考研考博-英语-山西医科大学考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西医科大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

A（）,hewasprobablyoneofthemostrealisticwritersofhisday.

问题1选项

A.self-confessingromantic

B.self-confessedromance

C.self-confessingromance

D.self-confessedromantic

【答案】D

【解析】考查词性辨析。self-confessing无此用法，排除A和C选项；self-confessed“自认为的”。根据后半句可知选项的重心是描述一个人，因此选择romantic“浪漫的人”，而romance“传奇，浪漫史，冒险故事”不符合句意。因此D选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould（）hisownplanforimproving

thelivingconditionsofthesepeople.

问题1选项

A.puton

B.putout

C.putin

D.putforward

【答案】D

【解析】短语辨析。句意：如果这里有人不同意我的意见，他应该提出自己的计划来改善这些人的生活条件。

3.单选题

Inhisspeech,thepresidentemphasizedthatthechallengetoman’sfuturecanneverbemetbymaking______adjustmentshereandthere.

问题1选项

A.adventurous

B.assiduous

C.marginal

D.moderate

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项adventurous“爱冒险的，大胆的，充满危险的”，B项assiduous“刻苦的，勤勉的”，C项marginal“微不足道的，不重要的，边缘的”，D项moderate“稳健的，温和的，适度的”。根据句子意思“在他的演讲中，总统强调，人类未来的挑战永远不能通过到处的……调整来应对”可知，四个选项中只有marginal符合语境。句意：总统在演讲中强调，人类未来所面临的挑战不可能通过到处的微小调整来应对。因此，该题选择C项正确。

4.问答题

ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotheriskofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercarsorlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11,000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)of0.1percentorhigher.Fortheaverageadult,overfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Athirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,demonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriverswithBAC'sof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichintoxicationplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofacountry'spopulation,ithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalizedbythisapproach.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimates,however,thatevenwithincreasedarrests,thereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsserveasdeterrentstodrinkingwhileintoxicated.InBritain,motorvehiclefatalitiesfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationoftheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnottobestopped,theeffectivenessdeclined,althoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthefatalityrateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct.

【答案】IntheUnitedStates,peopletakeaveryhighriskofmotorvehicleaccidentcasualties.Almostone-halfdeadlyaccidentscausedbyexcessivedrinking.Andonethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,reached0.1%orhigher.Althoughonlyfewoftheminvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Therearemanydifferentwaystoreducetheinjuriesofintoxication.Someonesuggestsraisingtaxesonalcohol.Theheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalized.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.However,thelawhardlythreatendrinkingwhileintoxicated.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.Evenso,withincreasedarrests,therearestillabout700violationsforeveryarrest.

5.单选题

Histestimonyisofno____tothecase.

问题1选项

A.relevance

B.relation

C.substance

D.connection

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.relevance相关性B.relation关系

C.substance根据D.connection关联

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析

【解题思路】原句句意为“他的证词与此案没有____”，根据选项推测，原句想表达的是“没有关系；不相关”，即他的证词与这个案件不相关，对这个案件没有帮助，A选项relevance“相关性”，最符合要求。某物与某一情境的相关性（relevance）是指它对该情境的重要性或意义。

【干扰项排除】

B选项relation“关系”，侧重于指两者之间的关系，比如艺术与生活之间的关系；

C选项substance“根据”，不符合原句语义衔接；

D选项connection“关联”，与relation相似，侧重于指两者之间的关系。

【句意】他的证词与此案并不相关。

6.单选题

TherehavebeenmanyupsanddownsforAirCanada,butthecompanycontinuestocontrolthemajorityofthedomesticmarket.Theunderlinedpartmeans（）.

问题1选项

A.strengthsandweaknesses

B.fortunesandmisfortunes

C.assetsandliabilities

D.boltsandnuts

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项strengthsandweaknesses“优势与劣势”；B选项fortunesandmisfortunes“机遇与不幸”；C选项assetsandliabilities“资产与负债”；D选项boltsandnuts“螺栓与螺帽，指基本的但很重要的组成部分”。upsanddowns意为“起起伏伏、盛衰、浮沉”，B选项fortunesandmisfortunes“机遇与不幸”与其最接近，因此B选项正确。句意：虽然加拿大航空公司经历了许多起起落落，但该公司仍然控制着大部分的国内市场。

7.单选题

Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Ittendstodwellupontheirjoyousexperiences.

B.Ithastroubleconcentratingafterabraininjury.

C.Itwandersforalmosthalfoftheirwakingtime.

D.Ittendstobeaffectedbytheirnegativefeelings.

问题2选项

A.Tostudytherelationbetweenhealthanddaydreaming.

B.Toseewhydaydreamingimpactswhatoneisdoing.

C.Toobservehowone’smindaffectsone’sbehavior.

D.Tofindhowhappinessrelatestodaydreaming.

问题3选项

A.Itcontributestotheircreativity.

B.Itcontributestoclearthinking.

C.Ithelpsthemtaptheirpotentials.

D.Ithelpsthemmakegooddecisions.

问题4选项

A.Daydreamersdidbetterthannon-daydreamersintaskperformance.

B.Non-daydreamersweremorefocusedontheirtasksthandaydreamers.

C.Thedifferenceinperformancebetweenthetwogroupswasinsignificant.

D.Subjectswithcleargoalsinmindoutperformedthosewithoutcleargoals.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

【解析】PassageTwo

In2014,onein16Americansvisitedthehospitalemergencyroomforhomeinjuries.Oneofthemaincausesoftheseaccidents?Awanderingmind![12]Byoneestimate,peopledaydreamthroughnearlyhalfoftheirwakinghours.

Psychologistshaverecentlyfocusedonthetendencytothinkaboutsomethingotherthanthetaskoneisdoing.[13]Foroneexperiment,researchersdevelopedanapptoanalyzetherelationshipbetweendaydreamingandhappiness.Theyfoundthattheaverageperson’smindwanderedmostfrequently(about65%ofthetime)duringpersonalactivities,suchasbrushingtheirteethandcombingtheirhair.Respondents’mindstendedtowandermorewhentheyfeltupsetratherthanhappy.Theyweremorelikelytowandertowardpleasanttopicsthanunpleasantones.

Howdodaydreamsaffectdaydreamers?Awanderingmindleavesusvulnerablewhendriving.Inonestudy,researchersinterview955peopleinvolvedintrafficaccidents.Themajorityofthemreportedhavingdaydreamjustbeforetheaccident.Yetotherresearchsuggeststhatdaydreaminghasbenefits.Researchershavefoundthatitgivesusachancetothinkaboutourgoalsand[14]italsoseemstoincreasecreativity.Inoneexperiment,145undergraduatescompletedfour“unusualuses”tasks,eachrequiringthemtolistasmanyusesaspossibleforeverydayobject.Afterthefirstpairoftaskswascompleted,onegroupofparticipantswasassignedanundemandingactivityintendedtocausetheirmindstowander.Whenalltheparticipantsproceededtothesecondpairoftasks,[15]thedaydreamersperformed40percentbetterthantheothers.

12.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutpeople’smind?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问的是这篇文章提到的关于人的思想的信息。录音开头提到：据估计，人们几乎一半的清醒时间都在幻想（peopledaydreamthroughnearlyhalfoftheirwakinghours），C选项“醒着的时候，几乎有一半的时间都在走神”与之表述一致，因此正确。干扰项是A选项“倾向于沉湎于他们快乐的经历”，录音中提到的是他们更倾向于谈论愉快的话题（pleasanttopics），因此A选项不正确；B选项“大脑受伤后很难集中注意力”和D选项“容易受到负面情绪的影响”在录音中均未提及。

13.Forwhatpurposedidtheresearchersdevelopthenewapp?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问研究人员开发这款新软件的目的是什么？录音提到，在一项实验中，研究人员开发了一款应用程序来分析幻想和幸福之间的关系（analyzetherelationshipbetweendaydreamingandhappiness），D选项“找出幸福是如何与幻想关联的”是此信息的同义表述，因此正确。A选项“健康与幻想的关系”；B选项“看看为什么幻想会影响一个人的行为”；C选项“观察一个人的思想如何影响他的行为”均不正确。

14.Howdoesdaydreamingbenefitpeopleaccordingtosomeresearchers?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问根据一些研究者的说法，幻想是怎样使人受益的？录音中也提到了幻想的好处：研究发现，它给了我们思考目标的机会，而且似乎还能提高创造力（increasecreativity），A选项中的contributesto是录音中increase的同义替换，因此A选项正确；B选项“有助于清晰思考”；C选项“帮助他们挖掘潜力”；D选项“有助于他们做出正确的决定”均不正确。

15.Whatwasthefindingoftheexperimentwith145undergraduates?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问那个有145名本科生参加的实验发现了什么？录音最后提到，当所有参与者进行第二组任务时，“幻想者”的表现比其他人好40%（thedaydreamersperformed40percentbetterthantheothers），由此可知，A选项“幻想者在做任务时的表现优于非幻想者”与之表述一致，因此正确。由上也可排除B选项“非幻想者比幻想者更专注于自己的任务”和C选项“两组之间的表现差异不明显”；而D选项“有明确目标的受试者的表现优于没有明确目标的受试者”在录音中并没有提及明确目标这一信息，因此错误。

8.单选题

Aircraftandrocketcanbeusedtocollectradioactivedebris,whilehigh-altitudesatellitescarrydetectorsforgammaraysandotheremissions.

问题1选项

A.diffusion

B.remains

C.glitter

D.transfer

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。debris表示“碎片，残骸”。A项diffusion“扩散，传播”，B项remain“遗留，残骸”，C项glitter“闪光，灿烂”，D项transfer“转移”。句意：飞机和火箭可以用来收集放射性碎片，而高空卫星携带探测伽马射线和其他辐射的探测器。根据句意，该题选B正确。

9.单选题

Davos2013isshapinguptobetheyearwhentheforum'sbankparticipantstrytofadeintothebackgroundandfinallyputthefinancialcrisisbehindthem.Publicpanelsincludeonlytwoorthreedevotedtofinancialservices.Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.Improvingeurozonesentimentandaslowlybrighteningmoodamongbanks'corporateclientsishearteningforbankers.Allthesamenoonecanletgoofthetopicthathasmostvexedthemforyears:ever-increasingregulation.

Onthecoreeurozonediscussion,thetoneisofcautiousoptimism.“Thesystemisslowlycomingbacktolife,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss,pointingtosteadysignsofeurozonerecovery,mostrecentlyevidentinthisweek’sSpanishsovereigndebtauction.“There’sdefinitelyachangeoftone,”addedtheboardmemberofaUSbank.“Ourclientsaredefinitelymoreupbeat.”Aroundthataveragesentimentviewsrangedwidely,stretchingfromthecomplacenttothedoomladen.“It’shardtoseewhatcouldgowrong,”saidoneinvestmentbankboss.ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn."We’reJivingabetterlifenowattheexpenseoffuturegenerations,”Mr.Webersaid.

AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:“Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening."Hewarnedthat,withoutaharmonizedrulebook,thedangersintheglobalbankingsystemwouldincrease.Hecontrastedthe“Alpine”capitalrequirementsinSwitzerlandwiththediversestructuralreformsunderwayintheUS,theUKandpotentiallytheEU.

Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated,criticssaid.OnechiefexecutiveofalargeUSfinancialgroupsaidtheregulatorysituationwas"reallyhorrific"."Ifyoutakeanicebusinessliketheinsurancebusiness,"thechiefexecutivesaid."Here'sanindustrythatwentthroughthecrisisandhadalmostnoproblems.They'veputinawholenewregulatoryregimetomakesuretheycan'tmakemoney.It'sastonishing."Anotherbankbosssaidprivatelyhewas"extremelyworried"abouttheinabilityofEuropeaninsurancecompaniestofinancebanks,undertheprospectiveSolvencyIIrules.TidjaneThiam,chiefexecutiveofUKinsurerPrudential,said:"Thereisalackofjoined-upthinking.TheinsuranceindustryistraditionallythebiggestinvestorinthebankingindustrybutSolvencyIIsayswecan'tinvestinbanks."

Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.PaulSinger,headofElliottCapitalManagement,slammedbanksfor"completelyopaque’’disclosuresthatmadeitimpossibletoknowwhethertheywere“riskyorsound”.Mostperniciousofallamongtheregulatoryinitiativeswasthecontinuing-andarguablyworsening-senseofuncertaintyoverwhatregulatorsandpoliticianshaveinmindnext,particularlyinEurope.

1.HowwouldyoucharacterizetheatmosphereatDavosforums2013?

2.AxelWeberwouldmostprobablyarguethat（

）.

3.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Theregulatorysituationisinabadshapeinthat（

）.

5."Completelyopaquedisclosures”inthelastparagraphreferstothefactthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Transitional.

B.Proactive.

C.Frictional.

D.Sanguine.

问题2选项

A.futuregenerationswillhavetopayforthelifewelivetoday

B.wearelivingabetterlifethanfuturegenerations

C.centralbankswillcomebackwithsolutionstothefinancialproblems

D.measurestakensofarhavenotbeeneffectiveenough

问题3选项

A.thereisalackofconsensusamongbankerswithregardtowhoshouldbeheldresponsibleforthefinancialcrisis

B.bankparticipantsatrecentDavosforumsbelievethattheyneedmoreprivatediscussionsofthefinancialissuesthanpublicones

C.problemswouldcomebacktohaunttheworldfinancialsectorwithoutaunifiedregulatoryregime

D.expertsarguethatabookshouldbewrittenandpublishedthatdiscussesthevariousstructuralreformsbeingundertaken

问题4选项

A.comprehensivestudyofthefinancialsectorisabsent

B.aregulatoryframeworkisabsent

C.financialsectorregulationlacksfocus

D.banksandinsurancecompanieshaveconflictinginterests

问题5选项

A.banksfailtodiscovertherealcausesofthecrisis

B.banksfailtounveiltheirfinancialconditions

C.banksdonothavesufficientinformationonthemarket

D.banksdonotfullyoperatewiththecompanies

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Atthemoreproductiveprivatemeetingsatthefringes,bankerssaydiscussionismoreupbeatthanithas-beensincethecrisisbeganhalfadecadeago.”，可知银行家们表示，在会议间隙更富有成效的私人交谈上，讨论的气氛比5年前危机爆发以来的任何时候都要乐观。可推断出2013年达沃斯论坛的气氛是乐观的。选项D符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“ThatwasinstarkcontrastwithawarningfromAxelWeber,chairmanofUBSandformerpresidentofGermany’sBundesbank,whosaidthatpatchworkfixesbycentralbankswerejustdisguisingproblemsthatwillreturn.”，可知AxelWeber对于金融业的问题提出了警告，并且表示各国央行的零零碎碎的修补措施只是在掩盖将会重现的问题。所以他认为目前采取的措施还不够有效。选项D符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段开头，“AsatrecentDavosforums,theregulatoryagendahasprovidedafocus.Bankersthisyearhavebemoanedthebreakdowninaninternationalregulatoryframework.Mr.Webersaid:‘Youneedaglobalstandard.Butthisisnothappening.’”，可知监管议程成为了关注的焦点，银行家们纷纷哀叹监管框架的崩溃，Weber表示全球是需要一个统一标准的，担这个标准还没出现。可推断出如果没有一个统一的监管体制，问题将再次困扰全球金融业。选项C符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Worsestillwasthefailureofpolicymakerstolookacrossthefinancialservicesindustryandjoinupthethinkingonhowbanksandinsurersshouldberegulated.”，可知更糟糕的是，政策制定者未能放眼整个金融服务业，并就如何监管银行和保险公司的联合监管开展思考。根据文段“…theregulatorysituationwas‘reallyhorrific’”，可知最终的结果为监管形势真的很糟糕。所以监管形式糟糕的原因在于对整个金融业的监管缺乏重心和重点。选项C符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Frictionwasalsoevidentbetweeninvestorsandcompanies,particularlyfinancialgroups.”，可知投资者和企业之间的摩擦很明显，尤其是一些金融集团。下文用ElliottCapitalManagement作为例子进行进一步的说明，可知埃利奥特资本管理公司对银行不透明的信息披露表示不满，导致投资者难以判断处境是危险的还是安全的，可见银行并没有给投资者带来有效的信息以及相应的合作和帮助。所以这里的“Completelyopaquedisclosures”就是指银行并没有完全和企业合作。

10.单选题

Didyounoticeherpaleface?Ithinkshewasnotquite（

）atthepartyyesterday.

问题1选项

A.her

B.she

C.herself

D.itself

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。benotoneself“表示身体不舒服”。句意：你注意到她苍白的脸没？我觉得在昨天的聚会上，她不太舒服。C项符合题意。

11.单选题

Thefactis,doctor.Ijustcannot（）thisdreadfulcough.

问题1选项

A.getoutof

B.getridof

C.getdownto

D.getroundto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组词义辨析。A选项getoutof“逃避；避免”；B选项getridof“摆脱，除去”；C选项getdownto“开始认真考虑；着手处理”；D选项getroundto“抽出时间来做；开始考虑”。句意：事实是，医生。我就是不能……这可怕的咳嗽。根据句意，可知是不能摆脱可怕的咳嗽。因此答案为B选项。

12.单选题

ThedoorclosedbehindTweedashescannedthehandsomely（）doubleroomwhichoverlookedAlbemarleStreet.

问题1选项

A.furnished

B.finished

C.supplies

D.provided

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语辨析。A选项furnished“有家具的”，B选项finished“完成的；结束的”，C选项supplied“有……提供的”，D选项provided“假如；倘若”，然后带入原文的句意得出句子应该是想形容这个房间“装饰的很好”，因此A选项符合题意。句意为：门在特威德身后关上了，他扫视着俯瞰阿尔伯马尔街的那间陈设华丽的双人房。

13.单选题

Hardly（）openedtheletter（）rushedoutofthehouse,wildwithjoy.

问题1选项

A.didhe,whenhe

B.hadhe,whenhe

C.hadhe,didhe

D.didhe,hewhen

【答案】B

【解析】考查部分倒装。当Hardly在句首时，为固定的倒装，且和when搭配，为Hardly…when…，可排除C选项。空格后open是实义动词且已经是ed形式，证明之前不能使用did（使用did，open要相对应的使用原型），排除A,D选项，句意：他一打开信，就欣喜若狂地冲出了房子。因此B选项正确。

14.写作题

Therearealotofchoicesyouhavetomakeinyourlifeandsomeeventsorchangesthathaveoccurredbecauseofthem.Inthefollowingyouarerequestedtowriteacompositionaboutoneofthechoicesyouhavemade.Describehowyourlifechangedbecauseofthechoiceandthendescribehowitmighthavebeenormightbeifyouhavedonethingsdifferently.Youressayshouldbeabout400words.ThesuggestedtitleisATurningPointinMyLife.

Inthefirstpartofyourwritingyoushouldstateclearlyyourmainidea,andinthesecondpartyoushouldsupportthemainideawithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpartyoushouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.

Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.

【答案】【略】

15.单选题

Astablesocietyisadelicatebalanceofforces,a（）ofequilibriuminwhichthevariableshavebeenbroughtintotemporarybalance.Toalteronefactoristosetinmotionaseriesofchangesandreadjustmentsthatdependuponalterationsallalongtheline.

问题1选项

A.saturation

B.continuum

C.continuation

D.meltingpoint

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配辨析。A选项saturation“饱和”；B选项continuum“连续体”；C选项continuation“继续”；D选项meltingpoint“熔点”。根据题干内容，acontinuumof连续的，为固定搭配，因此B选项正确。句意：社会稳定源于各种力量的微妙平衡。在这种……的平衡中，可变因素已经得到了暂时的平衡。改变一个因素便会发生一系列改变和调整。因此B选项正确。

16.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish

由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称容易滋生误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确有浓厚的趣味。

【答案】Fromprimarytosecondaryschool,whatwelearnisnothingmorethansomebasicknowledge.Evenduringthefouryearsofuniversity,thecoursesarestillquitesuperficial.Auniversityhasoftenbeenmisleadinglyregardedasthehighestseatoflearning,asiftherewerenothingmoretolearnbeyondit.Theresearchinstituteofauniversityistheplaceforthepreliminarystudyofknowledge,andthestudyhereisonlyaroughone,focusingontheresearchmethodandpractice.Learningisanendlessprocess,andone’slifeistooshort.Thatiswhysomeancientpeoplecontinuedtostudyevenwhentheywerehoary-headed.Theyweremotivatedbyanenormousinterestintheirstudies.

17.单选题

Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedglaciers,scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperaturechangeoverthepast160,000years.Inparticular,determinationofatmosphericcompositionduringperiodsofglacialexpansionandretreat(coolingandwarming)ispossibleusingdatafromthe2,000-meterVostokicecoredrilledinAntarctica.Thetechniqueinvolvedissimilartothatusedinanalyzingcoresofmarinesediments,wheretheratioofthetwocommonisotopesofoxygen,180and160,accuratelyreflectspasttemperaturechanges.IsotopicanalysisofoxygenintheVostokcoresuggestsmainglobaltemperaturefluctuationsofupto10degreescentigradeoverthepast160,000years.DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausedthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.ThecorrelationbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturethroughouttheVostokrecordisconsistentandpredictable.Theabsolutetemperaturechanges,however,arefrom5to14timesgreaterthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofcarbondioxide’sownabilitytoabsorbinfraredradiation,orradiantheat.Thisreactionsuggeststhat,quiteasidefromchangesinheat-trappinggases,commonlyknownasgreenhousegases,certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange.Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea,clouds,orwatervapor,whichalsoabsorbradiantheat.OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.Themethaneconcentrationnearlydoubled,forexample,betweenthepeakofthepenultimateglacialperiodandthefollwinginterglacialperiod.Withinthepresentinterglacialperiodithasmorethandoubledinjustthepast300yearsandisrisingrapidly.Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.Onthebasisofasimulationmodelthatclimatologicalresearchershavedeveloped,methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.

50.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmethane?

51.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature?

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalong-termdecreaseintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmospherewould______.

53.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhenthemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmospheredecreases,whichofthefollowingalsohappens?

问题1选项

A.Methaneismoreeffectivethancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.

B.Thelessthemethaneconcentration,themorethecloudsformedintheEarth’satmosphere.

C.ThehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphere;thelowertheconcentrationofmethane.

D.Mostoftheglobalwarmingthathasoccurredduringthepast10yearshasbeenassociatedwithincreasedmethaneconcentration.

问题2选项

A.Carbondioxidelevelschangeimmediatelyinresponsetochangesintemperature.

B.Carbondioxidelevelscorrelatewithglobaltemperatureduringcoolingperiodsonly.

C.Oncecarbondioxidelevelsincrease,theyremainhighregardlessofchangesinglobaltemperature.

D.Duringcoolingperiods,carbondioxidelevelsinitiallyremainhighandthendecline.

问题3选项

A.increasemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmosphere

B.accompanyaperiodofglaciation

C.encouragetheformationofmoreoxygenisotopesintheEarth’satmosphere

D.promotetheformationofmorewaterintheEarth’sglobalenvironment

问题4选项

A.Glaciersmeltfaster.

B.Theconcentrationofcarbondioxideincreases.

C.Theglobaltemperaturedecreases.

D.Carbondioxideabsorbsmoreradiantheat.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】50.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“这篇文章提供了信息来支持下面关于甲烷的哪个陈述？”。根据倒数第二句Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.（尽管大气中甲烷浓度的数量级，比二氧化碳低两个量级还多，但不能忽略：单个分子比较来看，甲烷的辐射特性，导致它吸收辐射热的效率是二氧化碳的20倍。）可知，A项“甲烷在吸收辐射热方面比二氧化碳更有效”正确；B项“甲烷浓度越少，地球大气中形成的云就越多”、C项“地球大气中二氧化碳的浓度越高，甲烷的浓度越低”和D项“过去10年发生的大部分全球变暖都与甲烷浓度增加有关”都没有提到。因此，该题选择A项正确。

51.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，下面哪个陈述最好地描述了二氧化碳和全球温度之间的关系？”。根据文中的DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（Vostok岩心的数据还表明，同一时期二氧化碳的含量随温度波动：温度越高，二氧化碳浓度越高，温度越低，二氧化碳浓度越低。尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）可知，在冷却期间，二氧化碳的水平先是保持之前的高水平，随后下降，D项“在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平最初保持在高位，然后下降”正确；A项“二氧化碳水平会随着温度的变化而立即变化”错误，在冷却时期二氧化碳水平明显滞后于温度；B项“只有在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平才与全球温度相关”和C项“一旦二氧化碳水平增加，无论全球温度如何变化，它们都保持高水平”均不符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。

52.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章中可以推断出，地球大气中二氧化碳浓度的长期下降将会……”。根据Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）来推断，在冰消时期，二氧化碳的含量变化是紧跟冰消时期的温度变化而变化，冰消时期温度是升高的，所以二氧化碳含量会增高；而在冷却时期，即冰川时期，温度下降二氧化碳含量也会下降，只是滞后于温度的变化；由此可以推断，如果二氧化碳的含量长期下降，温度肯定是比二氧化碳的含量下降的更明显，所以将会伴随着冰川时期，故B项“伴随冰川时期”正确；根据最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡献。）可知，甲烷和二氧化碳一样，二氧化碳浓度的长期下降，甲烷可能也会下降，A项“增加地球大气中的甲烷浓度”错误；文中并没有阐述氧同位素和温度的关系，C项“鼓励地球大气中更多氧同位素的形成”错误；文中没有提到二氧化碳的含量和水有直接关系，D项“促进地球环境中更多水的形成”不选。因此，该题选择B项正确。

53.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章指出，当地球大气中的甲烷浓度降低时，下列哪一种情况也会发生？”。根据文中的OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.（Vostok核的其他数据显示，甲烷气体也与温度和二氧化碳密切相关。），以及最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡