考研考博-英语-承德应用技术职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-承德应用技术职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thestudent,（）atthewaythequestionwasputforward,didn’tknowhowtoanswerit.

问题1选项

A.tosurprise

B.surprised

C.surprising

D.tobesurprised

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词。主语“thestudent”和动词“surprise”之间是被动关系，所以本题应该选B选项：surprised。句意：这个学生对问题提出的方式感到惊讶，不知道如何回答。综上所述，B选项正确。

2.单选题

Theguiltyverdictwaswidelyexpected,althoughharsherthanmanyhadpredicted.

问题1选项

A.jury

B.crime

C.convict

D.judgment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。verdict表示“结论，裁定”。A项jury“陪审团”，B项crime“罪行”，C项convict“罪犯”，D项judgment“意见，判断力”；句意：有罪判决是普遍预期的，尽管比许多人预期的要严厉。根据句意该题选D。

3.单选题

Alcoholismanddrugaddictionhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsinthe21stCentury.Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety:forexamplethatpoorpeoplefrompoorneighborhoodsandethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeaddictedtoalcoholanddrugs.Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground.Anotherfactisthatdrugandalcoholrelatedcrimesareincreasingallovertheworld.

Therearemanyreasonswhyapersonmightfirsttrydrugs.Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.Peopletakedrugsandalcoholbecauseoftheelevatingorrelaxingeffectstheyhaveonthebodyotherwisepeoplewouldn’ttaketheminthefirstplace.

Butasthepersondevelopsahabit,thechemistryofthebrainstartstochangeandadapt,demandingmoreandmoreofthedrugasitresiststhediscomfortofwithdrawal.Thepersonbecomesanaddictandtheinitialmasonsfortakingthedrugsoonpaleinsignificanceastheneedfordrugsandoralcoholbeginstodominateeveryaspectoftheaddict’slife.Addictionsarelifelongillnessesthatareveryhardtotreat.Thedisturbingfactisthat1/3rdofpatientswhodoreceivetreatmentusuallyrelapsewithinoneyear.

Manyscientistsbelievethataddictionisrelatedtoourmostbasicinstinct,survival.Sincethebeginningoftimeourbrainhasevolvedtoensurethesurvivalofourspecies.Thebraincontrolsbehaviorbyrewardingactionsthatwillensuresurvivalofthespecies.Forexample,theintakeofnutrientssuchassugarsandfatsactivatetastereceptorsthatinturnactivatebrainrewardmechanisms.Theactivationofthesemechanismsproducescertainchangesintheindividualrangingfrombeinginamuchbettermoodtointensepleasureandeuphoria.Wearefarmorelikelytocontinuetoseekoutandeatthesenutrientsbecausethebrainrewardsusfortakingthenutrientsintothebodybyreleasingchemicalsthatmakeusfeelgood.

Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.

Butotherfarmoreharmfuldrugssuchasheroine,crackandcocainearebetteratactivatingbrainrewardsystems,producingafarmorepowerfuleffectcomparedtoafeelingofcalmnessorrelaxationaftereatingagoodnutritiousmeal.Theactivationismuchmoreintensecausingtheindividualtocravethedrugandtofocustheiractivitiesaroundtakingthedrug.Theabilityofaddictivedrugstostronglyactivatebrainrewardmechanismsandtheirabilitytochemicallyalterthenormalfunctioningofthesesystemscanproduceanaddiction.Howeversomepeoplebecomeaddictedwhileothersdonot.

Manypeopledrinkalcoholorsmokecannabisorevencocaineandotherillegaldrugsbutthisdoesnotnecessarilymakethemaddictsandnotalladdictshavethesameintensityofaddiction.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately10%ofanypopulationofanycountrywilltendtohaveanaddictivenatureandbecomeaddictsofsomekind.Itistruethatthoughthatsomeraces,notablyNativeAmericanIndiansandEskimos,dotendtohavehigherratesofaddictionthanothersforreasonsthatarenotfullyunderstood.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhobecomeaddictsmaybehighlyintelligentandbeextremelymotivatedbutareunabletocontroltheiraddiction.Addictionisbynomeansdependentonintelligence.Someofthemostskilledandintelligentpeoplemightbecomeaddictseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedetrimentalnatureofcontinuingtotakedrugsoralcohol.

Thefactisthatstillwedonotknowwhysomepeoplebecomeaddictsandothersdonotalthoughtherearemanytheoriesthatreasonthatsomepeoplesimplyhavean“addictivepersonalitytype”—beingfarmoresusceptibletotherewardmechanismthatproducesaddiction—whileothersstillbelievethatitistheaddicts’lackofwillpowertorefrainfromtakingdrugsoralcohol.Thebiggestkillerthoughisaperson’sdenialofhisorhercondition,thattheybelievethattheydonothaveaproblem,donotseekhelpbutinsteadcontinuetheabuseuntiltheyhaveeitherlosteverythingordieasthebodycannotcopeandeventuallyshutsdown.

1.Inparagraph1,thewordmisconceptionsisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismostlikelytobecomeaddictedtodrugsand/oralcohol?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,mostpeoplefirsttrydrugs,andalcoholbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whymighttherebeaprobleminthebrain’snaturalrewardsystem?

5.Inparagraph7,thewordintensityisclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.unprovedstatistics

B.wrongideas

C.truth

D.apprehension

问题2选项

A.Onlypeoplewhohavethefinancialmeanstobuydrugsandalcohol.

B.Usuallyonlycriminals.

C.Addictiondoesnothaveapreference.

D.Anyonewhotriesdrugsandalcoholisimmediatelyaddicted.

问题3选项

A.thereisnorealreason,itjusthappens

B.theyneedtoforgetaboutstress

C.everyonedoesit

D.peoplehavedifferentreasons

问题4选项

A.Becausecaffeineisdangerousandstimulatesourmetabolism.

B.Peoplewillbecomeinstantlyaddictedtonicotine.

C.Someharmfulsubstancescanfoolthebrainintothinkingtheyaregood.

D.Somepeoplearenaturallymoreaddictivetodrugsalcoholthanothers.

问题5选项

A.euphoria

B.level

C.result

D.desire

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety（关于成瘾最大的误解之一是，它只影响社会中的某些群体），wrongideas（错误的想法）与misconception（误解）意思最为接近，unprovedstatistics未经证实的统计，真相事实，apprehension赞赏，因此选项B正确。

2.判断推理题。定位到文章第一段Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground（然而，事实是，上瘾是无视种族，肤色和社会经济背景的），意思就是上瘾和经济、犯罪等是没有直接关系的，而Addictiondoesnothaveapreference（上瘾是没有偏好的）与原文表达意义相近，因此C选项符合题意。

3.判断推理题。定位到文章第二段，Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.（其中一些可能包括来自朋友的同辈压力，压力和个性特征）表明每个人都是有不同原因的，因此选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。定位到文章第五段，Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.（问题在于，这些奖励系统不仅奖励摄入无害的物质，如糖和脂肪。一些化学物质直接激活大脑的奖励系统，绕过调节自然奖励的感觉感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大脑的奖励机制）表明人类的大脑奖励系统不能够准确地识别摄入物质是否有害，因此选项C符合题意。

5.定位到文章第七段，…havethesameintensityofaddiction…有相同上瘾的程度，intensity意为程度，与level意义最为相近，因此选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Veryoldpeopledoraisemoralproblemsforalmosteveryonewhocomesintocontactwiththem.Theirvalues—thiscan'tberepeatedtoooften—arenotnecessarilyourvalues.Physicalcomfort,cleannessandorderarenecessarilythemostimportantthings.Thesocialservicesfromtimetotimefindthemselvesfacedwithaflatwithdecayingfoodcoveredbysmallworms,andanoldpersonlyingaloneonbed,takingnonoticeoftheworms.Butisitinterferingwithpersonalfreedomtoinsistthattheygotolivewithsomeoftheirrelativessothattheymightbetakenbettercareof?Somesocialworkers,theoneswhoclearuptheworms,thinkweareindangerofcarryingthisconceptofpersonalfreedomtothepointwhereseriousrisksarebeingtakenwiththehealthandsafetyoftheold.

Indeed,theoldcanbeeasilyhurtorharmed.Thebodyislikeacaritneedsmoremechanicalmaintenanceasitgetsolder.Youcancarrythiscomparisonrightthroughtotheprovisionofspareparts.Butneverforgetthatsuchoperationsarepainfulexperiences,howevergoodtheresults.Andatwhatpointshouldyouceasetotreattheoldbody?Isitmorallyrighttotrytopushoffdeathbypursuingthedevelopmentofdrugstoexcitetheforgetfuloldmindandtoactivatetheoldbody,knowingthatitisdesignedtodie?Youcannotaskdoctorsorscientiststodecide,becausesolongastheycanseethetechnicalopportunities,theywillfeelboundtogivethematryontheprinciplethatwhilethere'slife,there'shope.

Whenyoutalktotheoldpeople,however,youareforcedtotheconclusionthatwhetherageishappyorunpleasantdependslessonmoneyoronhealththanitdoesonyourabilitytohavefun.

1.ItisimpliedinParagraphonethat（）.

2.Somesocialworkersthinkthat（）.

3.Intheauthor'sopinion,（）.

4.Theword"it"inthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

5.Theauthorthinksthat（）.

问题1选项

A.veryoldpeopleenjoylivingwiththeirrelatives

B.socialserviceshavenothingtodowithveryoldpeople

C.veryoldpeoplewouldliketolivealonesothattheycanhavemorepersonalfreedom

D.veryoldpeopleareabletokeeptheirroomsveryclean

问题2选项

A.healthandsafetyaremoreimportantthanpersonalfreedom

B.personalfreedomismoreimportantthanhealthandsafety

C.oldpeopleshouldkeeptheirroomsclean

D.oneshouldnottakerisksofdealingwitholdpeople

问题3选项

A.thehumanbodycan'tbecomparedtoacar

B.theolderaperson,themorecareheneeds

C.toomuchemphasishasbeenputonoldpeople'svalues

D.itiseasytoprovidesparepartsforoldpeople

问题4选项

A.theconclusionyouhavecometo

B.yourtalktotheoldpeople

C.whetherageishappyorunpleasant

D.one'smoneyorone'shealth

问题5选项

A.medicaldecisionsfortheoldpeopleshouldbelefttothedoctors

B.oldpeoplecanenjoyahappylifeonlyiftheyareveryrich

C.theopinionthatweshouldtryeverymeanspossibletosaveoldpeopleisdoubtful

D.itisalwaysmorallyrighttotreatoldpeopleandpushoffdeath

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知选项A和D表述错误,选项B在文中没有提及,只有选项C符合原文。

2.根据第一段最后一句"Somesocialworkers,...,thinkweareindangerofcarryingthisconceptofpersonalfreedomtothepointwhereseriousrisksarebeingtakenwiththehealthandsafetyoftheold."认为我们持有个人自由的概念是危险的,因为这会给老年人的健康和安全带来严重的风险。也就是说他们认为健康和安全比自由更重要。选项A符合原文。

3.根据第二段的内容,将人的身体和汽车相比较,汽车需要的是机械保养,而人需要手术进行治疗,不管结果如何如何好,但过程是极度痛苦的。作者的潜在意思是,人能感到疼痛,但车却不会,两者完全没有可比性,所以本题选A。

4.分析句子结构并结合句意可知,"it"指的是上句中的"whetherageishappyorunpleasant"。所以选项C正确。

5.根据第二段的最后一句"Youcannotaskdoctorsorscientiststodecide,..."可知选项A错误;根据最后一段可知选项B错误;根据第二段倒数第二句"Isitmorallyrightto...thatitisdesignedtodie?"明知道这是死亡必须经历的过程,却还是通过开发药物来激发健忘的老思想,激活衰老的身体,这在道德上是正确的吗?该句为反问句,说明作者对此是持怀疑的态度,所以选项C正确,选项D错误。

5.单选题

In1885OwenWister(1850-1938)recordedthat“itwon’tbeacenturybeforethewestissimplythetrueAmerica,withthought,type,andlifeofitsown”andhewanted“tobethehandthatonce,forall,chronicledandlaidbarethevirtuesandtheicesofthisextraordinaryphaseofAmericansocialprogress.”Heneverbecamethatself-envisionedTolstoioftheoldWest,butin1902TheVirginianwaspublished.Itwoninstantsuccessandsky-rocketeditsauthortofame.Itisstillthemostpopular“western”noveleverpublishedandthemasterdesignforthefictionoftheWildWest.

TheVirginianestablishedaliteraryform,aformulapopularlyknownas“horseopera”,whoseconventions,cliches,andvalueshavereappearedinnovelsandshortstories,inmoviesandtelevisionserials,eversince.Theromanticcowboyistheheroandgentleman,oneofthose“goodmeninthehumblerwalksoflife”,whoseemsthroughshams,defendsjusticeandalady’shonor,shootsitoutwiththevillainandconquersevil.BecauseofTheVirginian,Wistercreatedacharacterwhoistheoriginaltypeforthewesternfolkhero.HerepresentstheembodimentofcertainAmericanideals—amanwhoisequaltoalloccasionswhoshowsindependenceofaction,amanwhokeepshiswordwhoisabroad-gaugefellowlivingamongnarrow-gaugefold”.ButtheliterarydeviceandcowboycodewhichWisterestablisheddictatedthattheheromustkilltheheadman.Thisnecessityforsanctioningmurderandromanticizingofthecowboyasagentlemanprohibited.TheVirginianandthegenreitcreatedfrombecomingseriousfiction,orevenanauthenticproductofthewesternexperience.Insteadofachievinghisambition,therefore,WistergaveusasortofAmericanfolkepic,thecowboystory.

1.OwenWisterbelieved（）.

2.Stylistically,TheVirginianisnotedforthefactthatit（）.

3.ThepopularitywhichwasaccordedTheVirginianindicatesthatWister（）.

4.Theauthorofthearticlebelievesthat（）.

问题1选项

A.thewayoflifeinthewestin1885wasapassingphase

B.thecowboyin1885symbolizedthetypicalAmericanmode

C.thewestwouldbealwaysisolatedfromtherestofthecountrybyitsmoralcode

D.noneofthese

问题2选项

A.waswrittenaccordingtoapre-establishedformula

B.establishedtheformulaknownas“horseopera”

C.followedtheliteraryconventionsoftheday.

D.abandonedAmericanconventionsinfavorofforeignones

问题3选项

A.hadwrittenanaccountofthecowboywhichappealedtoAmericanaspirations

B.gaveusanauthenticaccountofthewesternexperience

C.becametheAmericanTolstoi

D.realizedhisstatedambition

问题4选项

A.TheVirginiandidnotdeservethesuccessitwon

B.Wisterwasahack

C.WistermadeadefinitecontributiontoAmericanliterature

D.cowboystoriesshouldbeconsideredseriousfiction

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“itwon’tbeacenturybeforethewestissimplythetrueAmerica.”可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C明显错误；所以本题选D。

2.根据第二段第一句“TheVirginianestablishedaliteraryform,aformulapopularlyknownas“horseopera”,...”弗吉尼亚人建立了一种文学形式，一种被普遍称为“马戏”的模式。选项B与原文描述一致，所以正确。

3.根据第二段最后一句“Insteadofachievinghisambition,therefore,WistergaveusasortofAmericanfolkepic,thecowboystory.”Wister没有实现他的抱负，而是给我们讲述了一部美国民间史诗，牛仔的故事。这使我们对西方的经历有了真实的了解，所以选项B正确。

4.根据第一段倒数第二句“...TheVirginianwaspublished.Itwoninstantsuccessandsky-rocketeditsauthortofame.”可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C符合原文；选项D不正确，所以本题选C。

6.单选题

_____makesmendifferentfromtheotheranimalsisthattheycanthinkandspeak.

问题1选项

A.That

B.Thething

C.All

D.What

【答案】D

【解析】考查主语从句。题干中what从句是整个句子的主语，故后面的动词为is。B项all和C项thethings少了作主语的关系代词（that），在定语从句中，做主语的关系代词是不能省略的，只有作宾语的关系代词能省略，所以B，C两项错误。

7.单选题

Shehesitatedfora（）ofasecondbeforeacceptinghischallengetoagameoftennis.

问题1选项

A.fiction

B.function

C.friction

D.fraction

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。fiction小说;function功能;friction摩擦;fraction部分。afractionof意为"一小部分,零点几",为固定搭配。句意：在接受他的网球挑战之前,她犹豫了片刻。所以选项D正确。

8.单选题

Lacking（

）politicalgoals,thetwopartiesquarreled.

问题1选项

A.intricate

B.coherent

C.intrinsic

D.distinct

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项intricate“复杂的”；B选项coherent“连贯的，一致的”；C选项intrinsic“本质的，固有的”；D选项distinct“明显的，独特的”。句意：由于缺乏一致的政治目标，两党发生了争吵。选项B更符合语境。

9.单选题

Heisverymuchlookingforward（）visitingyourcountry.

问题1选项

A.by

B.with

C.to

D.at

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查固定搭配。lookingforwardto“期待，盼望”，句意：他非常期待访问贵国。因此，C选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Theyhavenotseentheiruncle（）1975.

问题1选项

A.until

B.since

C.in

D.from

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查介词用法。A选项until“直到……为止，到时”，B选项since“自……以后，从……以来”，C选项in“包含在……之内”，D选项from“从……起，从……开始”。句意：他们直到1975年才见到他们的叔叔。因此，A选项符合句意。

11.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrasts,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestomanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness

问题2选项

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive

问题3选项

A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

B.workerwhocanoperatenewequipment

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.topexecutives

问题4选项

A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

问题5选项

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermansfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement

C.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity

D.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’sHierarchy

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。A:他们会以最低的成本雇佣工人而不在乎其劳动技能,C:相比于生产设备，他们更加重视劳动力,第一段指出:Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment(劳动力不过是雇来的另一种生产要素—以尽可能低的成本租用——就像购买原材料或者设备),文章虽然说美国公司并不是很注重劳动力的技能但没说完全不考虑劳动技能,因此A不正确,C也不正确。B:他们因竞争激烈而只雇佣有技术的工人,第一段指出:Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem(如果可持续的竞争优势取决于劳动力的技能，那么美国企业将会而临麻烦)。由此可知美国企业并没有很注重劳动力的技能,因此B与原文不符。D:他们认为技能的获得是员工自己的事,由第一段中“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility(技能的获得被认为是个人的事)”可知D正确。故选D。

2.细节事实题。第二段指出:Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)(人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一项专门的工作，被划在企业等级边缘之外。坐在这个位子上的经理主管人员从来不会在主要战略性决策中被咨询，并且没有机会上升到执行总裁的位子上),因此C“他在企业的重大决策中没有发言权”正确。

3.细节事实题。第三段指出:Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees(他们投入的资金更多集中用在了专业人员和管理人员身上),故选A:技术和管理人员。

4.细节事实题。最后一段指出:IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates(例如，如果美国的工人比德国工人(他们正是这样做的)花费更多的吋间学习如何操作新型灵活的生产设备，那么这些设备的有效成本在德国就会比在美国低)以及:Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear(如果占半数的底层员工不能有效地担任必须操作的流程的职员，那么伴随这些流程的管理工作和专业工作就会消失),因此B项“工人基本技能的提升”正确。此题干扰项为D:重视占半数的底层员工,但是此选项不如B具体。因此本题选B。

5.主旨大意题。文章开头就提出:如果可持续的竞争优势取决于劳动力的技能，那么美国企业将会面临麻烦。后面主要为两部分:美国企业人力资源管理的现状；工人基本技能提升对于保持企业竞争力优势的重要意义。因此C“美国企业人力资源管理策略影响其竞争力”符合文章主旨。

12.单选题

Airpollution（

）tomanykindsofdiseases.

问题1选项

A.confirms

B.communicates

C.consumes

D.contributes

【答案】D

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。confirm“确认；确定；证实”；communicate“传达；感染；显露”；consume“消耗，消费”；contribute“贡献，捐献”。contributeto“有助于，捐献”。句意：空气污染导致各种疾病。

13.单选题

Themagicianpickedseveralpersons（

）fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelp

himwiththeperformance.

问题1选项

A.byaccident

B.onoccasion

C.onaverage

D.atrandom

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。Byaccident“偶然地”；onoccasion“有时”；onaverage“平均地”；atrandom“随意地，任意地”。句意：魔术师从观众中随便挑了几个人协助他进行表演。选项D符合题意。

14.翻译题

加拿大移民条例虽不把英籍香港华人与其他英国殖民地人民一视同仁，然加拿大比美国较为关心香港移民却是千真万确的事。1962年，加拿大方面鉴于香港难民众多，在各方呼吁下，自动提出愿意接受香港方面100个家庭单位来加。多伦多《明星报》（TorontoStar）在3月23日的社论中还讥讽其为一种姿态罢了。其实，移民局早已着手调查，寻找符合条件并愿意赴加的家庭。还有一些组织和机构，如“教会联合总会”（GeneralCounciloftheUnitedChurch）于9月开会时曾大声疾呼加拿大应该容纳香港难民10000名。11月21日第一批来自香港的家庭抵加，至年底计有62个家庭单位，合共人数139名由港抵加。11月16日，贝尔宣布调查中国移民舞弊案结束。移民局长表示那些在加华人如愿归化入籍，手续将加以简化。反对党派、舆论界、加拿大华人团体一致拥护移民局的这项宣布。

【答案】ItistruethatCanadaismoreconcernedaboutHongKongimmigrationthantheUnitedStates,althoughCanada’simmigrationlawsdonottreatBritishHongKongChineseasequalstootherBritishcolonists.In1962,inviewofthelargenumberofrefugeesinHongKong,Canadavoluntarilyofferedtoaccept100familyunitsfromHongKongundertheappealofallparties,whichhasbeensatirizedasapracticeofformalismbyTorontoStar’sEditorialonMarch23th.ButthetruthistheImmigrationAuthorityhasalreadyundertakinginvestigation,lookingforqualifiedfamilieswhoarewillingtoCanada.Otherinstitutionsandorganization,suchastheGeneralCounciloftheUnitedChurch,haveclamoredinmeetingCanadashouldaccept10000HongKongrefugeesGeneralCounciloftheUnitedChurchinSeptember.OnNovember21th,thefirstbatchoffamilyfromHongKongarrivedinCanada.Anestimated62familyunitfromHongKong,totalnumberof139followingtillthisyearend.OnNovember16,BaerannouncedtheendofChineseImmigrationFraudinvestigation.TheimmigrationministersaystheprocesswillbesimplifiedforthoseChineseinCanadawhowanttobecomenaturalized.Oppositionparties,opinionmakersandtheChineseCanadiancommunityallsupportedtheannouncement.

15.翻译题

Theintimacybetweenmanandnaturebeginswiththebirthofmanontheearthandbecomeseachcenturymoreintelligentandfar-reaching.Tonature,therefore,weturnastotheoldestaimmostinfluentialteacherofourrace,fromonepointofviewonceourtask-master,nowourservant,fromanotherpointofview,ourconstantfriendinstructorandinspirer.Theveryintimacyofthisrelationrobsitofacertainmysteryandrichnesswhichitwouldhaveforallmindsifitweretherewardofthefewinsteadbebeingtheprivilegeofthemany.Tothefewitisineveryage,fullofwonderandbeauty;tothemanyitisamatterofcourse.

【答案】从地球上出现人类开始，人与自然之间的亲密关系也随之诞生，而且不断地被发扬光大，这种关系每一世纪都比以前变得更为明智而深远。所以，我们求助于自然，并把自然视为人类的最年长和最有影响力的老师。从某一个观点来看，自然曾一度是我们的监工，现在却变为我们的奴仆。但从另一个观点来看，自然一直是我们最忠实的朋友、教导者和启发者。这种和谐紧密的关系，如果仅仅是少数人的特权，而大多数人并不能享有，那便会在人们心目中引发一种神秘和情趣。但是事实上，这种亲密关系是被天下所有的人共享的，这就使那和谐紧密的关系失去了神秘和情趣。对于少数人来说，这种关系在每个时代都充满了奇妙和美好；对于多数人来说，这种关系只是理所当然的一件事。

16.单选题

IndustrializationcametotheUnitedStateafter1790asNorthAmericanentrepreneursincreasedproductivitybyreorganizingworkandbuildingfactories.Theseinnovationsinmanufacturingboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent;theaveragepercapitawealthincreasedbynearly1percentperyear—30percentoverthecourseofageneration.Goodsthathadoncebeenluxuryitemsbecamepartofeverydaylife.

Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods,sincethe1790’s,NorthAmericanentrepreneurs—evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements—hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess.Forexample,duringthe1820’sand1830’stheshoeindustrygreatlyexpandedthescaleandextendoftheoutworksystem.Tensofthousandsofruralwomen,paidaccordingtotheamounttheyproduced,fabricatedthe“uppers”ofshoes,whichwereboundtothesolesbywage-earningjourneymenshoemakersindozensofMassachusettstown,whereaspreviouslyjourneymenwouldhavemadetheensureshoe.Thissystemofproductionmadetheemployerapowerful“shoeboss”anderodedworkers’controloverthepaceandconditionsoflabor.However,italsodramaticallyincreasedtheoutputofshoeswhilecuttingtheirprice.

Fortasksthatwerenotsuitedtotheoutworksystem,entrepreneurscreatedanevenmoreimportantneworganization,themodernfactory,whichusedpower-drivenmachinesandassembly-linetechniquestoturnout