观点，与弗洛伊德的看法无关，因此也不选。

2.单选题

Women’smindsworkdifferentlyfrommen’s.Atleast,thatiswhatmostmenareconvincedof.Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatteroffrustrationorajoke.Nowthebiologistshavemovedintothisminefield,andsomeofthemhavefoundthattherearerealdifferencesbetweenthebrainsofmenandwomen.Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse.

Thereis,however,adefinite-structuralvariationbetweenthemaleandfemalebrain.Thedifferenceisinapartofthebrainthatisusedinthemostcomplexintellectualprocesses—thelinkbetweenthetwohalvesofthebrain.

Thetwohalvesarelinkedbyatrunklineofbetween200and300millionnerves,thecorpuscallosum.Scientistshavefoundquiterecentlythatthecorpuscallosuminwomenisalwayslargerandprobablyricherinnervefibersthanitisinmen.Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmenanditmusthavesomesignificance.Thequestionis“What?”，and,ifthisdifferenceexists,arethereothers?Researchshowsthatpresent-daywomenthinkdifferentlyandbehavedifferentlyfrommen.Aresomeofthesedifferencesbiologicalandinborn,aresultofevolution?Wetendtothinkthatitistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences.Butcouldwebewrong?

Researchshowedthatthesetwohalvesofthebrainhaddifferentfunctions,andthatthecorpuscallosumenabledthemtoworktogether.Formostpeople,thelefthalfisusedforword-handling,analyticalandlogicalactivities;therighthalfworksonpictures,patternsandforms.Weneedbothhalvesworkingtogether.Andthebettertheconnections,themoreharmoniouslythetwohalveswork.And,accordingtoresearchfindings,womenhavethebetterconnections.

Butitisn’tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis.Inschoolsthroughouttheworldgirlstendtobebetterthanboysat“languagesubjects”andboysbetteratmathsandphysics.Ifthesedifferencescorrespondwiththedifferencesinthehemispherictrunkline,thereisanunalterabledistinctionbetweenthesexes.

Weshan’tknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon’tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum.Butthisstrikingdifferencemusthavesomeeffectand,becausethedifferenceisinthepartsofthebraininvolvedinintellect,weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

2.Accordingtothepassageitiscommonlybelievedthatbraindifferencesarecausedby______factors.

3.“thesedifferences”inparagraph5refertothosein_______.

4.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorproposesmoreworkon______.

5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Biologistsareconductingresearchwherepsychologistshavegivenup.

B.Braindifferencespointtosuperiorityofonesexovertheother.

C.Resultsofscientificresearchfailtosupportpopularbelief.

D.Thestructuraldifferenceinthebrainbetweenthesexeshaslongbeenknown.

问题2选项

A.biological

B.psychological

C.physical

D.social

问题3选项

A.skillsofmenandwomen

B.schoolsubjects

C.thebrainstructureofmenandwomen

D.activitiescarriedoutbythebrain

问题4选项

A.thebrainstructureasawhole

B.thefunctioningofpartofthebrain

C.thedistinctionbetweenthesexes

D.theeffectsofthecorpuscallosum

问题5选项

A.Tooutlinetheresearchfindingsonthebrainstructure.

B.Toexplainthelinkbetweensexandbrainstructure,

C.Todiscussthevariousfactorsthatcausebraindifferences.

D.Tosuggestnewareasinbrainresearch.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatteroffrustrationorajoke.（心理学家把这个问题看作是一件沮丧的是或是一个笑话）可知A选项表述不正确；由第一段中的Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse.（但他们急忙指出，不同并不等于好或坏）可知B选项表述不正确；由第三段中的Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmenanditmusthavesomesignificance.（这是第一次发现女性和男性大脑之间的结构差异，它必须具有一定的意义）可知D选项表述不正确。通过排除法排除A、B、D选项，因此选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Wetendtothinkthatitistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences.（我们倾向于认为，正是社会的影响产生了这些差异）可知选D。

3.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Butitisn’tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis.（但要在此基础上解释男女技能的实际差异并非易事）可知选A。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum.Butthisstrikingdifferencemusthavesomeeffectand,becausethedifferenceisinthepartsofthebraininvolvedinintellect,weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing（我们也不知道这两部分是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的。但这种显著的差异肯定会有一定的影响，因为这种差异存在于大脑中与智力有关的部分，我们应该寻找智力加工的差异）可知选D。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了男性和女性的结构存在差别，科学家对这种差别所做的研究，因此A选项“概述脑结构的研究成果”符合题意。

3.单选题

Theargumentwassimultaneouslyapolicydebateandanextendedexegesisofacrucialphraseina1986federallawthatregulatesthehiringprocedures.

问题1选项

A.exportation

B.expulsion

C.explication

D.expiation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项exportation“出口；输出；出口货”；B选项expulsion“逐出；开除；除籍”；C选项explication“说明；阐明；展开”；D选项expiation“补偿；赎罪；抵罪”。句意：这场争论同时是一场政策辩论，也是对1986年一项管理招聘程序的联邦法律中一个关键短语的延伸注释。exegesis“注释，解释”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Imusttakethiswatchtoberepaired;it（

）overtwentyminutesaday.

问题1选项

A.increases

B.progresses

C.accelerates

D.gains

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项increases“增加”；B选项progresses“进步”；C选项accelerates“加速”；D选项gains“获得，（钟表等）走快”。句意：我必须去把表修一修，这块表每天（）超过二十分钟。从句意可以看出表坏了，具体是因为每天多走20多分钟，这里符合题意的只有D选项，答案选D。

5.单选题

Heisoneofthemostactive（）intheextracurricularactivitiesofthestudents’union.

问题1选项

A.inhabitants

B.descendants

C.participants

D.tenants

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项inhabitant“居民；居住者”；B选项descendant“后裔；子孙”；C选项participant“参与者”；D选项tenant“承租人；房客；佃户”。句意：他是学生会课外活动最积极的参与者之一。结合句意，判断出选项C正确。

6.单选题

TheBrownslivedina（

）andcomfortablyfurnishedhouseinthesuburbs.

问题1选项

A.spacious

B.sufficient

C.wide

D.wretched

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项spacious“宽敞的；无边无际的”；B选项sufficient“足够的；充分的”；C选项wide“广泛的；宽的”；D选项wretched“可怜的；卑鄙的；令人苦恼的”。句意：布朗一家住在郊区一幢……又整洁舒适的房子里。被修饰词是“房子”，用“宽敞的”最合适。A选项正确的。

7.单选题

InNorthAmerica,thefirstcanoeswereconstructedfromlogsand（）bymeansofwoodenpaddles.

问题1选项

A.docked

B.propelled

C.choked

D.perceived

【答案】B

【解析】dock使靠码头；propel推进,驱使；choke阻塞,抑制；perceive觉察,感知。句意：在北美,最早的独木舟是用原木建造的,并由木桨推动前行。选项B符合语境。

8.单选题

Theboywhoistalkingwithyourteacheris（）anathlete.

问题1选项

A.anythingbut

B.nonebut

C.allbut

D.somethingbut

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组搭配。A选项anythingbut“根本不；绝不”；B选项nonebut“只是；仅”；C选项allbut“几乎；差不多”；D选项somethingbut没有此类搭配。句意：和你老师正在说话的那个男孩绝不是一个运动员。A选项词组更加贴合句意逻辑，故选A。

9.单选题

I’d（）hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.

问题1选项

A.takeintoaccount

B.accountfor

C.makeupfor

D.makeout

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项takeintoaccount“考虑、顾及”；B选项accountfor“说明、解释”；C选项makeupfor“补偿、填补”；D选项makeout“理解、辨认”，句意为：我想知道他在当地其他农民和商人中的声望，然后决定是否批准贷款。D选项符合句意，因此选D。

10.翻译题

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

当我们谈及智力，我们不是指在某种考试中取得高分的能力，也不是指学习好的能力。我们所谈的智力指的是一种生活风格，一种生活，一种在各种情况下的行为方式。真正的智力测验不是测试我们对怎样做知道多少，而是测试当我们不知道做什么时会怎样做。无论年老年少，有才智的人遇到新情况或问题时，都会豁达地面对。他努力用心和感觉去尽可能地掌握所有细节。他考虑该情况或问题，而不是考虑他自己或是这将给他带来什么后果。他大胆地、富有想象力地、机智地，而且如果不是信心十足地，至少是充满希望地去解决问题；假如他无法圆满解决，对自己的错误他也并不害怕或是感到惭愧，而且尽量从中吸取教训，这就是智力。

【答案】Whenwetalkaboutintelligence,wedonotmeantheabilitytogetagoodscoreonacertainkindoftest,oreventheabilitytodowellinschool.Byintelligencewemeanastyleoflife,alife,awayofbehavinginvarioussituations.Thetruetestofintelligenceisnottotesthowmuchweknowhowtodo,buthowwebehavewhenwedon'tknowwhattodo.Theintelligentperson,youngorold,meetingsituationorproblem,openshimselfuptoit.Hetriestotakeinwithmindandsenseseverythinghecanaboutit.Hethinksaboutit,insteadofabouthimselforwhatitmightcausetohappentohim.Hegrappleswithitboldly,imaginatively,resourcefully,andifnotconfidently,atleasthopefully;ifhefailstomasterit,helookswithoutfearorshameathismistakesandlearnswhathecanfromthem.Thisisintelligence.

11.单选题

She’salwaysbeenkindtome—Ican’tjustturn（

）onhernowthatsheneedsmyhelp.

问题1选项

A.myback

B.myhead

C.myeye

D.shoulder

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。turnmybackonsomeone意为对某人不理睬。

12.单选题

Theirfindingsareconsistentwithsomeoftheestablishedtheoriesonlongevity.

问题1选项

A.compatible

B.coherent

C.compact

D.competent

【答案】B

【解析】考查近义词辨析。consistent表示“一致的”。A项compatible“兼容的，能共处的”，B项coherent“连贯的，一致的”，C项compact“紧凑的，坚实的”，D项competent“胜任的，有能力的”；句意：他们的发现与一些关于长寿的既定理论相一致。根据句意该题选B。

13.翻译题

电阻越大，其消耗（dissipate）的能量（energy）就越多。

【答案】Thegreatertheresistanceis,themoreenergyitdissipates.

14.单选题

Foreignbusinessmen（）hesitatetoinvestalargesumofmoneyinatime-consumingandhigh-costprojectifthecountryisunderpoliticaldisturbances.

问题1选项

A.permanently

B.routinely

C.temporarily

D.unswervingly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。permanently“永久地；长期不变地”；routinely“例行公事地，老一套地”；temporarily“临时地”；unswervingly“坚定不移地”。句意：如果一个国家政局不稳，外商通常会犹豫是否投资耗时长、成本高的项目。选项B符合题意。

15.单选题

W:DoyoumindifItakeacoupleofhoursoffthisafternoon?

M:OK,butwhatfor?

Q:Whatisthewomanaskingfor?

问题1选项

A.Advice

B.Leave

C.Time

D.Reason.

【答案】B

【解析】题目中“takeacoupleofhoursoff”的意思是“请几个小时的假”，和B选项的“askforleave”意思相同，B选项正确。

16.单选题

Heplannedtobuyanapartmentsinceheisgoingtogetmarriednextyear,butthecostofthepropertyinthebigcitiesis_______.

问题1选项

A.prompt

B.proportional

C.prohibitive

D.progressive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“prompt”意为“敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的，及时的；准时的”；B选项“proportional”意为“比例的，成比例的；相称的，均衡的”；C选项“prohibitive”意为“禁止的；抑制的；（费用，价格等）过高的”；D选项“progressive”意为“进步的；先进的”。句意：由于明年就要结婚了，他打算买一套公寓，但大城市的房价高得令人望而却步。由题干可知，but表转折，说明thecostofthepropertyinthebigcities（大城市的房价）阻碍了他想买房子的计划，由此可推测出大城市的房价高得超出他的承受能力。因此C选项符合题意。

17.翻译题

Inordertocontrolandreduceenvironmentalpollutioncausedbydiscardedwasteelectronicinformationproducts,saveresourcesandpromotesustainabledevelopmentoftheelectronicinformationindustry,accordingtotheprovisionoftheAdministrationontheControlofPollutionCausedbyElectronicInformationProducts,theelectronicinformationproductssoldinthemarketwithintheterritoryofChinashallsatisfywiththefollowingrequirements:theenvironmentalprotectionmaterials,technologiesandprocessesshallbeintroducedaccordingtotheNationalStandardsorsectoralstandards;thesafe-uselife,namesandcontentsoftoxicandharmfulsubstancescontainedthereinandrecoverymarksshallbeclearlyindicatedontheproducts;non-toxic,harmless，readilydegradableandrecyclablematerialsshallbeusedasthepackagingmaterials，andthematerialsingredientsofthepackagingshallbeclearlymarked.

TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese

【答案】为了控制和减少由电子产品废弃物造成的环境污染，节约资源，推动电子产业的可持续发展，根据《电子信息产品污染控制管理办法》的规定，在中国市场销售的电子产品应该满足以下要求：引进的环境保护材料、技术和加工方法应该按照国家或行业标准；产品应该清晰标明产品有毒有害物质的安全使用寿命、名称和内容以及回收标志；包装材料应使用无毒无害、易于降解和可再生材料，其材料成分也要清楚标示。

18.问答题

Thecostsofwatchingthefilmisthatittakesup120minutesofyourtime-timewhichcould

A

B

C

bespentinbedasleep.Thebenefitistheenjoymentgainedfromeachextraminuteviewed.

D

【答案】试题答案：A;cost

【解析】考查主谓一致。谓语动词is用的是单数形式，故主语也需要用单数形式。

19.单选题

Atthenews,thedemonstratorswhohadputtheforeigngoodsunderaboycottforseveralmonthsprotestedbut（）.

问题1选项

A.tonaught

B.tonothing

C.tonoavail

D.tovoid

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A:naught“无价值”；B:nothing“无”；C:noavail“无效”；D:void“空虚，空间”。句意：新闻中那些连续几个月联合抵制国外商品的示烕者一直在抗议，但是没有用。结合词义，C为正确答案。

20.单选题

Theshowculminatedinthepresentationofthedairyprincesscrown.

问题1选项

A.began

B.included

C.ended

D.cultivated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。题目中culminate表示“使结束，达到极点，达到高潮”；A选项为“开始”；B选项为“包括，包含”；C选项为“结束；终止”；D选项为“培养；栽培”。根据句意可知，表演因乳品公主皇冠的介绍而达到高潮，因此C项为正确答案。

21.单选题

TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasastunningreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeraninstinctiveresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheventhappened.

Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoralsoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.

Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen'tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.

Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.

WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?“Theuseofterrorismasatacticisbaseduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisdisproportionatewiththeactualthreat.”saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolentbecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”

“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson,”BulliettellsWebMD.“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”Forexample,BullietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed,buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.

Bullietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcriminalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized,”saysBulliet.“Therandomnessandtheubiquity（无处不在）ofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities.”

PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16s.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping,”saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.

“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheading（斩首）canhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1.000oftheenemy,”HarountellsWebMD.“Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization.”

1.Whathaschangedtherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?

2.Thegoalofpsychologicalwarfareisto（

）.

3.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,publicizinganactofviolencebecomesanimportantpartofterrorismitselfbecause

（

）.

4.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat

（

）.

5.Inthispassagetheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Terroristattacks.

B.Theincreaseofmilitaryconflicts.

C.Advancesinnuclearweapons.

D.Prosperityofthemedia.

问题2选项

A.changetheideologyoftheopponent

B.winabattlewithoutmilitaryattacks

C.generateagreatersenseoffear

D.bringaboutmorephysicaldamage

问题3选项

A.psychologicalterrorismisatactic

B.terrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat

C.theuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatismoredestructivethantheactualthreat

D.publicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthreat

问题4选项

A.meansdetermineseffects

B.hostagecrisesareprevalent

C.psychologicalterrorsremainharmless

D.theAmericanmediaiseffective

问题5选项

A.emphasizesthegreatimpactofpsychologicalwarfare

B.criticizestheviolenceofterrorism

C.callsforanendtopsychologicalwarfare

D.opposesthehostagecrisis

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.（但由于科技的进步、互联网的普及和新闻报道的扩散，这种心理战的交战规则已经改变）可知D选项“媒体的繁荣”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.（相反，这些攻击的目的是灌输一种比实际威胁本身更大的恐惧感）可知C选项“产生更大的恐惧感”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的Theuseofterrorismasatacticisbaseduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisdisproportionatewiththeactualthreat.（将恐怖主义作为一种战术是基于制造一种与实际威胁不相称的恐惧气氛）可知C选项“使用恐怖主义是为了激起比实际威胁更具破坏性的恐惧”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章第六段中的Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.（关键不是你做了什么，而是它的报道方式决定了效果）可知A选项“手段决定效果”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出恐怖活动；第二段引出心理战；第三至六段介绍了心理战带来的影响比实际威胁更大；第五段介绍了伊朗人质危机给美国人带来的心理创伤；第六段介绍了恐怖分子随机性和普遍性给人心理上产出更大的威胁；第七段介绍了恐怖组织利用心理战作战；最后一段引用Haroun的话，再次强调心理战带来的影响。因此A选项“强调心理战的巨大影响”符合题意。

22.单选题

Generallyspeaking,oldpeopleareusuallymore（）thanyoungpeople.

问题1选项

A.destructive

B.progressive

C.conservative

D.constructive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项destructive“破坏的；毁灭性的”；B选项progressive“进步的；先进的”；C选项conservative“保守的”；D选项constructive“建设性的；推定的”。句意：通常来讲，老年人比年轻人更……。综合句意及选项判断可知，此处应表示老年人比年轻人“保守”，C选项正确。

23.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.今天，被近千年的传统所束缚并且缺少充足政府资助的牛津大学，难以轻松应对加快了的全球教育变革步伐。不管对错与否，其他学校都重点建设商务类的课程时，牛津尤其慢慢吞吞，或者很不情愿如此，这样在资源竞争中就落在剑桥这样的大学之后，而这些资源倾向于流向看重商务的学校。

2.自2008年以来，快递数量增长的一半都来自于“海淘”买家。因此，尽管近年来贸易总体增长缓慢，但跨境电子商务的兴起让快递公司仍然生意兴隆，国际快递三大巨头最新季度收入创下新高。不过快递业面临着一个新的挑战：由于特朗普的保护主义倾向和英国脱欧(Brexit)，贸易壁垒将重新回归。

【答案】1.Today,OxfordUniversitythathasbeenlimitedbyatraditionofaboutonethousandyearsandlackedsufficientgovernmentalfunding,isdifficulttocopewiththequickenedpaceofglobaleducationrevolution.Whetherrightlyorwrongly,whileotheruniversitiesarepayingattentiontobuildingbusinesscourses,OxfordUniversityisparticularlyslowtofollow.Consequently,ithasfallenbehinduniversitieslikeCambridgeUniversityinresourcecompetitionwhichtendtoflowtouniversitiesthatfocusesonbusinesscourses.

2.Since2008,halfofthegrowthinthevolumeofexpressdeliveryhasderivedfrombuyerswhomaketheirpurchasesin“cross-borderonlineshopping.”Therefore,althoughoveralltradegrowthhasbeenslowinrecentyears,theriseofcross-bordere-commercehasstillallowedexpresscompaniestodrivearoaringtrade.Thethreebiggestinternationalexpresscompanieshavereachedanewhighintheirlatestquarterlyrevenue.Buttheexpressindustryisfacedwithanewchallenge:tradebarrierswillreturnduetoTrump'sprotectionisttendenciesandBrexit.

24.不定项选择题

Poppingfoodintothemicrowaveforacoupleofminutesmayseemutterlyharmless,butEurope’sstockofthesequick-cookingovensemitasmuchcarbonasnearly7millioncars,anewstudyhasfound.Andtheproblemisgrowing.Withcostsfallingandkitchenappliancesbecoming“status”items,ownersarethrowingawaymicrowavesafteranaverageofeightyears.Thisispushingsalesofnewmicrowaveswhichareexpectedtoreach135millionannuallyintheEUbytheendofthedecade.

AstudybytheUniversityofManchestercalculatedtheemissionsofCO2—themaingreenhousegasresponsibleforclimatechange—ateverystageofmicrowaves,frommanufacturetowastedisposal.“Itiselectricityconsumptionbymicrowavesthathasthebiggestimpactontheenvironment,”saytheauthors.Theauthorsalsocalculatethattheemissionsfromusing19microwavesoverayeararethesameasthosefromusingacar.Accordingtothesamestudy,effortstoreduceconsumptionshouldfocusonimprovingconsumerawarenessandbehavior.Forexample,consumerscoulduseappliancesinamoreefficientwaybyadjustingthetimeofcookingtothetypeoffood.

However,DavidReay,professorofcarbonmanagement,arguesthat,althoughmicrowavesuseagreatdealofenergy,theiremissionsareminorcomparedtothosefromcars.IntheUKalone,therearearound30millioncars.ThesecarsemitmorethanallthemicrowavesintheEU.Backingthisup,recentdatashowthatpassengercarsintheUKemitted69milliontonsofCO2in2015.Thisis10timestheamountthisnewmicrowaveovenstudyestimatesforannualemissionsforallthemicrowaveovensintheEU.Further,theenergyusedbymicrowavesislowerthananyotherformofcooking.Amongcommonkitchenappliancesusedforcooking,microwavesarethemostenergyefficient,followedbyastoveandfinallyastandardoven.Thus,risingmicrowavesalescouldbeseenasapositivething.

1.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?

2.Whyarethesalesofmicrowavesexpectedtorise?

3.WhatrecommendationdoesthestudybytheUniversityofManchestermake?

4.WhatdoesProfessorDavidReaytrytoargue?

5.WhatdoesProfessorDavidReaythinkoftheuseofmicrowaves?

问题1选项

A.Quick-cookingmicrowaveovenshavebecomemorepopular.

B.Thefrequentuseofmicrowavesmaydoharmtoourhealth.

C.CO2emissionsconstituteamajorthreattotheenvironment.

D.TheuseofmicrowavesemitsmoreCO2thanpeoplethink.

问题2选项

A.Theyarebecomingmoreaffordable.

B.Theyhaveashorterlifecyclethanotherappliances.

C.Theyaregettingmucheasiertooperate.

D.Theytakelesstimetocookthanotherappliances.

问题3选项

A.Cookingfoodofdiff