考研考博-英语-景德镇陶瓷大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-景德镇陶瓷大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Peoplearefascinatedtoseethatthemagicianmadeabigandtalldeer（）inaflash.

问题1选项

A.fade

B.shout

C.yield

D.vanish

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。A选项fade“消失”，侧重逐渐消失。例句：Somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.（有人说，一旦这种新鲜感消失，电影院就会消失。）；B选项shout“呼喊；大声说”；C选项yield“屈服，放弃”；D选项vanish“使不见，使消失”，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。例句：Hevanishedwithouttrace.（他消失得无影无踪。）。句意：看到魔术师使一只又大又高的鹿瞬间消失，人们都被迷住了。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish

世界上大多数城市，都在没有任何为城市发展拟定的合理计划下发展起来。现在越来越多的市政府已认识到控制和指导发展的必要。现在已有条例明确规定城市各区所能容许的建筑类型、土地使用和人口密度。设计部门所处理的事项包括未来的饮水供应、污水处理、电力、通讯和运输设备等。

【答案】Mostcitiesintheworldhavedevelopedwithoutanyreasonableplanforurbanconstructions.Theincreasingnumberofmunicipalgovernmentshaverealizedthatitisnecessarytocontrolandguidethedevelopmentofcities.Nowtherearespecificregulationsaboutthetypesofbuildings,theuseoflandandthedensityofthepopulationwhichwasallowedbyeachdistrictofthecity.Thedesigndepartmentdealswithissuessuchasfuturewatersupply,sewagetreatment,electricity,communicationsandtransportationequipment.

3.单选题

______divorceourselvesfromthemassesofthepeople.

问题1选项

A.Innotimeweshould

B.Innotimeshouldwe

C.Atnotimeweshould

D.Atnotimeshouldwe

【答案】D

【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。句意：在任何时候我们都不应该脱离人民群众。innotime“立刻”，atnotime“绝不”，结合语境确定用atnotime；根据选项确定考查具有否定意义的词组放句首的部分倒装，其结构为否定意义的词组+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以D选项Atnotimeshouldwe符合题意。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Hesayshehasn’tgotanymoney（）infacthe’sgotthousandsofdollarsinhisaccount.

问题1选项

A.as

B.since

C.while

D.for

【答案】C

【解析】句意：他说他一分钱都没拿到,

但实际上,

他的账户进账几千美元。上下有转折的关系,

用while更适合。

5.单选题

Forsomeleadersintheteapartymovement,theongoingskirmishoverwhetherpresidentialcontenderMittRomneyshouldspeakataTeaPartyExpressrallyinNewHampshireonMondayis（）butan（）quarrel.

问题1选项

A.anythinginternecine

B.somethinginteresting

C.anythingintermediary

D.somethinginteragency

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配和形容词词义辨析。根据固定搭配“anythingbut”，选项B和D可排除。

internecine“两败俱伤的”；interagency“跨部门的”。句意：关于总统候选人MittRomney周一是否应该在新罕布什尔州的茶党集会上发表讲话的争论，绝对不是一场两败俱伤的争吵。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Themeaningofthispoemisvery（）;Ireallydonotunderstandit.

问题1选项

A.imprecise

B.illegible

C.obscure

D.dull

【答案】C

【解析】imprecise不精确，不确切；illegible难以辨认的，字迹模糊的；obscure晦涩难懂的；dull乏味的。根据下句：我无法理解它，说明这首诗的意义是晦涩难懂的，所以选项C符合语境。试题答案

7.写作题

InthecourseoftheScientificRevolution,attentionwaspaidtotheproblemofestablishingthepropermeanstoexamineandunderstandthephysicalrealm.Thiscreationofascientificmethodwascrucialtotheevolutionofscienceinthemodernworld.Curiouslyenough,itwasanEnglishmanwithfewscientificcredentialswhoattemptedtoputforthanewmethodofacquiringknowledgethatmadeanimpactonEnglishscientistsintheseventeenthcenturyandotherEuropeanscientistsintheeighteenthcentury.FrancisBacon(1561-1626),alawyerandlordchancellor,rejectedCopemicusandKepletandmisunderstoodGalileo.AndyetinhisunfinishedworkTheGreatInstonararion(TheGreatRestoration),hecalledforhiscontemporaries"tocommenceatotalreconstructionofsciences,arts,andallhumanknowledge,raisedupontheproperfoundations."Bacondidnotdoubthumans’abilitytoknowthenaturalworld,buthebelievedthattheyhadproceededincorrectly"Theentirefabricofhumanreasonwhichweemployintheinquisitionofnatureisbadlyputtogetherandbuiltup,andlikesomemagnificentstructurewithoutfoundation."

Bacon’snewfoundation—acorrectscientificmethod—wastobebuiltoninductiveprinciples.Ratherthanbeginningwithassumedfirstprinciplesfromwhichlogicalconclusionscouldbededuced,heurgedscientiststoproceedfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Fromcarefullyorganizedexperimentsandsystematic,thoroughobservations,correctgeneralizationscouldbedeveloped.Baconwasclearaboutwhathebelievedhismethodcouldaccomplish.Hisconcernwasmoreforpracticalthanforpurescience.Hestatedthat"thetrueandlawfulgoalofthesciencesisnoneotherthanthis:thathumanlifebeendowedwithnewdiscoveriesandpower."Hewantedsciencetocontributetothe"mechanicalarts"bycreatingdevicesthatwouldbenefitindustry,agriculture,andtrade.Baconwaspropheticwhenhesaidthat"Iamlaboringtolaythefoundation,notofanysectordoctrine,butofhumanutilityandpower."Andhowwouldthis"humanpower"beused?To"conquernatureinaction"Thecontrolanddominationofnaturebecameacentralpropositionofmodernscienceandthetechnologythataccompaniedit.Onlyinthetwentiethcenturydidsomescientistsaskwhetherthisassumptionmightnotheattheheartofthemodern

ecologicalcrisis.

【答案】InthecourseoftheScientificRevolution,attentionwaspaidtotheproblemofestablishingthepropermeanstoexamineandunderstandthephysicalrealm.Thiscreationofascientificmethodwascrucialtotheevolutionofscienceinthemodernworld.

Bacon’snewfoundation—acorrectscientificmethod—wastobebuiltoninductiveprinciples.Ratherthanbeginningwithassumedfirstprinciplesfromwhichlogicalconclusionscouldbededuced,heurgedscientiststoproceedfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Fromcarefullyorganizedexperimentsandsystematic,thoroughobservations,correctgeneralizationscouldbedeveloped.Baconwasclearaboutwhathebelievedhismethodcouldaccomplish.

8.单选题

Three(1)yearsagoDanielGabrielFahrenheitmadehis(2)thermometerin

hishometownofDanzig(NowGdanskinPoland).Thethermometerwasfilledwith(3)

andcompletelysealed,butitwasnotmuchusewithoutsomesortof(4)tomeasurethe

temperature.

Onestory(5)that,duringthewinterof1708—1709，Fahrenheittookameasurement

of0degreesasthecoldesttemperatureoutdoors—whichwouldnowreadasminus17.8°C.Five

years(6)heusedmercuryinsteadofalcoholforhis(7)，andmadeatopreference

pointbymeasuringhisownbodytemperatureas90degrees.Soonafterwardshebecameaglassblower,(8)______allowedhimtomakethinlyblownglasstubesthatcouldbemarkedupwithmorepointsonthescaleandso(9)______accuracy.

Eventuallyhetookthe(10)pointofhistemperaturescalefromareadingmadeinice,

waterandsalt,andatoppointmadefromtheboilingpointofwater.Thescalewasrecalibrated

using180degreesbetweenthese(11)pointsandFahrenheitwasabletomakemuchmore

accurateandmore(12)measurementsoftemperature.

Butin1742arivalchallengedtheFahrenheitscaleand(13)supersededit.Anders

Celsius,inSweden,inventedascaleof100degreesbetweenthefreezingandboilingpointsof

waterandgradually(14)overmanycountries.However,theBritish(15)weddedto

Fahrenheituntilwellintothe20thcentury.

问题1选项

A.thousand

B.hundred

C.decadesof

D.hundredsof

问题2选项

A.initial

B.final

C.first

D.last

问题3选项

A.alcohol

B.mercury

C.sand

D.salt

问题4选项

A.scale

B.measurement

C.points

D.degrees

问题5选项

A.says

B.rumors

C.concludes

D.goes

问题6选项

A.ago

B.before

C.after

D.later

问题7选项

A.thermometers

B.measurements

C.points

D.degrees

问题8选项

A.thereby

B.which

C.that

D.what

问题9选项

A.enlarge

B.addup

C.increase

D.promote

问题10选项

A.eldest

B.lowest

C.coolest

D.deepest

问题11选项

A.three

B.four

C.two

D.dual

问题12选项

A.continuous

B.continuant

C.coherent

D.consistent

问题13选项

A.eventually

B.accidentally

C.surprisingly

D.fortunately

问题14选项

A.took

B.turned

C.brought

D.won

问题15选项

A.kept

B.remained

C.maintained

D.sustained

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:C

第10题:B

第11题:C

第12题:D

第13题:A

第14题:D

第15题:D

【解析】（1）考查上下文语义。第二段第一句说到了时间“duringthewinterof1708-09”，可知大约是“三百多年前”。因此B选项符合题意。

（2）考查形容词辨析。initial“最初的”；final“最终的”；first“第一的”；last“最后的；最近的”。根据上下文可知这里表示“制作出了第一个温度计”。因此C选项符合题意。

（3）考查上下文语义。第二段说到“heusedmercuryinsteadofalcohol”，由此推测他支座的第一个温度计内部是酒精。因此A选项符合题意。

（4）考查名词辨析。scale“规模；刻度”；measurement“度量；尺寸”；point“要点；尖端”；degree“度数”。句意：但是如果没有记录温度的……时没有用的。因此A选项符合题意。

（5）考查固定搭配。表述“故事是这样讲的”时，常用“onestorygoes…”。因此D选项符合题意。

（6）考查上下文语义。上文提到了第一个温度计被制作出来，后续随着时间的迁移，温度计得以慢慢地完善。因此此处应指“五年后，他把温度计中的酒精换成水银……”。因此D选项符合题意。

（7）考查上下文语义。文章说的是温度计的发明。因此这里说就是thermometer“温度计”。因此A选项符合题意。

（8）考查语法知识。空格前是一个完整结构的语句，且还有逗号，这里考查的就是非限定性定语从句，根据主从句结构可知此处应选which作关系代词。因此B选项符合题意。

（9）考查词义辨析。enlarge“扩大”；addup“合计”；increase“增加；提高”；promote“促进”。根据空格后的词语accuracy“准确性”，可知与之相搭配额应为C选项。

（10）考查上下文语义。后半句说到了“atoppoint……”，可知此处应为相对的“lowest”。因此B选项符合题意。

（11）考查上下文语义。上一句提到“thelowestpoint”和“thetoppoint”，可知为“twopoints”。因此C选项符合题意。

（12）考查形容词辨析。continuous“连续的”；continuant“连续音的”；coherent“条理清楚的”；consistent“始终如一的”。句意：法伦海特就能够更精确、更……地记录温度。此处选用的词语应符合“精确”这一含义，因此D选项符合题意。

（13）考查副词辨析。eventually“最后”；accidentally“意外地”；surprisingly“令人惊讶地”；fortunately“幸运地”。句意：但是在1742年，一位竞争者挑战法伦海特的刻度，并且……将其取代。根据下文可知，原来的刻度被取代了，因此A选项符合题意。

（14）考查词组辨析。takeover“接管”；turnover“移交”；bringover“把某人带回”；winover“说服；胜诉；把……争取过来”。句意：最后很多国家开始采用这种刻度。说明争取到了很多多家的认可。选项D符合题意。

（15）考查语法知识。wedded是形容词性，因此空格处缺少具有系动词。四个选项都与“保持”有关，但选项A、C和D都是实义动词，因此B选项符合题意。

9.单选题

FlanneryO’Connorwasnotas（）assomewriterswhoturnoutreamsofmaterials,butherstoriesareconsideredgemsthatliveonafterherearlyandtragicdeath.

问题1选项

A.potential

B.prolific

C.vitriolic

D.vicarious

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。potential“有潜力的”；prolific“多产的”；vitriolic“硫酸的，刻薄的”；vicarious“替代的，代理的”。句意：FlanneryOConnor不像一些创作大量作品的作家那样多产。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he（）abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.

问题1选项

A.wouldbe

B.willhavebeen

C.was

D.were

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你向你的律师解释情况，他能给你的建议比我好得多。此句表示对现在的虚拟，与现在事实相反的虚拟语气结构是：从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时，主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do。因此A项正确。

11.单选题

Thenewspaperdidnotmentionthe（）ofthedamagecausedbythefire.

问题1选项

A.range

B.level

C.extent

D.quantity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。range“范围”；level“水平，标准，常强调变化的差异性和职权等的范围”；extent“程度，范围，长度”；quantity“数量”。句意：这家报纸没有提到由于火灾所造成的损害程度。C项符合题意。

12.单选题

Dogsareoftenpraisedfortheir（）theyalmostneverabandontheirmasters.

问题1选项

A.faith

B.loyalty

C.trust

D.truthfulness

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。faith“信仰，信念”；loyalty“忠实，忠心”；trust“信任，信赖”；truthfulness“坦率，正当”。句意：狗经常因其对主人忠实而受到表扬，他们几乎从不会抛弃他们的主人。由后半句句意可知B项符合题意。

13.单选题

Idaresayheisnotyourtruefriend,becauseatruefriend______differentlywhenyouwereintrouble.

问题1选项

A.acted

B.hadacted

C.wouldact

D.wouldhaveacted

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法结构。句子中when引导条件状语从句，表示虚拟语气。根据从句中的谓语动词were可判断这是一个与过去事实相反的假设，那么空格处应该用过去将来完成时，故D项符合结构。句意：我敢说他不是你真正的朋友，因为一个真正的朋友会在你遇到困难时采取不同的行动。因此，该题选择D项正确。

14.翻译题

1.WashingtonIrvinggraspedthisfactnearlyahundredyearsagowhenhewrote:"ThestrangerwhowouldformacorrectopinionofEnglishcharactermustgoforthintothecountry.Hemustsojourninvillagesandhamlets;hemustvisitcastles,villas,farmhouses,cottages;hemustwanderthroughparksandgardens,alonghedgesandgreenlanes;hemustloiteraboutcountrychurches,attendwakesandfairsandotherruralfestivals,andcopewiththepeopleinalltheirconditionsandalltheirhabitsandhumors.''

2.Theimpactofdecentralizationtrends,ofcourse,extendswellbeyondcities.SprawlingdevelopmentpatternsaredestabilizingmanyofthesuburbsthatsurroundAmerica'scities.Oldersuburbsareexperiencingthesamechallengesascities:failingschools,persistentcrime,andthelossofjobsandbusinessestoother,furtheroutsuburbs.Evensuburbanareasthataredevelopingrapidlyarefindingthatexplosivegrowthhasitsdrawbacks,especiallyintheformofovercrowdedschools,butalsoinlongcommutesandtheinabilityoflocalgovernmentstopayfornewroads,sewers,andotherinfrastructure.

【答案】1.华盛顿·欧文远在一百年前就把握住了这一事实。他写道："外地人若要对英国人的性格有恰如其分的了解，就必须到乡村去。他应该在乡村小住数日，参观城堡、别墅、农场房屋及村民居住的农舍，逛逛公园、花园，沿着矮树丛及林荫小路溜达；他一定要在教堂里消磨一下时光，参加纪念守护神节日的活动，看看集市，与村民同庆他们的节日，与不同场合的人打交道，了解他们的习惯并欣赏他们的幽默。"

2.当然，分散化趋势的影响远远超出了城市范围。无序扩张的发展格局破坏着全关各城市周围许多郊区的稳定。年代较久的郊区经受着和市区同样的挑战：学校教育质量每况愈下、犯罪屡禁不止、就业和商业机会流失到其他更远的郊区。即使是发展迅速的郊区也出现了爆炸式增长的弊端，尤其体现在以下几个方面：学校过度拥挤,上下班交通耗时长，当地政府无力出资建造新的道路、下水道和其他基础设施。

15.单选题

Alcoholismanddrugaddictionhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsinthe21stCentury.Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety:forexamplethatpoorpeoplefrompoorneighborhoodsandethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeaddictedtoalcoholanddrugs.Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground.Anotherfactisthatdrugandalcoholrelatedcrimesareincreasingallovertheworld.

Therearemanyreasonswhyapersonmightfirsttrydrugs.Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.Peopletakedrugsandalcoholbecauseoftheelevatingorrelaxingeffectstheyhaveonthebodyotherwisepeoplewouldn’ttaketheminthefirstplace.

Butasthepersondevelopsahabit,thechemistryofthebrainstartstochangeandadapt,demandingmoreandmoreofthedrugasitresiststhediscomfortofwithdrawal.Thepersonbecomesanaddictandtheinitialmasonsfortakingthedrugsoonpaleinsignificanceastheneedfordrugsandoralcoholbeginstodominateeveryaspectoftheaddict’slife.Addictionsarelifelongillnessesthatareveryhardtotreat.Thedisturbingfactisthat1/3rdofpatientswhodoreceivetreatmentusuallyrelapsewithinoneyear.

Manyscientistsbelievethataddictionisrelatedtoourmostbasicinstinct,survival.Sincethebeginningoftimeourbrainhasevolvedtoensurethesurvivalofourspecies.Thebraincontrolsbehaviorbyrewardingactionsthatwillensuresurvivalofthespecies.Forexample,theintakeofnutrientssuchassugarsandfatsactivatetastereceptorsthatinturnactivatebrainrewardmechanisms.Theactivationofthesemechanismsproducescertainchangesintheindividualrangingfrombeinginamuchbettermoodtointensepleasureandeuphoria.Wearefarmorelikelytocontinuetoseekoutandeatthesenutrientsbecausethebrainrewardsusfortakingthenutrientsintothebodybyreleasingchemicalsthatmakeusfeelgood.

Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.

Butotherfarmoreharmfuldrugssuchasheroine,crackandcocainearebetteratactivatingbrainrewardsystems,producingafarmorepowerfuleffectcomparedtoafeelingofcalmnessorrelaxationaftereatingagoodnutritiousmeal.Theactivationismuchmoreintensecausingtheindividualtocravethedrugandtofocustheiractivitiesaroundtakingthedrug.Theabilityofaddictivedrugstostronglyactivatebrainrewardmechanismsandtheirabilitytochemicallyalterthenormalfunctioningofthesesystemscanproduceanaddiction.Howeversomepeoplebecomeaddictedwhileothersdonot.

Manypeopledrinkalcoholorsmokecannabisorevencocaineandotherillegaldrugsbutthisdoesnotnecessarilymakethemaddictsandnotalladdictshavethesameintensityofaddiction.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately10%ofanypopulationofanycountrywilltendtohaveanaddictivenatureandbecomeaddictsofsomekind.Itistruethatthoughthatsomeraces,notablyNativeAmericanIndiansandEskimos,dotendtohavehigherratesofaddictionthanothersforreasonsthatarenotfullyunderstood.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhobecomeaddictsmaybehighlyintelligentandbeextremelymotivatedbutareunabletocontroltheiraddiction.Addictionisbynomeansdependentonintelligence.Someofthemostskilledandintelligentpeoplemightbecomeaddictseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedetrimentalnatureofcontinuingtotakedrugsoralcohol.

Thefactisthatstillwedonotknowwhysomepeoplebecomeaddictsandothersdonotalthoughtherearemanytheoriesthatreasonthatsomepeoplesimplyhavean“addictivepersonalitytype”—beingfarmoresusceptibletotherewardmechanismthatproducesaddiction—whileothersstillbelievethatitistheaddicts’lackofwillpowertorefrainfromtakingdrugsoralcohol.Thebiggestkillerthoughisaperson’sdenialofhisorhercondition,thattheybelievethattheydonothaveaproblem,donotseekhelpbutinsteadcontinuetheabuseuntiltheyhaveeitherlosteverythingordieasthebodycannotcopeandeventuallyshutsdown.

1.Inparagraph1,thewordmisconceptionsisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismostlikelytobecomeaddictedtodrugsand/oralcohol?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,mostpeoplefirsttrydrugs,andalcoholbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whymighttherebeaprobleminthebrain’snaturalrewardsystem?

5.Inparagraph7,thewordintensityisclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.unprovedstatistics

B.wrongideas

C.truth

D.apprehension

问题2选项

A.Onlypeoplewhohavethefinancialmeanstobuydrugsandalcohol.

B.Usuallyonlycriminals.

C.Addictiondoesnothaveapreference.

D.Anyonewhotriesdrugsandalcoholisimmediatelyaddicted.

问题3选项

A.thereisnorealreason,itjusthappens

B.theyneedtoforgetaboutstress

C.everyonedoesit

D.peoplehavedifferentreasons

问题4选项

A.Becausecaffeineisdangerousandstimulatesourmetabolism.

B.Peoplewillbecomeinstantlyaddictedtonicotine.

C.Someharmfulsubstancescanfoolthebrainintothinkingtheyaregood.

D.Somepeoplearenaturallymoreaddictivetodrugsalcoholthanothers.

问题5选项

A.euphoria

B.level

C.result

D.desire

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety（关于成瘾最大的误解之一是，它只影响社会中的某些群体），wrongideas（错误的想法）与misconception（误解）意思最为接近，unprovedstatistics未经证实的统计，真相事实，apprehension赞赏，因此选项B正确。

2.判断推理题。定位到文章第一段Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground（然而，事实是，上瘾是无视种族，肤色和社会经济背景的），意思就是上瘾和经济、犯罪等是没有直接关系的，而Addictiondoesnothaveapreference（上瘾是没有偏好的）与原文表达意义相近，因此C选项符合题意。

3.判断推理题。定位到文章第二段，Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.（其中一些可能包括来自朋友的同辈压力，压力和个性特征）表明每个人都是有不同原因的，因此选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。定位到文章第五段，Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.（问题在于，这些奖励系统不仅奖励摄入无害的物质，如糖和脂肪。一些化学物质直接激活大脑的奖励系统，绕过调节自然奖励的感觉感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大脑的奖励机制）表明人类的大脑奖励系统不能够准确地识别摄入物质是否有害，因此选项C符合题意。

5.定位到文章第七段，…havethesameintensityofaddiction…有相同上瘾的程度，intensity意为程度，与level意义最为相近，因此选项B符合题意。

16.填空题

Itcouldperhapsbesaidthattheattractionor________someofusoccasionallyhavetowardsthosewithwealthmayhavepartiallyevolvedfromthisdynamic.(admire)

【答案】admiration

【解析】【考查点】名词。

【解题思路】根据or，可知横线处和attraction都是名词，admiration意思为“赞赏，羡慕”，指的是对富人的羡慕，符合语境。

【句意】或许可以这样说，我们当中的部分人偶尔对富人的向往或羡慕，可能在一定程度上就是从这种相互作用的方式演变而来的。

17.单选题

Thestationerhasnotyetdeliveredtheyellowpaper,butwhen（）Iwillgiveyousome.

问题1选项

A.theydo

B.theywill

C.hedoes

D.hewill

【答案】C

【解析】考查时态辨析。句意：文具店还没有给你黄色的纸，但是……的时候我会给你一些。根据句意，可推测是一般现在时，因此排除B，D选项，选项A是they，不能指代stationer，因此选项C为正确答案。

18.单选题

Lookingatthephoto,itsuddenly（

）onhimthathehadmetthewantedmansomewhere.

问题1选项

A.dawned

B.occurred

C.happened

D.known

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项dawn“破晓；出现；被领悟”；B选项occur“发生，出现”；C选项happen“发生，碰巧”；D选项know“了解，熟悉”。dawnonsb“（事物）变得令人明白”；occurtosb“（主意或想法突然）浮现于脑中，被想起，被想到”，句意为：看着照片，他突然想到，他在哪个地方遇到过这个通缉犯。故正确答案选A。

19.单选题

Thedefinitionofaestheticpleasureisapopularsubjectformanydifferentfields.Inthefollowing,adaptedfromanarticlefoundinasciencejournal,aphysicistdiscussestheuniqueperspectivethathisdisciplineallowshim.

Sincetimeimmemorial,countlessscholarshaveaskedthequestion:Whatisbeauty?Asphilosophersengageinweightydiscourses,designersupdatethelatestfashions,andartistscreatetheirmasterpieces,whatisconsideredbeautifulchangesatanalarmingpace.Fiftyyearsago,thefull-figuredMarilynMonroeembodiedtheAmericanaestheticvalue;today,alegionofHollywoodactressesvastlydifferentinappearancefromMarilyn’shavetakenherplace.However,aestheticvaluesnotonlydifferfromgenerationtogeneration,butdosoalongculturallinesaswell.TheconventionsthatgovernpaintingandmusicvarygreatlyfromEasttoWest.Often,whatisconsideredrepellenttooncivilizationisthepinnacleofaestheticappealinanother.Thus,whenlefttothesphereofhumandesign,thesearchforanabsolutedefinitionofbeautyremainsanelusiveoneatbest.

Asfundamentalphysicists,mycolleaguesandIliketobelievethatweareinvolvedinasearchforabeautythatdoesnotremainimpervioustodefinition.Thebeautythatwesearchforisnotthatwhichislaiddownthroughtheworkofpeopleandsubjecttoephemeraltastes,butratherthatwhichhasbeenestablishedbyNature.Thosenotinvolvedwithphysicstendtothinkofitasapreciseandpredictivescience—certainlynotafieldofstudyfitforthecontemplationofthebeautiful.Yetoneofphysics’greatestgiftsisthatitallowsitsstudentstolookpastextrinsicappearances,intoamoreoverwhelmingbeauty.Asahumanbeing,Iamcaptivatedbythevisualappealofawavecrashingonthebeach.Asaphysicisthowever,Ipossesstheabilitytobecaptivatedbythemuchdeeperbeautyofthephysicallawsthatgovernsuchaphenomenon.Wherethenon-physicistseesalovelybutinexplicableevent,thewell-schooledphysicistisabletoperceiveabrilliantdesign.

Intruth,sincethedaythatAlbertEinsteinfirstproposedthenotionthattheremightbeoneoverarchingphysicaltheorythatgovernstheuniverse,aestheticshavebecomeadrivingforceinmodernphysics.WhatEinsteinandwe,ashisintellectualdescendants,havediscoveredisthis:Nature,asitsmostfundamentallevel,isbeautifullyconstructed.Theremarkablesimplicityofthelawsthatgovernstheuniverseis,attimes,nothingshortofbreath-taking.Andateverystep,asnewdiscoveriesandtechnologiesallowustoexaminethephysicalworldondeeperanddeeperlevels,wefindthatthebeautyitselfbecomesmoreprofound.AsEinsteinhimselfsaid,itwouldseemmorelikelythatweshouldfindourselveslivinga“chaoticworld,innowaygraspablethroughthinking.”Yethereweare,closerthanevertoafullunderstandingoftheuniverse’sbeautifulclockwork.

31.Thereferenceto“MarilynMonroe”inParagraph1primarilyservesto______.

32.Theauthor’sassertioninParagraph1(“whatisconsideredrepellent…inanother”)suggeststhat______.

33.AsusedinParagraph2,thephrase“laiddown”mostnearlymeans______.

34.Theauthorusesthewords“ephemeral”and“Nature”(Paragraph2)inorderto______.

35.Inthecourseofoutliningthevariousgiftsofphysics,theauthorcitesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

问题1选项

A.provideanexampleoftoday’sstandardsofbeauty

B.discussherabilitiesasanactress

C.demonstratehowsusceptibleaestheticsaretochange

D.comparetraditionsofEastandWest

问题2选项

A.culturesarenaturallydestinedtoclash

B.manycivilizationsarepronetodisgustingbehavior

C.individualstendtodisagreeonwhattheyfindbeautiful

D.itisnearlyimpossibletosaywhatistrulybeautiful

问题3选项

A.created

B.rested

C.slept

D.secured

问题4选项

A.contrasttheconceptofimpermanentbeautywiththebeautyforwhichphysicssearches

B.evaluatetheeffectivenessofphysicsasanartform

C.discusshowphysicistsvisualizebeauty

D.criticizepeoplewhodon’tunderstandphysics

问题5选项

A.theabilitytolookforabeautythatisunchanging

B.appreciatingthevisualbeautyofawavecrashing

C.agreatercomprehensionofNature’sways

D.seeingadeeperdesigninnaturalevents

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】31.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“第一段中提到的玛丽莲梦露主要是用来……”。定位到第一段第三句Fiftyyearsago,thefull-figuredMarilynMonroeembodiedtheAmericanaestheticvalue;Today,alegionofHollywoodactressesvastlydifferentinappearancefromMarilyn’shavetakenherplace.（50年前，丰满的玛丽莲梦露体现了美国人的审美价值；如今，一群外貌与玛丽莲大相径庭的好莱坞女演员取代了她的位置），结合前一句whatisconsideredbeautifulchangesatanalarmingpace（被认为是美的东西在以惊人的速度变化）可知，第一段提到玛丽莲梦露是用来举例说明美的变化，C项“说明美学是如何变化的”正确。A项“提供一个今天的审美标准的例子”为反向干扰，玛丽莲梦露是50年前的审美标准。B项“讨论她作为演员的能力”和D项“比较东方和西方的传统”没提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择C项。

32.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“作者在第1段的断言‘whatisconsideredrepellent…inanother’表明……”。定位到第一段倒数第二句Often,whatisconsideredrepellenttooncivilizationisthepinnacleofaestheticappealinanother.（通常，在文明上被认为是排斥的东西是另一个文明的审美情趣的顶峰），根据下一句Thus,whenlefttothesphereofhumandesign,thesearchforanabsolutedefinitionofbeautyremainsanelusiveoneatbest.（因此，在人类设计领域，对美的绝对定义的探索充其量也是难以捉摸的）可知，在不同的文明中审美标准不同，所以对美的定义很难确定，由thus可知，这一句是作者在第一段的断言的结论，故D项“几乎不可能说出什么是真正的美丽”正确。A项“文化冲突是天生的”属于无中生有，文中没有提到文化冲突。B项“许多文明都倾向于令人作呕的行为”曲解原文，文中只是提到在一个文明中排斥的东西在另一个文明中是审美顶峰，并没有说这就是一种令人作呕的行为。C项“每个人对他们认为美丽的事物往往意见不一”属于无中生有，在这里并没有提到个人对美丽事物的不同意见。因此，该题选择D项。

33.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“正如第2段中使用的，短语laiddown最可能的意思是……”。定位第二段第二句Thebeautythatwesearchforisnotthatwhichislaiddownthroughtheworkofpeopleandsubjecttoephemeraltastes,butratherthatwhichhasbeenestablishedbyNature.（我们所寻找的美，不是那些通过人们的工作而laiddown的美，也不是那些一时的趣味所支配的美，而是那些由自然形成的美），which引导的定语从句中用到了not…but…句型，but后面用到的动词是establish，所以not后面的laiddown的意思应该与之相近，故A项“创造”正确。B项“休息”、C项“睡觉”和D项“保护”都不符合。因此，该题选择A项。

34.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者在第2段使用ephemeral和Nature是为了……”。定位第二段第二句Thebeautythatwesearchforisnotthatwhichislaiddownthroughtheworkofpeopleandsubjecttoephemeraltastes,butratherthatwhichhasbeenestablishedbyNature.（我们所寻找的美，不是那些通过人们的工作而建立起来的美，也不是那些一时的趣味所支配的美，而是那些由自然形成的美）可知，物理学家探索的美是自然形成的，而不是短暂趣味所支配的；所以可推断，作者用ephemeral和nature是为了将短暂的美和物理学所寻找的自然美作对比，ephemeral相当于impermanent，故A项“将无常之美与物理学所追求的美进行对比”符合题意。B项“评估物理作为一种艺术形式的有效性”，文中并没有提到物理是一种艺术形式，该项无中生有。C项“讨论物理学家如何形象化美”在该处也没有体现，属于无中生有。D项“批评不懂物理的人”属于曲解原文，作者并没有描述批评性的语言。因此，该题选择A项。

35.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“在概述物理学的各种天赋的过程中，作者引用了除了……以外的所有内容”。定位到第二段Yetoneofphysics’greatestgiftsisthatitallowsitsstudentstolookpastextrinsicappearances,intoamoreoverwhelmingbeauty.Asahumanbeing