考研考博-英语-上海民远职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海民远职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ifithadn’tbeenforthedoctor'scare,I（）speakingtoyounow.

问题1选项

A.wouldnotbe

B.wouldnothavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.willnothavebeen

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。从句用过去完成时,主句要用wouldhavedone的形式。这里都是表否定意义,所以选项B正确。句意：如何没有医生的悉心照料,我现在不会站在这儿和你说话。

2.单选题

Theattorneywasanintelligentdebater;he（

）thecross-questioningoftheSupremeCourtJudgeonthecaseissueinquiry.

问题1选项

A.relished

B.estimated

C.interrupted

D.dreaded

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。relished玩赏，品味；estimated评估，判断；interrupted中止，打断；dreaded恐惧，担心。句意：律师是一个非常有智慧的辩论者。他打断了最高法院法官关于案件调查的盘问。C项符合句意。

3.单选题

Mathsandsciencecertainlyunderpinmanyinnovations.Indeed,theyarethebasisformuchofmodernsociety,fromthegadgetspeopleusetothewaysinwhichpeopleinteractwithoneanotherandthewayinwhichtheythink.Socloseistherelationshipthatpoliticiansseekingtopersuadevotersthattheyarepromotingeconomicgrowthuse"science"and"innovation"almostinterchangeably.Butlaudableasitisinitsownright,doespromotingmathsandsciencerepresentthebestwaytostimulatefutureinnovation?

ChrisBudd,anappliedmathematicianatBathUniversityinBritain,pointstothemathematicalfoundationsofthecommercialworld:theinternet,computers,mobilephones,modernmedicineandeventransportsystems.Theseemploybranchesofmathematicsthatwereconsideredobscureuntilrecentlybuthavefoundapplicationsinareassuchasbuildingsearchengines,heargues.Itisdifficulttopredictwhichnewscientificadvancewillgenerateneweconomicactivitybutscienceneverthelessboostsproductivity.Andasgovernmentshavesoughttopromotebusiness,theyhaveencourageduniversitiestoestablishspin-offcompaniesandtobuildpartnershipswithotherfledglingorganizationsseekingtodevelopnewproductsandnewprocesses,whichhashelpedtogeneratewealth.

Thatmayallbetrue,butitisnotsufficient,saysChrisTrimble,whoco-wrote"TheOtherSideofInnovation:SolvingtheExecutionChallenge"withVijayGovindarajan,bothofwhomconductresearchintoinnovationatTuckSchoolofBusinessatDartmouthCollegeinAmerica.Ofcoursemathsandsciencecanstimulatefutureinnovation,butpromotingthesedisciplinesisnotnecessarilythebestwayofbringingaboutchange.Hecitestargetedincentives,publicandprivatespendingand—mostimportantly,inhisview—bettermanagementasmorepowerfulalternatives.Itismanagementeducationnottechnicaleducationthatislacking,heargues.Thereisasurfeitofbrightideasbutnotenoughwherewithaltoimplementthem.

Yettheabilitytocreatewealthnotonlydependsonusingtoolsthatwerescientificallydesigned;italsorequirespeopletothinkbothcreativelyandincold,calculatingways.TomisquoteThomasEdison,innovationis1%inspirationand99%perspiration.Timethen,mentally,torollupyoursleeves.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wemayknowthatmanyinnovations（

）.

2.Theworld“laudable”inPara.1probablymeant

（

）.

3.“It”inPara.1(thelastsentence)mayreferto

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaboutChrisBudd?

5.ToChrisTrimble,educationofmathsandscience（

）.

问题1选项

A.areengenderedbymathsandscience

B.bringconvenientlifetomodernpeople

C.countmostforpoliticianstogainvotes

D.leaddirectlytoworldeconomicgrowth

问题2选项

A.understandable

B.praiseworthy

C.believable

D.feasible

问题3选项

A.modernsociety

B.promotionofeconomy

C.scienceandinnovation

D.importanceofmathsandscience

问题4选项

A.HeworksinaBritishuniversityasanappliedmathematician.

B.Hefirmlybelievesthatmathematicswillgenerateneweconomicactivity.

C.Hemaythinkthatitislogicaltoexpectinnovationstocomeoutofuniversities.

D.Hearguesforthepromotionofmathsandsciencetofosterfutureinnovations.

问题5选项

A.provessufficienttostimulatefutureinnovation

B.meanslittlecomparedwithtargetedincentives

C.islessimportantthanmanagementeducation

D.servesastheunderpinningofeconomicproductivity

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由文章第一段中Mathsandsciencecertainlyunderpinmanyinnovations.Indeed,theyarethebasisformuchofmodernsociety,fromthegadgetspeopleusetothewaysinwhichpeopleinteractwithoneanotherandthewayinwhichtheythink.（数学和科学无疑是许多创新的基础。事实上，它们是现代社会的基础，从人们使用的小工具到人们相互交流和思考的方式）可知A选项“由数学和科学产生”符合题意。

第2题:词义题。understandable意为“能懂的，可理解的”；praiseworthy意为“值得称赞的，值得表扬的”；believable意为“可信的”；feasible意为“可行的”。由Butlaudableasitisinitsownright（数学和科学对于创新很重要，尽管这值得称赞）可知选B。

第3题:词义题。文章第一段开篇就提出数学和科学支撑着很多创新，它们是现代社会的基础，因此可以推测主要是讲述数学与科学的重要性，故选D。

第4题:推理判断题。根据题干关键此词ChrisBudd定位至文章第二段，由Itisdifficulttopredictwhichnewscientificadvancewillgenerateneweconomicactivitybutscienceneverthelessboostsproductivity.（很难预测哪一项新的科学进步会产生新的经济活动，但科学却能提高生产力）可知B选项“他坚信数学将产生新的经济活动”表述过于绝对，不符合原句表达的含义。

第5题:观点态度题。根据题干关键词ChrisTrimble定位至文章第三段，由Ofcoursemathsandsciencecanstimulatefutureinnovation,butpromotingthesedisciplinesisnotnecessarilythebestwayofbringingaboutchange.Hecitestargetedincentives,publicandprivatespendingand—mostimportantly,inhisview—bettermanagementasmorepowerfulalternatives.Itismanagementeducationnottechnicaleducationthatislacking,heargues.（当然，数学和科学可以刺激未来的创新，但推广这些学科并不一定是带来变革的最佳方式。他列举了有针对性的公共和私人激励措施。在他看来，支出——最重要的是——更好的管理是更有力的替代方案。他认为，缺乏的是管理教育，而不是技术教育）可知选C。

4.单选题

Bloodvesselsrunningallthroughthelungscarrybloodtoeachairsac（囊）,oralveolus（肺泡）,andthenbackagaintotheheart.Onlythethinwalloftheairsacandthethinwallofacapillary（毛细血管）arebetweentheairandtheblood.Sooxygeneasilydiffusesfromtheairsacsthroughthewallsintotheblood,whilecarbondioxideeasilydiffusesfromthebloodthroughthewallsintotheairsacs.

Whenbloodissenttothelungsbytheheart,ithascomebackfromthecellsintherestofthebody.Sothebloodthatgoesintothewallofanairsaccontainsmuchdissolvedcarbondioxidebutverylittleoxygen.Atthesametime,theairthatgoesintotheairsaccontainsmuchoxygenbutverylittlecarbondioxide.Youhavelearnedthatdissolvedmaterialsalwaysdiffusefromwherethereismoreofthemtowherethereisless.Oxygenfromtheairdissolvesinthemoistureontheliningoftheairsacanddiffusesthroughtheliningintotheblood.Meanwhile,carbondioxidediffusesfromthebloodintotheairsac.Thebloodthenflowsfromthelungsbacktotheheart,whichsendsitouttoallotherpartsofthebody.

Soonafterairgoesintoanairsac,itgivesupsomeofitsoxygenandtakesinsomecarbondioxidefromtheblood.Tokeepdiffusiongoingasitshould,thiscarbondioxidemustbegottenridof.Breathing,whichiscausedbymovementsofthechest,forcestheusedairoutoftheairsacsinyourlungsandbringsinfreshair.Thebreathingmusclesarecontrolledautomaticallysothatyoubreatheattheproperrotetokeepyourairsacssuppliedwithfreshair.Ordinarily,youbreatheabouttwenty-twotimesaminute.Ofcourse,youbreathefasterwhenyouareexercisingandslowerwhenyouareresting.Freshairisbroughtintoyourlungswhenyoubreathein,orinhale（吸入）,whileusedairisforcedoutofyourlungswhenyoubreatheout,orexhale.

Somepeoplethinkthatalltheoxygenistakenoutoftheairinthelungsandthatwhatwebreatheoutispurecarbondioxide.Buttheseideasarenotcorrect.Airisamixtureofgasesthatismostlynitrogen（氮）.Thisgasisnotusedinthebody.Sotheamountofnitrogendoesnotchangeasairisbreathedinandout.Butwhileairisinthelungs,itischangedinthreeways:(1)Aboutonefifthoftheoxygenintheairgoesintotheblood.(2)Analmostequalamountofcarbondioxidecomesoutofthebloodintotheair.(3)Moisturefromtheliningsoftheairpassagesandairsacsevaporatesuntiltheairisalmostsaturated.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatoxygenandcarbondioxide（

）.

2.Whenbloodtravelsbacktothelungsbytheheart,

（

）.

3.Themovementofbreathingcaneffectively

（

）.

4.Whenwebreatheout,theamountofnitrogen

（

）.

5.Theairinthelungschangesthrough（

）.

问题1选项

A.produceenergyforbreathing

B.diffuseimmediatelyintheblood

C.penetrateslowlyintotheairsacs

D.travelinoppositewaysinthelungs

问题2选项

A.moreoxygenwascontainedinblood

B.morecarbondioxidewascontainedintheblood

C.lesscarbondioxidewascontainedinanairsac

D.lessoxygenwascontainedinanairsac

问题3选项

A.helptheexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxideinthelungs

B.preventtheinhalingofexcessivecarbondioxide

C.keeptheregularcirculationofblood

D.strengthenthefunctionofbreathingmuscles

问题4选项

A.increasesabitbecauseoftheexchangeofair

B.reducesabitbecauseoftheexchangeofair

C.remainsthesameaswebreatheitin

D.keepsthesameasthatneededinlungs

问题5选项

A.inhalingsomeamountofoxygen

B.theevaporationofmoisture

C.exhalingsomeamountofcarbondioxide

D.generatingapassageforevaporation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。文章提到气囊中二氧化碳过多会迫使人进行呼吸，而不是说它们为呼吸产生能力，因此选项A可以排除；文章第一段最后一句话的后半部分提到“二氧化碳很容易从血液中扩散到气囊中”（whilecarbondioxideeasilydiffusesfromthebloodthroughthewallsintotheairsacs），由此可知二氧化碳是扩散到气囊而不是到血液中，所有选项B可以排除；文章第一段最后一句话的前半部分提到“所以氧气可以很轻易地通过气囊壁从气囊扩散到血液中”（sooxygeneasilydiffusesfromtheairsacsthroughthewallsintotheblood），所以选项C“它们都是很慢地渗透到气囊中”说法错误，排除。因此，选项D符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。文章第二段第一句话提到“当血液被心脏送到肺里的时候，它是从身上其他细胞里流回来的，所以流入气囊壁的血液带有很多溶解的二氧化碳和少量的空气”（Whenbloodissenttothelungsbytheheart,ithascomebackfromthecellsintherestofthebody.Sothebloodthatgoesintothewallofanairsaccontainsmuchdissolvedcarbondioxidebutverylittleoxygen），所以这个时候血液里的二氧化碳含量会增加，选项B符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第三段提到“由胸部的运动而产生的呼吸，促进了废气从气囊中排除，为肺部带来新鲜的空气”（Breathing,whichiscausedbymovementsofthechest,forcestheusedairoutoftheairsacsinyourlungsandbringsinfreshair.Thebreathingmusclesarecontrolledautomaticallysothatyoubreatheattheproperrotetokeepyourairsacssuppliedwithfreshair），选项A“帮助肺部的氧气和二氧化碳进行交换”符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第四段提到“空气是气体混合而成,其中氮气含量最高，这种气体我们人体不需要，所以当我们吸气和呼气时这种其他的含量是不会变的”（Airisamixtureofgasesthatismostlynitrogen.Thisgasisnotusedinthebody.Sotheamountofnitrogendoesnotchangeasairisbreathedinandout），选项C“与吸入时一样”符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。文章最后一句提到气道和气囊中的水分会一直蒸发直到空气几乎饱和的时候（Moisturefromtheliningsoftheairpassagesandairsacsevaporatesuntiltheairisalmostsaturated），选项B“通过水分的蒸发”符合题意。

5.单选题

Theproducersrefusedtoeventalkaboutresiduals.Theyputforthasimpleand（）question:

Whyshouldanyemployeebepaidmorethanonceforthesamejob?

问题1选项

A.compelling

B.component

C.competent

D.compulsive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项compelling“令人信服的，引人注目的”，B项component“组成的”，C项competent“有能力的”，D项compulsive“强制的”；句意：制片人甚至拒绝提到剩余工资并提出了一个简单而又引人注目的问题：为什么雇主要为一次同样的工作付两次钱？因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

（）allourkindnesstohelpher,Sararefusedtolisten.

问题1选项

A.At

B.In

C.For

D.On

【答案】C

【解析】句意:尽管我们好意要帮助Sara，但她不肯听从我们。

考查短语辨析。Atall（否定）根本，究竟；inall总共，合计；forall尽管，虽然；没有onall的搭配用法。根据后半句句意“但她不肯听从我们”可知C项正确。

7.单选题

TheRepublicanlandslideinthe2010mid-termssweptanewbreedofconservativezealotintooffice,destroyingthemiddlegroundandmakinglegislatingnexttoimpossible.

问题1选项

A.sensation

B.teetering

C.fanatic

D.prod

【答案】C

【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项sensation“感觉，轰动，感动”；B选项teeter“跷跷板，摇摆不定”；C选项fanatic“狂热入迷者，狂热分子，盲信者”；D选项prod“戳，捅，刺戳的工具，刺激，提醒”。句意：共和党在2010年中期选举中取得压倒性胜利，将一批新一代的保守狂热分子推上了白宫，摧毁了中间立场，使得立法几乎不可能。Zealot“狂热者，犹太教狂热信徒”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

MyfirstencounterwiththeinternationalartistandartcriticFairfieldPorterwasactuallythroughthepoetryofhiswife,Anne(Channing)Porter.Whilebothgrewtobecomequitecelebratedintheircrafts,Fairfield’sstoryisunique.

Bornintoanaffluent,artisticfamilyin1907,theboywhowasonedaybecomearenownedartistandrespectedartcriticshowedacomparativelackofartisticabilitywhenseennexttohissiblings.WhilehisolderbrotherEliottooktophotography,FairfieldPorter,despitebeingremarkablyintelligent,appearedtobelackinganynaturalartistictalents.Itseemedthat,althoughamemberofafamilyfullofartists,histrueskilllayinthecritiquingofothers’artistry.ThiswasevidencedinhissecondyearatHarvardbyFarfield’sdecisiontopursuearthistoryashismajorfieldofstudy.AfterstudyingatHarvardunderArthurPopeandthentravelingbrieflythroughEurope,FairfieldcamebacktotheUnitedStatestofurtherhiseducationattheArtStudentsLeagueinNewYorkCity.TherehebecameacquaintedwiththefamedphotographerAlfredStieglitz—theworkofwhomissaidtohavepositivelyinfluencedFairfield’spaintingstosomedegree.

Betweentheyears1931and1932,FairfieldspentthemajorityofhistimeinItalylearningtoappreciateandcritiquetheworksofthegreatRenaissancepainters.Histrainingcamefrombothdirectstudyunderworld-famousarthistorianBernardBerenson,andfromcountlesshoursspentinmuseumsandgalleriesobservingthegreatestpiecesofItalianart.

FollowinghismarriagetoAnneuponhisreturnfromItaly,Fairfieldspentthebetterpartofthenexttwodecadesdevelopinghisskillsasapainterwhilecaringforhisautisticson.DuringthisperiodhismeetingswiththeFrenchIntimistpainterWillemDeKooningwouldprovetohaveaprofoundeffectonhislaterworks.PorterwasthefirsttopubliclyacclaimtheworkofKooning.

Infact,whatmadePortersofamouswashisknackforrespondingdirectlytoanartist’swork.Hefoundfaultwiththecommon“talkbased”criticismthatspoketoartonlyinreferencetoitspastortosomevaguetheoreticalframework;suchcriticismattemptedtoshapethefutureofartandwasfartoobiasedforPorter.HistimeasanartcriticforsuchpublicationsasArtNewsandTheNationended,however,in1961whenhedecidedtopursueafull-timepaintingcareer.

Theothersideofhisfame,hisuncommonapproachtopainting,isjustasimportanttotheunderstandingofFairfieldPorter’scontributionstotheworldofart.Hispersonalphilosophycomesfromablendingoftwoviews;artshouldbepersonal,emotional,andrepresentativeofitssubject,whileatthesametimebeboldlycolorful,expressive,andgenerallyabstract.Drawingonhisvastknowledgeofarthistory,especiallythestylesofFrenchIntimism,Porterfusedthesetwofeelingstocreateapowerful,emotivecollectionofpaintingsaboutfamilies,individuals,andthehome,aswellasmovingnaturescenessuchasTheDoortotheWoods(1971)andMaine—TowardtheHarbor(1967).

Whenhediedin1975,onamorningwalkalongtheocean,helefttheworldasoneofthemostrespectedartcriticsinthepastcentury.Ontopofthat,hisworkasapainterisstillviewedwithintheartcommunityasamazinglydistinctiveandespeciallyrepresentativeofhislife.Itissadtosaythatnow,however,somethirtyyearsafterhisdeath,heisstillvirtuallyunknownoutsideofartcircles.Thisremarkablyinsightful,articulate,creativeindividualneedstobediscoveredbythecommonmanandreveredforhiscontinuinginfluenceontheartistsoftoday.Thewordsofthisintellectualweresomeofthebestandmosthonestcritiquesofarteverspoken.

1.Themainpurposeofthepassagecanbestbedescribedasanattemptto______.

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthesubjectofthepassagecanbestbecharacterizedas______.

3.Asdescribedinthepassage,Porter’smethodofcriticizingartcanbestbesummarizedbywhichofthefollowingstatements?

4.Porter’spaintingstylecanbedescribedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

5.Withoutthefirstparagraph,thepassagewouldlose______.

问题1选项

A.explainPorter’srenownedabilitytocandidlyaddressartists’works

B.illustratetheinfluenceseveralrenownedartistshadontheworksofPorter

C.appraisePorter’sunusualmethodsofpaintingandcritiquingartwork

D.chroniclePorter’slife,particularlytheeventsandbeliefsthatshapedhiscareer

问题2选项

A.detachedinterest

B.amusedtolerance

C.warmappreciation

D.deepabhorrence

问题3选项

A.Porter’scriticismswerefrankandforthright,andwerebasedsolelyonhisevaluationofthepieceofartthathewasappraising.

B.Portercriticizedartbasedonthecontextofthepaintingandconceptualstructuresthathefoundmostusefulinhisevaluation.

C.Porter’scritiqueswerecomparabletothoseofBernardBerenson,whogreatlyinfluencedPorter’soutlookonart.

D.Portertargetedhiscriticismsathelpingartistsbyattemptingtoinfluencetheirforthcomingworks.

问题4选项

A.stirring

B.vivid

C.trite

D.individualistic

问题5选项

A.anoverviewofthepassageasawhole

B.abriefintroductionandtransitionintothetopic

C.importantdetailthatlaterbecomesrelevanttothepassage

D.anexplanationofthelogicbehindtheauthor’sviewpoint

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Themainpurposeofthepassagecanbestbedescribedasanattemptto______.1.这篇文章的主要目的可以被描述为试图______。

A.explainPorter’srenownedabilitytocandidlyaddressartists’worksA.解释波特坦率地谈论艺术家作品的著名能力

B.illustratetheinfluenceseveralrenownedartistshadontheworksofPorterB.说明几位著名艺术家对波特作品的影响

C.appraisePorter’sunusualmethodsofpaintingandcritiquingartworkC.评价波特不同寻常的绘画和评论艺术品的方法

D.chroniclePorter’slife,particularlytheeventsandbeliefsthatshapedhiscareerD.记录了波特的一生，尤其是塑造了他职业生涯的事件和信念

【答案】D

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，全文主要记录了艺术批判家波特的一生，并且介绍了他的作品出名的原因。文章第一段引入话题，第二至四段介绍了波特的成长背景以及职业生涯中的经历，第四段倒数第二句还提到“他与法国画家威廉˙德˙库宁的会面对他后来的作品产生了深远的影响”；最后三段讲述了波特能够成名的原因，一是他能够直接回应艺术家的作品，二是他有不寻常的绘画方式；综上所述，可推断这篇文章的主要目的是介绍波特的一生，尤其是记录那些塑造他的职业生涯的那些大事件及信念。因此，该题选择D项“记录了波特的一生，尤其是塑造了他职业生涯的事件和信念”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A项“解释波特坦率地谈论艺术家作品的著名能力”、B项“说明几位著名艺术家对波特作品的影响”和C项“评价波特不同寻常的绘画和评论艺术品的方法”表述片面，属于以偏概全。

2.【选项释义】

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthesubjectofthepassagecanbestbecharacterizedas______.2.作者对文章主题的态度可以用______来描述。

A.detachedinterestA.超然的兴趣

B.amusedtoleranceB.有趣的宽容

C.warmappreciationC.热情的欣赏

D.deepabhorrenceD.深恶痛绝

【答案】C

【考查点】观点态度题。

【解题思路】全文讲述了波特求学的经历，以及成名的原因，都包含作者的欣赏。由最后一段第三和第四句“然而，遗憾的是，在他去世大约30年后的今天，他在艺术界之外仍然默默无闻。这个极富洞察力、能言善辩、富有创造力的人需要被普通人发现，并因其对当今艺术家的持续影响而受人尊敬。”可以看出，作者对这个艺术家的态度是欣赏的，而这篇文章的主题就是这个艺术家。因此，该题选择C项“热情的欣赏”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“超然的兴趣”和B项“有趣的宽容”在文中并没有体现，属于无中生有；

D项“深恶痛绝”由解题思路可知，属于反向干扰。

3.【选项释义】

3.Asdescribedinthepassage,Porter’smethodofcriticizingartcanbestbesummarizedbywhichofthefollowingstatements?3.如文中所述，波特批评艺术的方法可以用以下哪一种陈述来总结？

A.Porter’scriticismswerefrankandforthright,andwerebasedsolelyonhisevaluationofthepieceofartthathewasappraising.A.波特的批评是直截了当的，并且仅仅是基于他对他正在评估的艺术品的评价。

B.Portercriticizedartbasedonthecontextofthepaintingandconceptualstructuresthathefoundmostusefulinhisevaluation.B.波特批评艺术基于绘画的背景和概念结构，他发现这在他的评价中最有用。

C.Porter’scritiqueswerecomparabletothoseofBernardBerenson,whogreatlyinfluencedPorter’soutlookonart.C.波特的批评可以与伯纳德˙贝伦森的批评相媲美，贝伦森对波特的艺术观产生了巨大的影响。

D.Portertargetedhiscriticismsathelpingartistsbyattemptingtoinfluencetheirforthcomingworks.D.波特批评艺术的目的是通过影响艺术家的作品来帮助他们。

【答案】A

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第五段前两句“事实上，让波特如此出名的是他直接回应艺术家作品的技巧。他对常见的‘以谈话为基础’的批评提出了异议，这种批评只针对艺术的过去或一些模糊的理论框架；这些批评试图塑造艺术的未来，但对波特来说，这些批评太偏颇了。”可知波特的艺术批评方法是直接的，并且对以“谈话为基础”的批评提出了异议，也就是说波特评价作品是基于艺术作品本身，而不参考作品的背景和模糊的理论。A项“波特的批评是直截了当的，并且仅仅是基于他对他正在评估的艺术品的评价”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B项“波特批评艺术基于绘画的背景和概念结构，他发现这在他的评价中最有用”由解题思路可知，该项属于反向干扰；

C项“波特的批评可以与伯纳德•贝伦森的批评相媲美，贝伦森对波特的艺术观产生了巨大的影响”与题干无关，属于出处错位；

D项“波特批评艺术的目的是通过影响艺术家的作品来帮助他们”在文中没有提及，无中生有。

4.【选项释义】

4.Porter’spaintingstylecanbedescribedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.4.波特的绘画风格除了______以外，可以用以下所有的方式来描述。

A.stirringA.激动人心的

B.vividB.生动的

C.triteC.陈腐的

D.individualisticD.个人主义的

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词paintingstyle定位至倒数第二段，根据最后两句“他的个人哲学来自两种观点的融合；艺术应该是个人化的、情绪化的、有代表性的，同时也应该是丰富多彩的、有表现力的、抽象的。利用丰富的艺术史知识，特别是法国情感画家的风格，波特将这两种感觉融合在一起，创造了一个关于家人、个人和家庭的强有力的、充满情感的绘画集合，以及感人的自然场景。”可知，波特的绘画风格是强有力的、充满情感的，内容是关于家庭、个人、家庭以及感人的自然场景。只有C项“陈腐的”不符合原文对波特绘画风格的描述，但符合题干。因此，该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A项“激动人心的”、B项“生动的”和D项“个人主义的”由解题思路可知，这三项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

5.【选项释义】

5.Withoutthefirstparagraph,thepassagewouldlose______.5.没有第一段，文章将失去______。

A.anoverviewofthepassageasawholeA.这篇文章的整体概述

B.abriefintroductionandtransitionintothetopicB.一个简短的介绍和到主题的过渡

C.importantdetailthatlaterbecomesrelevanttothepassageC.与文章相关的重要细节

D.anexplanationofthelogicbehindtheauthor’sviewpointD.对作者观点背后逻辑的解释

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息定位到第一段的内容“我第一次接触到国际艺术家和艺术评论家费尔菲尔德•波特，实际上是通过他的妻子安妮•波特的诗作。虽然两人都在各自的行业中变得非常有名，但费尔菲尔德的故事却是独一无二的。”可知，第一段是作为对全文的引语，通过作者与波特的相遇，引出主角波特，以及接下来对波特的叙述。因此，该题选择B项“一个简短的介绍和到主题的过渡”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“这篇文章的整体概述”从第一段的内容来看，该段并不是文章的总体概述，该项属于曲解原文；

C项“与文章相关的重要细节”和D项“对作者观点背后逻辑的解释”由解题思路可知，第一段只是作为引语，所以这两项属于曲解原文。

9.单选题

ReformingtheSocialSecurityretirementprogramisanissueofenormouspracticalimportance.YetitremainsthemissingpieceinAmericanpolicyanalysis.AtatimewhentheCongressandtheAdministrationareconsideringwaystoreformwelfare,Medical,Medicaidandtheincometax,electedofficialsarestillunwillingtoconfronttheseriousproblemofourSocialSecuritysystem.Eventually,however,itsdeterioratingfinancialconditionwillforcemajorreforms.Whetherthosereformsaregoodorbad,whethertheydealwithbasiceconomicproblemsofthesystemormerelyprotectthesolvencyofexistinginstitutionalarrangementswilldependinpartonwhetherwe,aseconomists,providetheappropriateintellectualframeworkforanalyzingreformalternatives.

Majorpolicychangesthataffectthepublicatlargecanonlyhappeninourdemocracywhenthereiswidespreadpublicsupportforthenewdirectionpolicy.Inthefieldofeconomics,theviewsofmedia,ofotherprivate-sectoropinionleaders,andofpoliticiansandtheiradvisers,dependverymuchontheirperceptionofwhateconomistsbelievefeasibleandcorrect.Fundamentalpolicyreformsinacomplexarealikesocialsecurityalsorequirethedevelopmentoftechnicalexpertise,bothinandoutofgovernment,abouttheopinionsforchangeandtheirlikelyconsequences.Fortunately,anexpandinggroupofeconomistsisnowthinkingandwritingaboutsocialsecurityreform.Myremarkstodaygreatlybenefitfromwhattheyhavewrittenandfrommyconversationswithmanyofthem.

IbegantodomyresearchontheeffectsofSocialSecurityreformnearly25yearsago(Feldstein,1974,1975).AcentralconceptinmyanalysisofSocialSecurityhasbeenthenotionof“SocialSecuritywealth”,whichIdefinedasthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritybenefitstowhichthecurrentadultpopulationwillbeentitledatageof65(orarealreadyentitledtoiftheyareolderthan65)minusthepresentactuarialvalueoftheSocialSecuritytaxesthattheywillpaybeforereachingthatage.SocialSecuritywealthhasnowgrowntoabout$11trillionormorethan1.5timesGDP.Sincethisisequivalenttomorethan$50000foreveryadultinthecountry,thevalueofSocialSecuritywealthsubstantiallyexceedsallotherassetsforthevastmajorityofAmericanhouseholds.Intheaggregate,SocialSecuritywealthexceedsthree-fourthsofallprivatefinancialwealth,asconventionallymeasured.

SocialSecuritywealthisofcoursenotrealwealthbutonlyaclaimoncurrentandfuturetaxpayers.Insteadoflabelingthiskeymagnitude“SocialSecuritywealth”,Icouldhavecalleditthenation’s“SocialSecurityliability”.Likeordinarygovernmentdebt,SocialSecuritywealthhasthepowertocrowdoutprivatecapitalaccumulation;andSocialSecuritywealthwillcontinuetogrowaslongasourcurrentsystemremainsunchanged,displacinganeverlargerstockofcapital.

The$11trillionSocialSecurityliabilityisthreetimesaslargeastheofficialnationaldebt.AlthoughIcertainlywelcomethecurrentpoliticaleffortstoshrinkfuturebudgetdeficit,itisworthnotingthat,evenifthetraditionaldeficitiseliminatedintheyear2002,sothatthenationaldebtisthennolongerincreasing,thenationaldebtintheformoftheSocialSecurityliabilityislikelytoincreasethatyearbyabout$300billion.

Lookingfurtherintothefuture,theaggregateSocialSecurityliabilitywillgrowasthepopulationexpands,asitbecomesrelativelyolder,andasincomerises.Governmentactuariespredictthatunderexistinglawthetaxraterequiredtopayeachyear’sSocialSecuritybenefitwillriseoverthenext50yearsfromthepresentlevelofslightlylessthan12percenttomorethan18percent,andperhapstoasmuchas23percent.

1.Thedeterioratingfinancialconditionsreferredtowascausedby____.

2.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,theunderlinedword“alternatives”refersto____.

3.Inparagraphthree,thenameandthedatesbetweenparentheses____.

4.ThedefinitionofSocialSecuritywealth____.

5.Ratherthanwealth,thismagnitudemaybeconstruedasaliabilitybecause____.

问题1选项

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogram

B.thereformofwelfareapprovedbythegovernment

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestment

D.majorpolicychangesinthepast

问题2选项

A.courses

B.thoughts

C.occasions

D.people

问题3选项

A.identifytheauthor

B.representnewinformation

C.arequestionsofpersonalstyle

D.refertoadifferentsource

问题4选项

A.appliestothebenefitspayablebeforeage65

B.includesthepresentactuarialvaluepaidbeforeage65

C.wasformulatedtwoandahalfdecadeago

D.wastodifferentiateprivatefinancialwealth

问题5选项

A.ithasgrownto$11trillion

B.itexceedsallotherassets

C.itisadebttobepaid

D.itgrowsrapidlythroughtheaccumulationofprivatecapital

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Thedeteriorationfinancialconditionreferredtowascausedby____.文中提到的财务状况恶化是由____造成的。

A.apooreconomicapproachtotheSocialSecurityretirementprogramA.社会保障退休计划的糟糕的经济方法

B.thereformofwelfareintheSocialSecurityretirementprogramB.社会保障退休计划中的福利改革

C.government’sheavydebtsbecauseofinappropriateinvestmentC.政府投资不当导致的沉重债务

D.majorpolicychangesinthepastD.过去发生的重大政策变化

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词deteriorationfinancialcondition定位到原文第一段第四句，该句提到“其日益恶化的财政状况（itsdeterioratingfinancialcondition）最终（Eventually）将迫使其进行重大改革（majorreforms）。”由此可知，后文介绍的应该是