考研考博-英语-山东财经大学东方学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东财经大学东方学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Theyformthebasisonwhichhebuildshistheoryoflove.

B.Theywerecarriedoutoveraperiodofsomethirtyyears.

C.TheyweredonebyhisformercolleagueatYale.

D.Theyarefocusedmoreonattractionthanlove.

问题2选项

A.Therelationshipcannotlastlongifnopassionisinvolved.

B.Itisnotloveifyoudon’twishtomaintaintherelationship.

C.Romanceisjustimpossiblewithoutmutualunderstanding.

D.Intimacyisessentialbutnotabsolutelyindispensabletolove.18.

问题3选项

A.Whetheritistruelovewithoutcommitment.

B.Whichofthemisconsideredmostimportant.

C.Howtherelationshipistobedefinedifanyoneismissing.

D.Whentheabsenceofanyonedoesn’taffecttherelationship.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

【解析】RecordingOne

Okay.Solet’sgetstarted.AndtostartthingsoffIthinkwhatweneedtodoisconsideradefinition.I’mgoingtodefinewhatloveisbutthen[16]mostoftheexperimentsI’mgoingtotalkaboutarereallyfocusedmoreonattractionthanlove.AndI’mgoingtopickadefinitionfromaformercolleague,RobertSternberg,whoisnowthedeanatTuftsUniversitybutwashereonourfacultyatYalefornearlythirtyyears.Andhehasatheoryoflovethatarguesthatit’smadeupofthreecomponents:intimacy,passion,andcommitment,orwhatissometimescalleddecisioncommitment.Andthesearerelativelystraightforward.Hearguedthatyoudon’thaveloveifyoudon’thaveallthreeoftheseelements.Intimacyisthefeelingofcloseness,ofconnectednesswithsomeone,ofbonding.Operationally,youcouldthinkofintimacyasyousharesecrets,youshareinformationwiththispersonthatyoudon’tsharewithanybodyelse.Okay.That’sreallywhatintimacyis,thebondthatcomesfromsharinginformationthatisn’tsharedwithotherpeople.Thesecondelementispassion.Passionisthedrivethatleadstoromance.Youcanthinkofitasphysicalattraction.AndSternbergarguesthatthisisarequiredcomponentofaloverelationship.ThethirdelementofloveinSternberg’stheoryiswhathecallsdecisioncommitment,thedecisionthatoneisinaloverelationship,thewillingnesstolabelitassuch,andacommitmenttomaintainthatrelationshipatleastforsomeperiodoftime.[17]Sternbergwouldargueit’snotloveifyoudon’tcallitloveandifyoudon’thavesomedesiretomaintaintherelationship.Soifyouhaveallthreeofthese,intimacy,passionandcommitment,inSternberg’stheoryyouhavelove.[18]Nowwhat’sinterestingaboutthetheoryiswhatdoyouhaveifyouonlyhaveoneoutofthreeortwooutofthree?Whatdoyouhaveandhowisitdifferentifyouhaveadifferenttwooutofthree?What’sinterestingaboutthiskindoftheorizingisitgivesrisetomanydifferentcombinationsthatcanbequiteinterestingwhenyoubreakthemdownandstarttolookatthemcarefully.SowhatI’vedoneisI’vetakenSternberg’sthreeelementsoflove,intimacy,passionandcommitment,andI’velistedoutthedifferentkindsofrelationshipsyouwouldhaveifyouhadzero,one,twoorthreeoutofthethreeelements.

16.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutmostoftheexperimentsmentionedinhistalk?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问关于演讲中提到的大多数实验，说话者说了什么?录音开头提到说话者要给爱下定义，接下来指出将要谈论的大多数实验实际上更多地聚焦于吸引力而不是爱。D选项“更多地聚焦于吸引力而不是爱”是录音原文的复现，因此正确。A选项“它们形成了他建立爱的理论的基础”在录音中并没有提及；B选项“它们实施了大约三十年了”，利用录音中的thirtyyears设置的干扰项，录音中说的是说话人的同事在耶鲁工作了近30年，并不是说实验实施了大约30年；C选项“是他在耶鲁大学的前同事做的”录音中确实提到了说话人以前的同事，但并没有信息表明这些实验是他在耶鲁的前同事做的，因此C选项排除。

17.WhatdoesRobertSternbergargueaboutlove?

【试题答案】B

【试题解析】题目问RobertSternberg对爱有什么看法？录音提到在Sternberg的理论中，爱的第三个要素就是他所说的决定承诺。他主张，如果你不把它称之为爱，如果你没有想要维持这段关系的想法，那就不是爱。B选项中的wishto是对录音原文中havesomedesireto的同义替换，因此B选项“如果你不想维持这段关系，那就不是爱”正确。A选项“如果没有激情，这段关系就不会长久”这一信息在录音中并没有提及；C选项“没有相互理解，不可能有浪漫”中并没有提及mutualunderstanding（相互理解）；D选项“对于爱来讲，亲密是基本的，但并非绝对必要”，根据Sternberg的理论，爱的三要素就包括intimacy，因此D选项不正确。

18.WhatquestiondoesthespeakerthinkisinterestingaboutSternberg’sthreeelementsoflove?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问关于Sternberg的爱情三要素，说话者认为哪个问题很有趣？录音最后提到，根据Sternberg的理论，如果你拥有了亲密、激情和承诺这三个要素，你就拥有了爱。但现在关于这个理论有趣的问题是，如果你只拥有三个中的一个或两个的话，那你拥有的是什么呢？也就是说，如果其中任何一个要素缺失，那么该如何定义这段关系？C选项与原文表述相符，因此正确。A选项“没有承诺是否是真正的爱”，这一问题，Sternberg已经给出明确的答案：没有承诺就不是真正的爱，因此A选项可排除；B选项“哪一个被认为是最重要的”并不是说话者认为很有趣的问题；D选项“当缺少了任何一个要素，都不会影响这段关系”与录音表述不符，因此可排除。

2.单选题

Modernmanufacturinghas（）aglobalriverofmaterialsintoastunningarrayofnewproducts.

问题1选项

A.translated

B.transformed

C.transferred

D.transported

【答案】B

【解析】句意:现代制造业已经将全球材料转变成惊人的一系列新产品。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的现在分词形式。translate翻译，（使）转化成……；transform把……转变成……；transfer（使）转移；transport运输。而且空格处动词应与into搭配。因此B项符合句意跟搭配。

3.单选题

Itiseasytounderstandthatthethickertheseamis,______togetthecoaloutoftheground.

问题1选项

A.itischeaper

B.thecheaper

C.itismorecheap

D.thecheaperitis

【答案】D

【解析】考查比较级的用法。“The+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。Cheap的比较级形式是cheaper，所以排除C项；B项缺少主语和谓语，所以B项排除；A项不符合语法。句意：很容易理解的是，煤层越厚，将煤从地下开采出来的成本就越低。因此D项正确。

4.单选题

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshockstiog24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock

Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtoskillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnoffthe

electricity（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（）.

33.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat（）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperiment

wasthat（）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（）.

问题1选项

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

问题2选项

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

问题3选项

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystem

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

问题4选项

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

问题5选项

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginfections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段倒数第二句指出:Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity(Laudenslager发现，无助老鼠（不能关掉电流的老鼠）的免疫功能被削弱至低于正常水平，但是，对于那些能切断电流的老鼠的免疫功能则不会受到影响)。因此B项“不受影响”正确。

2.细节事实题。第二段第三句指出:Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol(但是，如果动物有（老鼠）面对过控制不了的情况，那么，以后即使在自己能够控制的情况下，其反应也是消极的)，因此C项“在可控制的情况下，表现得消极”正确。

3.细节事实题。第三段指出:Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener(将糖精与胃疼关联后，老鼠很快学会避免糖精)。因此，选D项“他们与胃疼有关联”。

4.判断推理题。第三段举例是为了证明该段中心句，即:...howthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponse...(思想是如何改变/影响免疫系统)，故选C项“它们的免疫系统被其思想改变了”。

5.判断推理题。第三段中Ader的实验说明通过各种具体手段使动物形成某

种条件反射就能削弱其免疫功能。因此，A项“条件反射可能减弱免疫系统”正确。

5.单选题

Hehadalwayshadagoodopinionofhimself,butafterthepublicationofhisbest-sellingnovelhebecameunbearably（

）.

问题1选项

A.bigoted

B.proud

C.conceited

D.exaggerated

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。bigoted意为“偏执的，顽固的，心胸狭窄的”；proud意为“得意的，自豪的”；conceited意为“自负的，骄傲自大的”；exaggerated意为“夸大的，言过其实的”。由句中的but可知前后为转折关系，C选项最符合语境。

句意：他一直对自己评价很高，但在他的畅销小说出版后，他变得及其自负。

6.单选题

Australianresearchershavediscoveredelectroreceptors(sensoryorgansdesignedtorespondtoelectricalfields)clusteredatthetipofthespinyanteater’ssnout.Theresearchersmadethisdiscoverybyexposingsmallareasofthesnouttoextremelyweakelectricalfieldsandrecordingthetransmissionofresultingnervousactivitytothebrain.Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowntoexciteelectroreceptors.

Havingdiscoveredtheelectroreceptor,researchersarenowinvestigatinghowanteatersutilizesuchasophisticatedsensorysystem.Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedananteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweakelectricalfieldandtheotherwithnone.Suchevidenceisconsistentwithresearcher’shypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptortodetectelectricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey;however,researchersasyethavebeenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.Still,researchershaveobservedanteatersbreakingintoanestofantsatanobliqueangleandquicklylocatingnestingchambers.Thisabilityquicklytolocateunseenpreysuggests,accordingtotheresearchers,thattheanteaterswereusingtheirelectroreceptortolocatethenestingchambers.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicthatdistinguisheselectroreceptorsfromtactilereceptors?

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheexperimentdescribedinthefirstparagraph?

3.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablydiscussesthefunctionoftatilereceptors(lines6—9)inorderto（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutanteatersfromthebehavioralexperimentmentionedinthesecondparagraph?

5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheresearchersmentionedinthesecondparagraphwhoobservedanteatersbreakintoanestofantswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

6.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenthehypothesismentionedinlines15—16?

问题1选项

A.Themannerinwhichelectroreceptorsrespondtoelectricalstimuli.

B.Thetendencyofelectroreceptorstobefoundinclusters.

C.Theunusuallocationsinwhichelectroreceptorsarefoundinmostspecies.

D.Theamountofelectricalstimulationrequiredtoexciteelectroreceptors.

问题2选项

A.Researchershaddifficultyverifyingtheexistenceofelectroreceptorsintheanteaterbecauseelectroreceptorsrespondtosuchanarrowrangeofelectricalfieldstrengths.

B.Researchersfoundthatthelevelofnervousactivityintheanteater9sbrainincreaseddramaticallyasthestrengthoftheelectricalstimuluswasincreased.

C.Researchersfoundthatsomeareasoftheanteater’ssnoutwerenotsensitivetoaweakelectricalstimulus.

D.Researchersfoundthattheanteater’stactilereceptorsweremoreeasilyexcitedbyastrongelectricalstimulusthanweretheelectroreceptors.

问题3选项

A.eliminateandalternativeexplanationofanteaters’responsetoelectricalstimuli

B.highlightatypeofsensoryorganthathasafunctionidenticaltothatofelectroreceptors

C.pointoutaseriouscomplicationittheresearchonelectroreceptorsinanteaters

D.suggestthattactilereceptorsassistelectroreceptorsinthedetectionofelectricalsignals

问题4选项

A.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweenstimulidetectedbytheirelectroreceptorsandstimulidetectedbytheirtactilereceptors.

B.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweentheelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemoundsandthoseemanatingfromantnests.

C.Theycanbetrainedtorecognizeconsistentlythepresenceofaparticularstimulus.

D.Theyreactmorereadilytostrongthantoweakstimuli.

问题5选项

A.Theeventtheyobservedwasatypicalandmaynotreflecttheusualhuntingpracticesofanteaters.

B.Itislikelythattheanteaterslocatedtheants’nestingchamberswithouttheassistanceofelectroreceptors.

C.Anteaterspossessaverysimplesensorysystemforusinlocatingprey.

D.Thespeedwithwhichtheanteaterslocatedtheirpreyisgreaterthanwhatmightbeexpectedonthebasisofchancealone.

问题6选项

A.Researchersareabletotrainanteaterstobreakintoanundergroundchamberthatisemittingastrongelectricalsignal.

B.Researchersareabletodetectaweakelectricalsignalemanatingfromthenestingchamberofanantcolony.

C.Anteatersareobservedtakingincreasinglylongeramountsoftimetolocatethenestingchambersofants.

D.Anteatersareobservedusingvariousanglestobreakintonestsofants.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据文中第一段“Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowtoexciteelectroreceptor.虽然触觉感受器(食蚁兽鼻子上的另一种感觉器官)确实也能对电刺激做出反应，但这种感受器只能对电场强度做出反应，而电场强度大约是已知的激发电感受器的1000倍。”由此可知electroreceptor是需要聚集电子刺激物来刺激它，从而发现目标。而触觉感受器需要的电子刺激强度要比电子感受器的刺激强度高出大概1,000倍。因此，他们的区别在于刺激物的数量上。D选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Theresearchersmadethisdiscoverybyexposingsmallareasofthesnouttoextremelyweakelectricalfieldsandrecordingthetransmissionofresultingnervousactivitytothebrain.研究人员将鼻子的小区域暴露在极弱的电场下，并记录下由此产生的神经活动传递到大脑的过程，从而得出了这一发现。”科学家们做了这个实验，发现了电感受器。由于触觉感受器需要有比电子感受器的刺激强度要多得多。由此推断食蚁兽的鼻部对弱电信号的刺激并不敏感，否则就发现不了电感受器。C选项符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位至文章第一段最后一句“Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowtoexciteelectroreceptor.”即尽管食蚁兽鼻部的另一个感应器官触觉感受器，也能对电子刺激物做出反应，但是它需要的刺激强度是电子感受器的刺激强度的1000倍。这里是否定食蚁兽的触觉感受器也能对电子刺激物做出反应，并解释道只有激强度达到一定强度才能做出反应。所以A选项‘排除和替代解释食蚁兽对电刺激的反应’符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedananteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweakelectricalfieldandtheotherwithnone.在该实验中，科学家们成功地训练食蚁兽分辨两个槽沟的水，这两个槽沟的水一个是带有弱电磁场的，而另一个却没有。”推测可知，食蚁兽是能被训练意识到特定刺激物的存在的。所以C选项符合题意。

5.细节判断题。第二段作者指出“researchershaveobservedanteatersbreakingintoanestofantsatanobliqueangleandquicklylocatingnestingchambers.Thisabilityquicklytolocateunseenpreysuggests,accordingtotheresearchers,thattheanteaterswereusingtheirelectroreceptortolocatethenestingchambers.即科学家观察到食蚁兽闯入到斜坡上的蚁群并且迅速找到蚁穴。他们认为食蚁兽能够迅速找到看不见的猎物表明食蚁兽是利用了电感受器来定位蚁穴的。所以D选项‘食蚁兽定位猎物的速度比仅凭偶然性就能预测到的要快。’符合题意。

6.推理判断题。由题干迅速定位至第二段第三句“Suchevidenceisconsistentwithresearcher’shypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptortodetectelectricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey,however,researchersasyethavebeenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.这些证据与研究人员的假设相一致，即食蚁兽使用电感受器来探测猎物发出的电信号。然而，研究人员至今还无法探测到食蚁兽最喜爱的食物——白蚁丘发出的电信号。”因此推断，如果科学家能够探测出白蚁穴发出的信号，那么该假设就更能成立。所以B选项‘研究人员能够探测到来自蚁群巢穴的微弱电信号。’符合题意。

7.不定项选择题

SincetheemergenceofWesterncapitalisminthe18thcentury,freemarketcapitalismhasbeenthereigningmodeintheworld’seconomy.Basedonmassproduction,externalmarkets,andregulationbysupplyanddemand,thissystempromoteseconomicgrowthand,intheory,wealthforallintheformofmaterialgoods.Proponentsofcapitalismbelievethatthesystembringsthegreatesthappinesstothegreatestnumberofpeople.Detractorsclaimthatcapitalismcreatesunnecessarygrowthattheexpenseofsocialinequalityandenvironmentaldegradation.

Withthepatentingofthesteamenginein1769,massproductionbecamemoreefficient,andlargefactorytownsproliferated,firstinEnglandandtheninEuropeandAmerica.Mannedbyanewclassofurbanwageearners,factorieschurnedoutlow-costgoodsforsaleinexternalmarkets.ThehugeprofitsofprivateindustryfueledthenationaleconomiesofEuropeancountries,andlaidthefoundationsofinternationaltrade.Thevirtuesofeconomicgrowthseemedunassailableatthetime;profitsfromsalesenrichedthefactoryinterestontheflowoftradecurrencybroughtprofittocapitalinvestors,andtheincreaseinfactory-producedconsumergoodsappearedasthoughitwouldleadtowell-beingfortherestofsociety.TheScottishsocialphilosopherproto-economistAdamSmith,writingin1776,expressedthis18th-centuryoptimisminhisWealthofNations,sayingthatan“invisiblehand”ofself-interestguidedthelaissez-faireeconomy(onewithnogovernmentinterference),preservingchecksandbalancesinthesystemandofferingthefairestcompensationtotheworker,guaranteeingahappyandprosperoussociety.

Bythemiddleofthe19thcentury,thedesirabilityofuncheckedeconomicgrowthwasbeginningtocomeintoquestion.Whileprovidingforthegrowthofgovernmentandindustry,thecapitalistsystemseemedtohavebroughtfewrealbenefitstotheworkingclasses,andtohavecreatedmoreproblemsthanithadsolved.CitiesinEuropeandnowAmericaboreanewandquiteuglyfeature:theslumsoftheurbanworkerswhoselaborwasessentialtothemachineryofcapitalism,butwhoserewardwasinadequatetoprovideadecentstandardofliving.Theseghettoeswerecentersofovercrowding,poverty,hungeranddesperation.Increasedfoodproductionbroughtacorrespondingriseinpopulation;GreatBritaingrewfromninemillionin1780to21millionin1850;thepopulationofEuropenearlydoubledinthesametimeframe,jumpingfrom140millionin1750to266millionin1850.Thus,workerswhohadleftserf-likeconditionsonfarmstoworkincitiesfoundslaveryinanotherformaswage-earnerscompetingforill-payingjobs.Theappallingworkandlivingconditionsfannedtheflamesofworkers’revolutionswhichbrokeoutacrossEuropein1848.

KarlMarxandHenryDavidThoreau,writinginthe1840’s,bothattackedthefree-marketsystem.[A]ItisironicthatMarx,whoispopularlyregardedasthegreatestenemyofcapitalism,wasactuallythinkingfairlyconventionallyabouteconomicgrowth;MarxagreedwithSmiththateconomicdevelopmentwasdesirableandnecessary,butdisagreedwiththedistributionofwealthundercapitalism.[B]ItwasThoreau,whenheproposedanagrarian-basedeconomicmodelbasedonself-sufficiencyandreducedconsumption,whomostradicallydissentedwiththe“freemarket”.[C]ThoughfewatthetimetookThoreauseriously,hisobservationsprefiguremanyoftheecologicalconcernsofthe21stcentury—conservation,sustainableresources,recycling,andrealcost,forexample.[D]Thoreaualsoarguedthatlarge-scaleeconomicdevelopmentcannotexistwithoutslavery.Headvocatedaninternal-market“naturaleconomy”inwhichtheindividualwouldcultivateonlyenoughlandtoprovideforpersonalneeds,retaineconomicindependencealongwiththedignitythatentailed,andenjoygreaterleisuretime.

Today,theinterrelatednessoftheglobaleconomyisforcingustorecognizethateconomicgrowthdoesnottakeplaceinavacuum.Thefree-marketeconomicmodelhas,overthepasttwohundredyears,broughtabundantmaterialwealthtomany,alongwithrevolutionaryimprovementsinmedicine,scienceandtechnology.Ontheotherhand,suchunwelcomeby-productsoframpanteconomicgrowthasoverpopulation,pollutionandclimatechangehavebroughttheworldtothebrinkofanecologicalcrisis.Noweconomistsandecologistsoftenfindthemselvesoccupyingcommonground.Indeeditmaynolongerbepossibletolookateconomicdevelopmentasanactivitydivorcedfromitsenvironmentalandhumanconsequences.

6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedinparagraph2?

A.Initsinitialstages,thecapitalistfreemarketeconomydependedonexports.

B.Producingforoverseasmarketswasthesecondstageinthedevelopmentofacapitalistfreemarketeconomy.

C.Exportmarketswerenotascriticaltothedevelopmentofacapitalistfreemarketeconomyasweredomesticmarkets.

D.Governmentswereactiveinpromotingtheexpansionofexportmarketstoincreasetheirnationalwealth.

7.Accordingtothepassage,itwasAdamSmith’sargumentthat（）.

A.acapitalistfreemarketeconomyneededsomegovernmentregulation

B.workerswereunfairlytakenadvantageofinacapitalistfreemarketeconomy

C.acapitalistfreemarketeconomycouldbelefttoregulateitself

D.capitalistfreemarketeconomiesneededtobebalancedbyotherkindsofeconomicsystems

8.Whichofthefollowingwasmentionedasaconsequenceofpeoplemovingfromthecountrysidetothecity?

A.Thequalityoflifeformanyofthemwasimproved.

B.Conflictoccurredbetweendifferentracialandethnicgroups.

C.Thelivingconditionsoftheworkersdidnotimprove.

D.Themigrationoflaborersawayfromthecountrysideseriouslyhurtagriculturalproductivity.

9.Accordingtothepassage,whyisthecommonlyheldviewofKarlMarxironic?

A.Hewasanearlyopponentoffreemarketcapitalism.

B.Hethoughtcapitalismwasunfair.

C.Heagreedwithsomecapitalistprinciples.

D.HereflectedtheviewsofThoreau.

10.Thewordrampantisclosestinmeaningto（）.

A.rational

B.moderate

C.regulated

D.unrestrained

11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasabenefitthathasresultedfromfreemarketcapitalism?

A.Betterhealthcare.

B.Anexpandingpopulation.

C.Scientificprogress.

D.Materialabundance.

12.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thiswasaneconomicsystemthat,inhisview,wasanythingbut“free”.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

问题1选项

A.Initsinitialstages,thecapitalistfreemarketeconomydependedonexports.

B.Producingforoverseasmarketswasthesecondstageinthedevelopmentofacapitalistfreemarketeconomy.

C.Exportmarketswerenotascriticaltothedevelopmentofacapitalistfreemarketeconomyasweredomesticmarkets.

D.Governmentswereactiveinpromotingtheexpansionofexportmarketstoincreasetheirnationalwealth.

问题2选项

A.acapitalistfreemarketeconomyneededsomegovernmentregulation

B.workerswereunfairlytakenadvantageofinacapitalistfreemarketeconomy

C.acapitalistfreemarketeconomycouldbelefttoregulateitself

D.capitalistfreemarketeconomiesneededtobebalancedbyotherkindsofeconomicsystems

问题3选项

A.Thequalityoflifeformanyofthemwasimproved.

B.Conflictoccurredbetweendifferentracialandethnicgroups.

C.Thelivingconditionsoftheworkersdidnotimprove.

D.Themigrationoflaborersawayfromthecountrysideseriouslyhurtagriculturalproductivity.

问题4选项

A.Hewasanearlyopponentoffreemarketcapitalism.

B.Hethoughtcapitalismwasunfair.

C.Heagreedwithsomecapitalistprinciples.

D.HereflectedtheviewsofThoreau.

问题5选项

A.rational

B.moderate

C.regulated

D.unrestrained

问题6选项

A.Betterhealthcare.

B.Anexpandingpopulation.

C.Scientificprogress.

D.Materialabundance.

问题7选项

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:C

【解析】6.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句Mannedbyanewclassofurbanwageearners,factorieschurnedoutlow-costgoodsforsaleinexternalmarkets.（城市居民打工族开始出现，工厂批量生产出低价商品，销往海外。），说明工厂产出低价商品在海外市场销售，由此可知外销市场在自由市场经济体制下一开始就是发展的基础。因此A选项“在其初始阶段，资本主义自由市场经济依赖于出口”正确。B选项“为海外市场生产是资本主义自由市场经济发展的第二个阶段”，C选项“出口市场对资本主义自由市场经济的发展并不像国内市场那样关键”与原文表述的意思相反，所以B，C错误。D选项“各国政府积极推动出口市场的扩大，以增加国家财富”，原文没有说到政府在整个经济发展过程里所扮演的角色，所以D错误。

7.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句an“invisiblehand”ofself-interestguidedthelaissez-faireeconomy（他认为有一只由自我利益操控的“看不见的手”指引着自由经济），说明亚当•史密斯认为个人利益就像一只隐形的手，可以指引自由市场经济，也就是说自由市场经济不需要政府的干预，可以自我调节。因此C选项“资本主义自由市场经济可以自行调节”正确。A选项“资本主义自由市场经济需要一些政府的监管”，由原文onewithnogovernmentinterference（这是一只不掺有政府干预的手）可知，自由市场经济不需要政府的监管，所以A错误。B选项“工人在资本主义自由市场经济中被不公平地利用了”，由原文offeringthefairestcompensationtotheworker（为工人提供最公平的补偿）可知，这样的体系也将为工人带来最公平的待遇，所以B错误。D选项“资本主义自由市场经济需要被其他类型的经济体系所平衡”，由原文可知，史密斯的理论并未提及其他的经济体系，所以D错误。

8.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段倒数第二句Thus,workerswhohadleftserf-likeconditionsonfarmstoworkincitiesfoundslaveryinanotherformaswage-earnerscompetingforill-payingjobs.（这样导致以前工作在牧场的农奴似的人民现在发现自己依旧在工厂里如奴隶一般工作，领着可怜巴巴的薪水。），说明原来在乡下过着奴役般生活的人们移居到城市，结果仍然受到压迫，生活一点也没有改善。因此C选项“工人的生活条件没有改善”正确。A选项“他们中许多人的生活质量得到了提高”与原文表述的意思相反，所以A错误。B选项“不同种族和民族群体之间发生了冲突”，D选项“劳动者离开农村的迁移严重损害了农业生产力”在文中没有提及，所以B，D错误。

9.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第二句ItisironicthatMarx,whoispopularlyregardedasthegreatestenemyofcapitalism,wasactuallythinkingfairlyconventionallyabouteconomicgrowth;Marx