考研考博-英语-上海科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theoldcoupledecidedto（

）aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreechildrenoftheirown.

问题1选项

A.adapt

B.bring

C.receive

D.adopt

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapt“使适合（新用途、新情况），适应（新情况）”；B选项bring“带来，引起，导致”；C选项receive“拿到，接到，受到”；D选项adopt“收养，领养，采用”。此处表示这对老夫妇决定领养一男一女，因此选D。句意：这对老夫妇决定收养一男一女，尽管他们自己有三个孩子。

2.单选题

SomeoneshouldhavetoldRichardNixonthathiseyelidswerebetrayinghim.OnAugust22,1973,duringhisfirstnationallytelevisedpressconferencesincetheSenate’sWatergateinvestigationbegansixmonthsearlier,thepresidentmaintainedacalm,controlledloneofvoice.Butinansweringsuchpointedquestionsas“Isthereanylimitationonthepresident,shortofimpeachment,tocompeltheproductionofevidence?”Nixon’seyesbecameablur.Inanaverageminuteheblinked30to40times.Unimpeachableadultsblinkonlyabout10to20timesaminute,andeventhatmaybeexcessive;studiesoninfantsshowthatthephysicalneedtoblinkcomesjustonceeverytwominutes.

Alltheseextrablinksrepresentmorethanjustwaterywipesfordrycorneas.Somearedustinduced;othersarereflexblinks,protectiveresponsestoatapontheforeheadorthepopofaballoon.What’sleftoveristhethousandsofblinksadaythatseemtooccurwithoutcauseandatrandom.Butinfacttheseblinksarepreciselytimed,andthey’redirectlylinkedtowhat’sonourmind.

Excitement,fatigue,andanxietycanallbedetectedfromsomeone’sblinks,accordingtopsychologistJohnSternofWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.SternhasbeeninterestedinblinkseversincehewatchedNixonparrypressquestions,andhespecializedinthestudyonthesetinytwitches,usingthemassensitiveprobesofhowthebrainworks.

“IuseblinksasapsychologicalmeasuretomakeinferencesaboutthinkingbecauseIhaveverylittlefaithinwhatyoutellmeaboutwhatyou’rethinking,"hesays.“IfIaskyouthequestion,‘Whatdoesthephrasearollingstonegathersnomossmean?’youcan’ttellmewhenyou’vestartedlookingfortheanswer.ButIcan,bywatchingyoureyes.”

BlinksalsotellSternwhenyouhaveunderstoodhisquestion―oftenlongbeforehe’sfinishedaskingit—andwhenyou’vefoundananswerorpartofone.“Weblinkattunesthatarepsychologicallyimportant,"hesays.“Youhavelistenedtoaquestion,youunderstandit,nowyoucantaketimeoutforablink-Blinksarepunctuationmarks.Theirtimingistiedtowhatisgoingoninyourhead.”

Understandably,newacquaintancestendtosquirmwhenSterntellsthemwhathedoesforaliving.“TheythinkI'vebeenwatchingthemblink,”hesays,“whichisnotthecase.They'llsay,‘YoumeanyoucantellhowI’mthinkingbymyblinks?”ThenItellthemIcan’tlistentothemandwatchthemblinkatthesametime."

Butfewthingsdomoretostirtheurgetoblink—andthuscontaminateblinkresearch-thanthethoughtthatsomeoneiswatchingyoureyes.“IfItellsomeoneI’mwatchingthemblink,”saysStern,“thatimmediatelymakesthemuncomfortable.Eventuallythey'llstopthinkingabouttheirblinks,butuntiltheydo,theyblinkatanabnormalrate,”

Thisparadoxicaleffectforcedpioneersinthefieldtocarryouttheirexperimentssurreptitiously.Inthe1920sthefirstblinkresearchers,twoScottishscientistsfromtheUniversityofEdinburgh,conductedtheirearlystudiesinthebacksofcourtrooms,secretlywatchingtheeyesofwitnessesandtryingtodeterminehowtheirblinksreflectedtheirtestimony.Theresearchwaslimitedtocountingblinksandcomparingtheratesfordifferentsituations.Crudeasthesestudieswere,theyshowedindisputablythatanxiety-riddensituations,suchasacross-examination,doindeedtendtofostermoreblinks.

Today’sresearchershaveupgradedtheirtechniquesconsiderably,andtheirinterestshaveshiftedfromblinkratestoblinkreplacementandduration.InStern'slab,subjectsarewiredwithtinyelectrodesaboveandbelowtheireyestomeasurethedifferenceintheelectricpotentialoftheeyewhenitisopenandclosed.Thevolunteersatetoldthattheapparatus13onlyformeasuringhowtheeyeballmoves;infactittimestothemillisecondhowlongeachcomponentofablinklastsandwhentheblinkoccursinresponsetoagivenstimulus.

Sternhasfoundthatsubjectssuppressblinkswhentheyareabsorbingoranticipatinginformationbutnotwhenthey’rerecitingit.Peopleblinklater,forexample,iftheyhavetomemorizesixnumbersinsteadoftwo.“Youdon'tblink”hesays,“untilyouhavecommittedtheinformationtosomeshort-termmemorystore.”Andifsubjectsarecuedthatthesetofnumbersiscomingin,say,fiveseconds,they'llcurbtheirblinksuntilthetaskisover.

Similarly,themoreimportanttheinformationthatpeoplearetakingin,themorelikelytheyaretoputtheirblinksonholdforit.Pilotsblinklesswhenthey’reresponsibleforflyingaplanethanwhenthey’reintheco-pilot’sseat.Driversroutinelyblinkwhentheyshifttheireyesfromtheroadtotherearviewmirror.Butiftheyseetheflashinglightsofastatetrooperbehindthem,theireyeswilldartunmoistenedtothespeedometerandbacktothemirror.

Thistendencytoputblinksonthebackburnerwheneveralertnessiskeyhasluredoneofthenation’sleadingstudentsofalertness,theAirForce,intotheblinkbusiness.Itisworkingtoobservenotonlythefrequencybutalsothelengthofblinks(whichincreaseswithfatigue)'togaugewhetherfliersarepayingattention.“Blinksarerelativelyeasytomonitor,”saysJamesMiller,aresearchpsychologistatEdwardsAirForceBaseinCalifornia.“Forverylittletrouble,theygiveusagreatdealofinformationaboutwhat’sgoingoninthebrain.”

Milleranticipatesthatinfiveorsixyearsablink-watchingapparatuscouldbeincorporatedintothegearthatpilotsalreadywear.Theywouldn’tnecessarilyhavetodonelectrodes;rather,aninvisibleinfraredlightshiningontheireyeballcouldreflectbacktoadetectorandsignalwhethertheeyewasopenorclosed.“Ifthemonitorshowedsomethingunusual,”saysMiller,“wecouldthennotifythepilotandperhapspullhimoffthejob.”

Sternwishessuchalertnessmonitorswouldberequiredfordriversaswell.“WhatIwouldliketosee,”hesays，“iseverycarwithabigredlightontopthatflasheswhenthedriverhasstoppedpayingattention.ThenifIseethatlightflashing,1cangetoutoftheway.”

Suchdreams,however,takeabackseattoStern’slatestinterest:tacklingthebroaderquestionofhowpeopleusetheireyestogatherinformation.He’swidenedhisfocustoincludetheinteractionsofblinkswithtwootherelementsofvisualactivity;movementsoftheeyesandhead.Duringablink,eyestendtomovetowhateverwillbetheirnextposition,andSternfindsthatthishappens,inparticular,wheneverthetaskbeingperformedisacomplexone.Itseemsthatundercertainconditionsthebrainlinksblinkswitheyemovementstoreducethetimetheeyespendsoutofservice.

Headmovementsalsovarywiththerigorofatask.Sterncanusuallyidentifywhenareadingchildshiftsfromonelinetothenextbecausehe’llmovehishead—notjusthiseyes-toscantheline.“Adultswilldothesamethingwhenthey’rereadingdifficultmaterial,”Sternsays，“butnotwhenthereadingiseasy.”

Stern’scontinuingcuriosityaboutblinkshasbeensharedbyfewothersovertheyears.Butgraduallytheranksofblinkbuffsaregrowing.“Therearepocketsofinterestdevelopingabroad,”hesays.“AgroupinJapansentsomeonetoworkinourlablastyearandagroupinGermanyhopestosendsomeonesoon.Peoplearefinallydiscoveringhowmuchtheeyescantellusaboutthebrain.”

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposewasto（）.

2.Whenapersonislisteningintently,theeyestendto（）.

3.Onthebasisoftheinformationinthepassage,whodoyouthinkwouldbenefitLEASTbyeyeblinkresearch?

4.SternfoundthatblinkswerecloselyassociatedwithallBUTwhichofthefollowing?

5.WhichofthefollowingcouldNOTbeinferredtrueaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.warnthereadertowatchoutwhentalkingtoresearchteams

B.explainhowinvestigatorsjudgedwhetherRichardNixonwastellingthetruth

C.showtherelationshipbetweenthefrequencyanddurationofeyeblinkstothefunctionsofthebrain

D.explainaboutblinkresearchwithairplanepilotsandautomobiledrivers.

问题2选项

A.blinkmorerapidly

B.blinkmoreslowly

C.notblinkatall’

D.blinkandbecomewatery

问题3选项

A.Drivers.

B.Pilots

C.Lawyers.

D.Actors.

问题4选项

A.Headmovements

B.Liesandfeelingsofguilt

C.Excitement,fatigue,andanxiety

D.Mealtimeandrelaxation

问题5选项

A.Morepeoplearebeginningtoseethevalueofstudyingeyeblinks.

B.Thestudyofeyeblinksshouldbeofinteresttoeveryone.

C.Blinkresearchcouldmakeairplanetravelsaferinthefuture.

D.Apparatusforstudyingeyeblinkswillbemoresophisticatedinthenearfuture.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由Butinfacttheseblinksarepreciselytimed,andthey’redirectlylinkedtowhat’sonourmind.但事实上，这些眨眼是精确计时的，它们直接与我们的思想联系在一起。以及SternhasbeeninterestedinblinkseversincehewatchedNixonparrypressquestions,andhespecializedinthestudyonthesetinytwitches,usingthemassensitiveprobesofhowthebrainworks.自从他看到尼克松•帕里的新闻提问后，斯特恩就对眨眼很感兴趣，他专门研究这些微小的抽搐，用它们作为大脑如何工作的敏感探针。可知本文主要研究眨眼与思维与大脑活动的关系。故C项正确。

2.推理判断题。由Sternhasfoundthatsubjectssuppressblinkswhentheyareabsorbingoranticipatinginformationbutnotwhenthey’rerecitingit.斯特恩发现，受试者在吸收或预测信息时会抑制眨眼，而在背诵信息时则不会。以及Similarly,themoreimportanttheinformationthatpeoplearetakingin,themorelikelytheyaretoputtheirblinksonholdforit.同样地，人们接收到的信息越重要，他们就越有可能为了得到这些信息而控制眨眼。可知当人们在专心听讲时，眨眼会收到抑制和延迟，故B项正确。

3.推理判断题。文中分别提到了Stern对于司机，飞行员以及律师眨眼的研究，并没有提到演员与眨眼的关系，所以演员应该是从眨眼研究中受益最小的。故D项正确。

4.推理判断题。文章提到了眨眼与头部运动，说谎，以及兴奋，疲惫及焦虑的关系，并没有提到吃饭时和放松状态下与眨眼的关系，故D项正确。

5.推理判断题。A项“越来越多的人开始看到研究眨眼的价值。”与文中“Therearepocketsofinterestdevelopingabroad,国外也有许多人对此研究感兴趣”相符。B项“对眨眼的研究应该是每个人都感兴趣的。”属于过度推断，有点绝对。故不正确。由“Ifthemonitorshowedsomethingunusual,”saysMiller,“wecouldthennotifythepilotandperhapspullhimoffthejob.米勒说:“如果显示器显示有异常情况，我们就可以通知飞行员，也许还可以让他停止工作。”可推知在未来，眨眼研究会使飞行更安全，故C项“眨眼的研究可以使未来的飞机旅行更安全。”正确。D项“在不久的将来，研究眨眼的仪器将会更加高级的。”文中提到用于未来用于飞行员的眼睛的探测仪器是精细的，随着技术和研究的不断发展，仪器只会更加精细和高级。故D项的推测正确。答案B.

3.单选题

Acensor’sdutyistoensurethatnocontentis（）inpublicationsorfilms.

问题1选项

A.evil

B.obscure

C.obscene

D.opaque

【答案】C

【解析】句意:审查员的职责是确保出版物或电影中没有淫秽内容。

考查形容词辨析。evil邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的；obscure昏暗的；朦胧的；晦涩的；无名的；obscene淫秽的；猥亵的；opaque不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的。因此C符合句意。

4.单选题

Asenseofsmellissomethingwearebornwith.Orisit?

Untilrecentlyscientistsbelievedthatthecommonsenseviewwaswrong:researchhadsuggestedthatwelearntodistinguishbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsbyexperience.Fromearlyexperimentsthatinvolvedaskingchildrenbetweenthreeandfiveyearsoldwhattheythoughtofcertainsmells,researchersconcludedthatchildrenmustlearntheirappreciationofpleasantandunpleasantsmellsastheygetolder,ratherthanbeingbornwithit.Oneofthemostsurprisingresultsofthesetestswasthatthechildrensaidtheylikedthesmelloffaecesnearlyasoftenastheysaidtheylikedbanana.

PsychologistHilarySchmidtunderstandablyfoundthisresearchhardtoaccept.Shelookedatthewaythetestswereconducted,andappliedlessonsfromotherworkonchildpsychologytodesignherownexperiments.Shenotedthatchildrenyoungerthanfivewilloftenanswer‘Yes’toleadingquestionseveniftheanswersarecontradictory.Shethereforedecidedtosetherexperimentupasagame.SheaskedthechildreniftheywouldgiveaparticularsmellythingtoOscartheGrouch,apopulartelevisioncharacterwholivesinadustbinandlikes‘smelly’things,ortoBigBird,anothertelevisioncharacterwholikes‘nice’things.Shefoundthatthechildrendistinguishedbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsinmuchthesamewayasanadult.Withthehelpofyoungerandyoungersubjects,shehopestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheinheritedcomponentofthesense.

Childrenyoungerthansevenoreightarenotoriouslybadatrecognizingwhatanobjectisfromitsshapealone.Schmidtpointstoanexperimentshehascarriedoutwithchildrenunderfivewhoweregivenalargestyrofoamballandasmall,butheavy,leadballtocompare.Aftertheyhadachancetofeelthetwo,shetooktheballsaway,andshowedthemanotherpairofStyrofoamandleadball.Whensheaskedthemwhichofthetwowouldbetheheavier,theyinvariablypointedtotheStyrofoamballjustbecauseitwasbigger.Despitetheirearlierexperience,theyhadnotgraspedtheideaofwhatanobjectismadeof—itssubstance—aswellassizeandshape.Butinotherexperimentswhensheintroducedodors,shefoundthatchildrenunderfiveunderstoodthatsmellwasanimportantcharacteristicofsubstance,andchildrencoulduseascenttorecognizesubstanceirrespectiveoftheshapeorsizeinwhichitwaspresentedtothem.

Schmidthasalsofoundthatgirlsaremoresensitivetosmellthanboys.Thesexdifferenceiswellknowninadults,butnotinchildren.Explainingthedifferenceinadultshascenteredonthesuggestionthatasgirlsgetolder,theytendtotakepartinactivitiessuchascooking,whichtrainthemtodistinguishbetweensmells.Anothersuggestionwasthatafterpuberty,femalehormonesbringaboutsomechangeintheolfactoryequipment.ButSchmidt’sobservationsthatthesexdifferenceexistsinchildrendoesnotfitinwitheitherexplanation.

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.

问题1选项

A.acquired

B.trained

C.inherent

D.tested

问题2选项

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.

问题3选项

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobject

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshape

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballs

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeof

问题4选项

A.pupils

B.adults

C.children

D.researchers

问题5选项

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmelling

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayarole

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildren

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurtured

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.31.根据文章，众所周知，我们的嗅觉是______。

A.acquiredA.后天习得的

B.trainedB.训练出来的

C.inherentC.与生俱来的

D.testedD.被测试的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“研究表明，我们通过经验（byexperience）学会区分令人愉悦的和令人不快的气味”，从中我们可知，嗅觉是后天通过经验获得的。所以，A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项与文章相反，属于反向干扰；

D选项只是实验内容，属于出处错位。

32.【选项释义】

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?32.希拉里•施密特最有可能同意哪一个？

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.A.孩子们相互矛盾的回答让人难以理解。

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.B.游戏中的孩子对提示性问题的反应更快。

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.C.小一点的孩子的嗅觉比大一点的孩子强。

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.D.在实验中，孩子们的答案有时是不可靠的。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第三句“她指出，五岁以下的孩子通常会回答‘是’，即使答案是矛盾的”，从中可知，即便答案可能是矛盾的，孩子们在回答时通常都会回答“是”，从而推断，孩子们的答案并不是可靠的。因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项定位第三段第一句“心理学家希拉里•施密特认为这项研究难以接受是可以理解的（understandably）”可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；

B选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项在文中并没有进行比较，属于无中生有。

33.【选项释义】

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.33.施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明，更小的孩子______。

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobjectA.在判断物体时依赖于早期的经验

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshapeB.对大小、重量和形状不敏感

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballsC.无法识别聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料球的大小

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeofD.能够理解球是由什么制成的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第四段倒数第二句“尽管他们有过早期的经验，但他们并不了解物体是由什么物质构成的，也不了解物体的大小和形状”，从中我们可知，施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明，更小的孩子在判断物体时对物体的大小、重量和形状都不了解。因此，B项最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的早期经验并不是孩子们判断物体的依据，属于曲解原文；

C选项不全面，属于以偏概全；

D选项不符合原文，属于反向干扰。

34.【选项释义】

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.34.第三段的subjects一词最有可能的意思是______。

A.pupilsA.小学生

B.adultsB.成年人

C.childrenC.孩子

D.researchersD.研究员

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先，根据题干定位到第三段最后一句“在越来越年轻的研究对象的帮助下，她希望阐明嗅觉的遗传成分的重要性”，结合上一句“她发现，孩子们能像成年人一样区分好闻和坏闻”，从中我们可知，这项研究的对象是children；综合理解，第三段的subjects指的就是孩子。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项文中没提到，属于无中生有；

B、D选项并不符合原文，属于曲解原文。

35.【选项释义】

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.35.从文章的最后一句话，我们可以推断施密特可能______。

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmellingA.推翻了现有的关于性别差异的嗅觉理论

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayaroleB.支持荷尔蒙起作用的第二种解释

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildrenC.认为成熟的女孩对气味的敏感性不如儿童

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurturedD.同意儿童嗅觉的敏感度是后天培养的

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先，定位至文章最后一句“但施密特关于儿童存在性别差异的观察并不符合这两种解释”，其中的两种解释是指上文提到的关于性别差异对于嗅觉敏感度的影响在儿童中并不明显的原因：一种认为女孩参加诸如烹饪之类的活动可以训练她们分辨气味；另一种认为女性荷尔蒙会使嗅觉器官发生一些变化。综合理解可知，施密特对于儿童性别差异的观察研究推翻了女孩比男孩对气味更敏感这两种解释，A选项意思与之相近。因此，该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B、C选项与原文不符，属于反向干扰；

D选项与该段没有联系，属于出处错位。

5.问答题

Cancerdevelopswhencellsinapartofthebodybegintogrowoutcontrol.Althoughtherearemanykindsofcancer,theyallstartbecauseofout-of-controlgrowthofabnormalcells.

Normalbodycellsgrow,divide,anddieinanorderlyfashion.Duringtheearlyyearsofaperson’slife,normalcellsdividemorerapidlyuntilthepersonbecomesanadult.Afterthat,cellsinmostpartsofthebodydivideonlytoreplaceworn-outordyingcellsandtorepairinjuries.

Becausecancercellscontinuetogrowanddivide,theyaredifferentfromnormalcells.Insteadofdying,theyoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.Cancercellsoftentraveltootherpartsofthebodywheretheybegintogrowandreplacenormaltissue.Thisprocess,calledmetastasis,occursasthecancercellsgetintothebloodstreamorlymphvesselsofourbody.Whencellsfromacancerlikebreastcancerspreadtoanotherorganliketheliver,thecancerisstillcalledbreastcancer,notlivercancer.

CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.Thissubstanceisineverycellanddirectsallitsactivities.MostofthetimewhenDNAbecomesdamagedthebodyisabletorepairit.Incancercells,thedamagedDNAisnotrepaired.PeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.Manytimesthough,aperson’sDNAbecomesdamagedbyexposuretosomethingintheenvironment,likesmoking.

Cancerusuallyformsasatumor.Somecancers,likeleukemia,donotformtumors.Instead,thesecancercellsinvolvethebloodandblood-formingorgansandcirculatethroughothertissueswheretheygrow.Rememberthatnotalltumorsarecancerous.Benigntumorsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyand,withveryrareexceptions,arenotlifethreatening.

Differenttypesofcancercanbehaveverydifferently.Forexample,lungcancerandbreastcancerareverydifferentdiseases.Theygrowatdifferentratesandrespondtodifferenttreatments.Thatiswhypeoplewithcancerneedtreatmentthatisaimedattheirparticularkindofcancer.

CanceristhesecondleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates.Halfofallmenandone-thirdofallwomenintheUSwilldevelopcancerduringtheirlifetimes.Today,millionsofpeoplearelivingwithcancerorhavehadcancer.Theriskofdevelopingmosttypesofcancercanbereducedbychangesinaperson’slifestyle,forexample,byquittingsmokingandeatingabetterdiet.Thesooneracancerisfoundandtreatmentbegins,thebetterarechancesforlivingformanyyears.

1.Howarecancercellsdifferentfromnormalones?

2.Whydoescancercelldevelop?

3.Iscancerhereditary?Why?

4.Areallthetumorscancerous?Whyorwhynot?Giveyourreasons.

【答案】答：

1.Insteadofdying,cancercellsoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.

2.CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.

3.Yes,itisbecausepeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.

4.Notalltumorsarecancerousbecausetherearebenigntumors,whichdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyandusuallyarenotlifethreatening.

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞与正常细胞有何不同？”。第三段前两句提到Becausecancercellscontinuetogrowanddivide,theyaredifferentfromnormalcells.Insteadofdying,theyoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells.（因为癌细胞继续生长和分裂，所以它们不同于正常细胞；它们不是死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的异常细胞），所以把这两句整合到一起，答案为Insteadofdying,cancercellsoutlivenormalcellsandcontinuetoformnewabnormalcells（癌细胞不会死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的不正常细胞）。

2.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞为什么会产生？”。第四段第一句就提到了CancercellsdevelopbecauseofdamagetoDNA.（癌细胞的产生是由于对DNA的破坏），因此答案为这一句。

3.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌症遗传吗？为什么？”。文章第四段提到Incancercells,thedamagedDNAisnotrepaired.PeoplecaninheritdamagedDNA,whichaccountsforinheritedcancers.（在癌细胞中，受损的DNA无法修复；人们可以遗传受损的DNA，这就是遗传性癌症的原因）可知，癌症会遗传，原因是癌细胞破坏的DNA，而受损的DNA可以遗传。

4.细节事实题。题干意思是“所有的肿瘤都是恶性的吗？为什么是或为什么不是？”。根据第五段最后两句Rememberthatnotalltumorsarecancerous.Benigntumorsdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyand,withveryrareexceptions,arenotlifethreatening.（记住，不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的；良性肿瘤不会扩散到身体的其他部位，不会危及生命，除了极少数例外）可知，不是所有的肿瘤是恶性的。故答案为Notalltumorsarecancerousbecausetherearebenigntumors,whichdonotspreadtootherpartsofthebodyandusuallyarenotlifethreatening（不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的，因为有良性肿瘤，它们不会扩散到身体的其他部位，通常不会危及生命）。

6.单选题

Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminorcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents’victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:“Thiswasn’thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished.”ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.

TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.TheGamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.

Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGames（）.

2.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,“…HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”？

3.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat（）.

4.Theauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinparagraphs2-3toshow（）.

5.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.createdgoodwillbetweenthenations

B.bredonlyfalsenationalpride

C.barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship

D.ledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatred

问题2选项

A.Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.

B.HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.

C.ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.

D.TheFederationshouldbedissolved.

问题3选项

A.toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident

B.theannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrong

C.theappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecision

D.theAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedals

问题4选项

A.howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgames

B.thatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobe

C.thatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesinternationalfriendship

D.thatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGames

问题5选项

A.TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.

B.AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualsintheOlympicGames.

C.Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.

D.Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：根据作者，最近的奥林匹克运动会_______。由题干中的“recenttheOlympicGames”内容可以定位到文章第一段第三句butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.（但近年来，奥运会在支持体育促进国际友谊这一观点方面做得很少。），可知，C选项“几乎没有显示出任何国际友谊”，符合题意。A选项“在国与国之间建立了友好关系”，与原文观点相反，故排除。由第一段第二句thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.（国际竞赛鼓励虚假的民族自豪感，导致误解和仇恨），可知，B选项“只孕育了虚假的民族自豪感”和D选项“导致越来越多的误解和仇恨”是说internationalcontests的，而不是针对OlympicGames的，故排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案为C选项。

2.事实细节题。题干：这位经理说“……冰球和国际冰球联合会完蛋了”是什么意思？根据第二段的例子，我们可以看出，在比赛中获得亚军的球队，表现出愤懑之情，拒绝接受最后的结果。他们认为他们的一次进球应算有效，对手的胜利是不公正的，这种不公正会毁坏国际曲棍球协会的声誉，会把曲棍球运动毁掉，所以B选项“冰球和冰球联合会都被不公平的裁决给毁了”为正确答案。而A选项“他的球队将不再参加国际比赛”，C选项“联盟不应该再组织冰球比赛了”和D选项“联邦应解散”，很难从上下文中推理出来。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。

3.推理判断题。题干：篮球的例子