考研考博-英语-成都工贸职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-成都工贸职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

修剪树木可能是为了确保树木有一个所要求的形状或大小。

传统上，电视一直是一种大众转播传媒。我们对电视最熟悉，因为它以一种相似的形式存在近50年了。

你可以相信，一个作家付出的努力越大，写作效果就会越好，得到的回报也就越大。

一个妇女当她扮演起多重角色的时候，她会感到更加幸福。

很明显，在一种体制下，如果每一项决定都只是根据传统习惯来做，那么，社会就会很难进步。

【答案】Thepurposeofpruningtreesistoensurethatthetreeshaveadesignedshapeorsize.

Traditionally,TVhadbeenakindofpopularbroadcastmedia.Wearemostfamiliarwithtelevision,foritisasimilarformofexistencefornearly50years.

Itisbelievedthatthemoreeffortawritermakesthebettereffecthewouldobtainandthegreaterresultshewillreceive.

Awomanwhoplaysmanyroleswouldfeelhappier.

Obviously,inasystem,ifeverydecisionmakingisbasedontraditionalhabits,thesocietywouldbeverydifficulttodevelop.

2.单选题

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappenedbetween.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic（1）,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe

（2）

oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution

（3）

up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading

（4）

throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin

（5）

.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,however,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,althoughitsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately

（6）

.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellasinstitutional,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage

（7）

increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,

（8）generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuchsmaller.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedto

describethecontextwithinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas

（9）

bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeencontroversialviewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed

（10）

“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

问题1选项

A.means

B.method

C.medium

D.measure

问题2选项

A.process

B.company

C.light

D.form

问题3选项

A.gathered

B.speeded

C.worked

D.picked

问题4选项

A.on

B.out

C.over

D.off

问题5选项

A.concept

B.dimension

C.effect

D.perspective

问题6选项

A.apparent

B.desirable

C.negative

D.plausible

问题7选项

A.ability

B.capability

C.capacity

D.faculty

问题8选项

A.bymeansof

B.intermsof

C.withregardto

D.inlinewith

问题9选项

A.regarded

B.impressed

C.influenced

D.effected

问题10选项

A.above

B.upon

C.with

D.against

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:B

第9题:C

第10题:D

【解析】（1）考查逻辑关系。mean意为“方法，手段”；method意为“方法”；medium意为“(传播信息的)媒介，手段”；measure意为“测量，度量”。由句中的newspaper可知它属于一种媒介，因此选C。

（2）考查固定搭配。intheprocessof意为“在……的过程中”；inthecompanyof意为“伴随，在……的陪同下，当着……的面”；inthelightof意为“鉴于，由于，按照”；intheformof意为“用……的形式”。空格处与“inthewakeof（紧紧跟随，随着……而来）”相对应，因此选B，表示“继小册子和图书之后，与期刊一起……”

（3）考查词组辨析。gatherup意为“概括，收集起”；speedup意为“（使）加速”；workup意为“激发(热情），鼓起（勇气)”；pickup意为“拿起，捡起”。由“thecommunicationsrevolution（通讯革命）______up,beginningwithtransport,therailway（从运输开始，铁路）...hthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures（电报、电话、收音机和电影）”可推测是对通讯革命发展的介绍，B选项最符合逻辑，表示“通讯革命的发展也加快了步伐”。

（4）考查词组辨析。leadon意为“代领……继续前进，继续引领，劝诱，哄骗”；leadout意为“出发，开始”；leadover意为“领先”；leadoff意为“起始于（某处），开始”。由句中的状语“beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading______throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane（从运输、铁路开始，……到电报、电话、收音机和电影，知道20世纪的汽车和飞机时代）”可知A选项最符合逻辑。

（5）考查固定搭配。inperspective为固定搭配，意为“正确地”。此句意为“并不是每一个人都能正确地看待这个过程”。

（6）考查形容词辨析。apparent意为“显而易见，显然的，表明的”；desirable意为“令人满意的”；negative意为“消极的，否认的”；plausible意为“(借口或解释)有道理的，可信的，花言巧语的”。although引导的是让步状语从句，由前面的“radicallychangedtheprocess（从根本上改变了这个过程）”可推测“对媒体的影响并不是很明显”，因此选A。

（7）考查名词辨析。ability意为“能力，资格”；capability意为“才能，能力”；capacity意为“容量”；faculty意为“能力，全体教员”。由“storage（储存，贮存）”可知C选项最符合逻辑。

（8）考查词组辨析。bymeansof意为“用，依靠，借助于”；intermsof意为“根据，按照，在……方面”；withregardto意为“关于”；inlinewith意为“跟……一致，符合”。由“withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuchsmaller（代与代之间的差距逐近变小）”可知此处是将计算机按照“人”的“代”来划分的，因此选B。

（9）考查动词辨析。regard意为“认为，当作”；impress意为“给……留下深刻印象”；influence意为“影响”；effect作动词时，意为“使发生，引起”，作名词时，意为“影响，结果”。由后面的“implications（可能的影响，暗指）”可推测此处指对工作等方面的影响，因此选C。

（10）考查词义辨析。此处是将““benefits”与“harmful”是对立关系，weigh表示“认真考虑，权衡”，四个选项中只有“against”含有“反对，与……相反”，因此选D。

3.单选题

Hespokeso（

）thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

问题1选项

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。bluntly“率直地，迟钝地”；convincingly“令人信服的，有说服力的”；emphatically“强调地，明显地”；determinedly“坚定地，决然地”。句意：他说的是如此有说服力，以至于他的对手都被他的论述所说服。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding-Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Whatismore,becausepeptidehormonescannotcrosstheblood-brainbarrier;researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.

Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.Furthermorethismethodcannotbeusedtodeterminethelocationinthebodywherethedetectedsubstancesareactuallyproduced.

Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.Ifbraincellsaremakingthehormones,thecellswillcontainthesemRNA’s.Iftheproductsthebraincellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecDNA’sshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.ThecellscontainingthesemRNA’scanthenbeisolatedandtheirmRNA’sdecodedtodeterminejustwhattheirproteinproductsareandhowcloselytheproductsresemblethetruepeptidehormones.

ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.Roberts,expressingthesentimentofmanyresearchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyinput.Theprocessofgrindingoutproteinpurificationsisjusttooslow.”

If,astheinitialtestswithcDNAprobessuggest,peptidehormonesreallyaremadeinthebraininareasotherthanthehypothalamus,atheorymustbedevelopedthatexplainstheirfunctioninthebrain.Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.Anumberofotherresearchersproposethattheymightbeusedforintercellularcommunicationinthebrain.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatasubstancedetectedinbrainbyuseofantiserumstopeptidehormonesmay（

）.

3.Thepassageimpliesthat,indoingresearchonratbrains,Rosendiscoveredthat

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisawayinwhichtheimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesdiffersfromthemolecularmethod?

问题1选项

A.IsMolecularBiologytheKeytoUnderstandingIntercellularCommunicationintheBrain?

B.MolecularBiology:CanResearchersExploitItsTechniquestoSynthesizePeptideHormones?

C.TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheImmunologicalApproachtoDetectingPeptideHormones.

D.PeptideHormones:HowScientistsAreAttemptingtoSolveProblemsofTheirDetection.

问题2选项

A.havebeenstoredinthebrainforalongperiodoftimeandtoUnderstandTheirFunction

B.playnoroleinthefunctioningofthebrain

C.havebeenproducedinsomepartofthebodyotherthanthebrain

D.playanimportantroleinthefunctioningofhypothalamus

问题3选项

A.peptidehormonesareusedforintercellularcommunication

B.complementaryDNA’sdonotbindtocellsproducingpeptidehormones

C.productscloselyresemblingpeptidehormonesarenotidenticaltopeptidehormone

D.somepeptidehormonesdonotfunctionasgrowthregulators

问题4选项

A.Theimmunologicalmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithproductsofhormone-producingcells,whereasthemolecularmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithaspecificcomponentofthecellsthemselves.

B.Theimmunologicalmethodhasproducedresultsconsistentwithlong-heldbeliefsaboutpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodhasproducedresultsthatupsetthesebeliefs.

C.Theimmunologicalmethodusesprobesthatcanonlybindwithpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodusesprobesthatbindwithpeptidehormonesandsubstancessimilartothem

D.Theimmunologicalmethodcanonlybeusedtotestforthepresenceofpeptidehormoneswithinthehypothalamus,whereasthemolecularmethodcanbeusedthroughoutthebrain.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。解答此类题必须找到文章主旨，文章第一段说到了之前关于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段开头就出现了转折关系词but，本文的讨论点必然是在but之后出现。第一句说到“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”因此下文不会讨论A选项中分子生物学与大脑间通讯，也不会研究B选项技术合成肽激素，也不是讨论C选项检测肽激素的优缺点，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎样去检测它的位置，因此D选项“肽激素:科学家如何试图解决他们的检测问题”符合文意。

2.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章第二段首句“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”说明这些物质是在下丘脑以外的地方结合形成的，因此C选项“是在身体的其他部位产生的，而不是大脑”符合题意。

3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“ratbrains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.有些人认为这些激素都是生长调节剂，但Rosen对老鼠大脑的研究表明这不是真的。”Rosen的研究表明这些激素并不是生长调节剂，因此D选项“有些肽激素没有生长调节剂的功能”符合题意。

4.判断推理题。题干中提到了两个检测肽激素的方式对比，文章第二段详细说明了第一种方法“Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.然而，用抗血清来测定肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的，可能产生交叉反应。而且这种方法不能确定抗血清检测到的物质是否真的是激素，有可能仅仅是近亲。”免疫学的方法是用能和产生激素的细胞的产物发生反应的物质检测。第二个方法的描述出现在第三段中“Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.然而，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了答案。科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(CDNA’s)，以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。”此处说的“问题”就是第一种方法中说到的“近亲”问题，分子生物学的新技术可以用能和细胞本身的某个特定成分发生反应的物质来检测。因此A选项“免疫学方法使用与产生激素的细胞产生反应的物质，而分子方法使用与细胞自身特定成分发生反应的物质”符合文意。

5.单选题

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.

问题1选项

A.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

B.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-rays

C.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

问题2选项

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.offersimmediateprofit

C.drivesoutbasicresearch

D.solvespracticalproblems

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。

1.首尾段核心句

首段第一句提出问题：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（为什么基金会集中支持基础研究而不是应用研究？），具体介绍基础研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有吸引力，因为可以直接看到和享受成果。），具体讲述应用研究。这篇文章分别介绍了这两种研究并且进行对比，由此推断本文的主旨是“基础研究与应用研究”。因此D选项正确。

2.分析文章的行文结构

本文的行文逻辑是“A—B”，分别讲述基础研究和应用研究，因此D选项正确。

排除干扰项

A选项“基础研究的重要性”：基础研究仅仅是第一段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。

B选项“对X射线的不了解”：关键词X-rays对应第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，这个例子用来支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往无法预料基础研究的实际应用），不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。

C选项“应用研究的吸引力”：这里只总结了第二段，也属于以偏概全。

2.事实细节题。

精确定位

根据题干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇开用于工业研究的资金不谈——工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速带来利益），可知工业界因为应用研究带来的好处而关注它，B选项“立刻带来利益”正确。

排除干扰项

A选项“帮助更好地理解”：根据第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基础研究的目标是为了理解而理解。），可知这指的是基础研究而不是应用研究，属于张冠李戴。

C选项“排斥基础研究”：根据第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，应用研究往往会排斥基础研究。），这里指出的是基础研究和应用研究的关系，没有解释题干的原因，属于偷换概念。

D选项“解决实际问题”：根据第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有直接的吸引力），这里讲的是应用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人员的原因，并不等工业界喜欢应用研究的原因，属于偷换概念。

6.单选题

Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."

By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.

TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus,ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.

Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe'"collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The'"preparers"aides"(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasbythe"preparers."

Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.BytheseventhcenturyB.C.theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.

Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.

Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens,suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.Andthoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.

Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthistrial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhumanbiochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.

1.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordphannakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto（）

.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theseventh-centuryGreeks'viewofmedicinedifferedfromthatoftheSumeriansinthattheGreeks（）.

3.InParagraph5,theword"holistic"mostnearlymeans（）

.

4.Thepassageindicatesthatadvancesinmedicalscienceduringthemoderneraofpharmacologymayhavebeendelayedby（）

.

5.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingobservationsaboutscientificdiscovery?

问题1选项

A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience

B.pointoutthatmanofthebeliefsofancientcivilizationsarestillheldtoday

C.illustratethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryfromillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansing

D.emphasizetheprimitivenatureofGreekmedicalscience

问题2选项

A.discoveredmoreadvancedchemicalapplicationsofdrugs

B.acknowledgedboththementalandphysicalrootsofillness

C.establishedarigidhierarchyforthepreparationofdrugs

D.attributeddiseasetopsychological,ratherthanphysical,causes

问题3选项

A.integrated

B.religious

C.modern

D.physiological

问题4选项

A.alackofunderstandingofheoriginsofdisease

B.ashortageofchemicaltreatmentsfordisease

C.aninaccuracyinpharmaceuticalpreparation

D.anoveremphasisonthepsychologicalcausesofdisease

问题5选项

A.Humanbiochemistryissuchacomplexsciencethatimportantdiscoveriesareuncommon.

B.Manycuresforcommondiseaseshaveyettobediscovered.

C.Trialanderroristhebestavenuetoscientificdiscovery.

D.Chanceeventshaveledtothediscoveryofmanymoderndrugs.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:根据第一段“Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."可知，作者引用希腊词phannakon的字面意思是为了强调希腊医学的原始性质。选项D符合原文。

第2题:根据关键词“seventhcentury”定位到第六段的第一、二句“Bytheseventhponentsinvolved.”选项B符合原文。

第3题:试题分析：第五段中说到公元前七世纪的希腊人认为，医生对于疾病必须要从科学框架内的身体病因与超自然因素等方面去考虑，也就是比较全面的方法。所以A选项正确。

第4题:根据第七段“Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens”可知，选项A符合原文。

第5题:根据最后一段的最后一句“...despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.”，尽管医学取得了巨大的进步，许多最新添加到药柜货架上的现代药物都是偶然发现的。选项D符合原文。

7.单选题

Iwouldpreferthatwe（

）itsomeotherway.

问题1选项

A.do

B.did

C.willdo

D.havedone

【答案】B

【解析】句意:我宁愿我们用其它方式。

语法题。考查虚拟语气。Wouldprefer+that从句时,从句应用虚拟语气,即谓语动词do用一般过去式did。

8.单选题

Behindthe[A]aluminum’sversatility[B]liespropertiessodiversethat[C]theyalmostseemtobelongtoseveraldifferent[D]metals.

问题1选项

A.aluminum’s

B.lies

C.they

D.metals

【答案】B

【解析】【答案】B

【考查点】主谓一致。

【解题思路】该句是介词短语做状语置于句首引起句子倒装。主语为properties，谓语动词要用复数，因此，应将B选项改为lie。

【句意】在铝的多功能性背后，是各种各样的特性，它们几乎像是属于几种不同的金属。

9.单选题

Thebookshiftedheroutlookfromsocialtospiritual,foritsthemewasthatbeforeyouchangeotherpeopleyouhavetochangeyourself.

问题1选项

A.viewpoint

B.vocation

C.prospect

D.preference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这本书将她的……从社会转向精神方面，因为它的主题是在改变他人之前，你必须先改变自己。viewpoint“观点，视角”；vocation“职业”；prospect“前景，期望”；preference“偏爱，倾向”。根据“fromsocialtospiritual”可推测划线单词的意思是“观点”，因此选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Aresomepeoplebornclever,andothersbornstupid?Orisintelligencedevelopedbyourenvironmentandourexperience?Strangelyenough,theanswertothesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountofeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthelimitsofperson'sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldbymostexperts,canbesupportedinanumberofways.

Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeople,theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfrompopulation,itislikelythattheirdegreeofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.If,ontheotherhand,wetaketwoidenticaltwins,theywillverylikelybeasintelligentaseachother.Relationslikebrothersandsisters,parentsandchildren,usuallyhavesimilarintelligence,andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependsonbirth.

Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemightsendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.Weshouldsoonfinddifferenceinintelligencedeveloping,andthisindicatesthatenvironmentaswellasbirthplaysapart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggestedbythefactthatpeoplewholiveinclosecontactwitheachother,butwhoarenotrelatedatallarelikelytohavesimilardegreeofintelligence.

1.Thewriterisinfavoroftheviewthataman'sintelligenceisgiventohim（

）.

2.Ifachildisbornwithlowintelligence,hecan

（

）.

3.Inthesecondparagraph“ifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfrompopulation”meansifwe

（

）.

4.Theexampleofthetwinsgoingtoauniversityandtoafactoryseparatelyshows

（

）.

5.Thebesttitleofthispassagecouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.atbirth

B.througheducation

C.bothatbirthandthrougheducation

D.neitheratbirthnorthrougheducation

问题2选项

A.becomeagenius

B.stillbecomeageniusifheisgivenspecialeducation

C.reachhisintellectuallimitsinrichsurroundings

D.notbecomeintelligentinhislife

问题3选项

A.pickanytwopeople

B.takeouttwodifferentpeople

C.choosetwopeoplewhoarerelatives

D.choosetwopeoplewithdifferentintelligence

问题4选项

A.theimportanceoftheirintelligence

B.theroleofenvironmentonintelligence

C.theimportanceoftheirpositions

D.thepartthatbirthplays

问题5选项

A.surroundings

B.intelligence

C.thedependenceonenvironment

D.theeffectofeducation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出:Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth…(在一定程度上，我们的智力水平是先天决定的…),Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings(另一方面，一个生活在单调乏味环境中的孩子比一个生活在丰富多彩的环境中的孩子有更少的智力发展),由此可知C项“先天条件和后天教育共同决定了一个人的智力水平”符合作者观点。

2.细节事实题。A:成为天才,B:如果接受特殊教育，还是能够成为天才的,由第一段中的“Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountofeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence(在一定程度上,我们的智力水平是先天决定的。没有什么样的教育能够让一个天生智力水平低下的孩子变成一个天才)”可知A和B错误。C:可以在丰富多彩的环境中达到其智力的上限,D:在他的一生中都不能变聪明,由第一段中的“Thusthelimitsofperson'sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment(因此，每个人的智力的上限是先天决定的