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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津开发区职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题
SectionA
Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.
SectionB
Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“limitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.
SectionC
However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.
SectionD
Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.
SectionE
Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)
Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.
1.Personallibertyandindependencehaveneverbeenregardedasdirectlylinkedtohealth-care.
2.Health-carecametobeseenasarightataboutthesametimethatthelimitsofhealth-careresourcesbecameevident.
3.InOECDcountriespopulationchangeshavehadanimpactonhealth-carecostsinrecentyears.
4.OECDgovernmentshaveconsistentlyunderestimatedthelevelofhealth-careprovisionneeded.
5.Inmosteconomicallydevelopedcountriestheelderlywillhavetomakespecialprovisionfortheirhealth-careinthefuture.
问题1选项
A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
问题2选项
A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
问题3选项
A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
问题4选项
A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
问题5选项
A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter
B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter
C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:C
【解析】1.根据SectionC中第二句,“Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.”,同教育、政治和法律程序和机构、公共秩序、通讯、运输和货币供应一样,医疗保健被视为人民行使其作为自主人的其他权利所必需的基本社会设施之一。可判断出个人自由和独立与医疗保健是有联系的。所以表述与原文不符合,答案为“NO”。
2.根据SectionE中第一句,“Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.”,就在医疗保健资源明显不能满足人们要求的时候,他们要求国家满足他们获得医疗保健的基本权利。可判断出医疗保健被视为一项权利的同时,医疗保健资源的限制也变得很明显,表述正确,答案为“YES”。
3.根据SectionE中第二句,“Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchanges…”,导致目前对医疗保健资源分配的关注的第二组更具体的变化源于大多数经合发组织国家医疗费用的急剧增加,同时还伴随着大规模的人口和社会变化,可判断出近年来,经合组织国家的人口变化对医疗保健费用带来了影响,表述正确。答案为“YES”。
4.文中没有提及“经合组织各国政府低估了所需的医疗保健水平”这一问题,故答案为“NOTGIVEN”。
5.文中没有提及“在大多数经济发达的国家,老年人将来必须为他们的保健做特别的准备”这一问题,故答案为“NOTGIVEN”。
2.翻译题
我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人,而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。这一类型的教育者的用心,毋庸置疑,当然是善意的。问题是,我们论“事”的时候,用心如何根本不重要,重要的是实际后果,而教育的后果何其严重!在这种过度呵护的幼稚教育下成长的大学生,遇事时,除了“眼泪汪汪”之外又能做些什么呢?
【答案】参考译文:
Ihavealwaysconsidereduniversitypresidentstobefar-sighteddecision—makerswhoconductacademicresearchandguidemaindirectionsofeducationratherthanbabysitterswhoareinchargeofstudents’dailylife.Ofcourse,thereisnodoubtthatsucheducatorshaveverygoodintentions.Theproblemis,whenwemakejudgmentsonsomething,whatmatterarenotintentionsbuttheactualconsequences.Andhowserioustheconsequencesofeducationare!Whatcanyouexpecttheuniversitystudentswhoarebroughtupinaneducationalsystemwhichtreatthemlikebabiestodoexceptforseeingthemtoshedtearsinfaceofanactualhardshipproblem?
3.单选题
Mrs.Jenkins,uponhearingthatherarmwasbroken,looked______atthedoctor.
问题1选项
A.jovially
B.plaintively
C.fortuitously
D.opportunely
【答案】B
【解析】【选项释义】
A.jovially高兴地;愉快地B.plaintively哀怨地,伤心地
C.fortuitously偶然地,意外地D.opportunely及时地;恰好地
【答案】B
【考查点】副词辨析。
【解题思路】根据关键信息herarmwasbroken(她的胳膊断了)可知,空格处填入“伤心地”符合句意。因此,该题选择B项。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。
【句意】詹金斯太太听到她的胳膊断了,悲伤地看着医生。
4.单选题
Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthe(1)paceofmodemlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonsters
(2)
thewheel.Itisallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatis
(3)
matteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististhe
(4)
totherule.Perhapsthesituation
(5)
a“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign,
(6)
itmaygetcompletely
(7)
.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgood
(8)
too.Ittakesthemost
cool-headedandgood-temperedofdriversto
(9)
thetemptationtorevengewhen
(10)
touncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowards
(11)
thetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementin
(12)
toanactofpolitenesshelpsto
(13)
anatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltoo
(14)
today.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.(15)
,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakes
(16)
toallowacartoemerge
(17)
asidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,
(18)
afewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebra
(19)
intothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostop
(20)
.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.
问题1选项
A.hasty
B.prompt
C.urgent
D.quick
问题2选项
A.on
B.above
C.behind
D.by
问题3选项
A.theother
B.allother
C.another
D.other
问题4选项
A.exclusion
B.exception
C.modification
D.access
问题5选项
A.callsfor
B.callsout
C.callsupon
D.callsup
问题6选项
A.moreover
B.while
C.otherwise
D.till
问题7选项
A.outofhand
B.inhand
C.athand
D.offhand
问题8选项
A.doubt
B.reason
C.discipline
D.sense
问题9选项
A.resist
B.persist
C.consist
D.insist
问题10选项
A.subject
B.beingsubjected
C.subjected
D.issubjected
问题11选项
A.dismissing
B.relieving
C.releasing
D.removing
问题12选项
A.appeal
B.approach
C.reflection
D.response
问题13选项
A.create
B.produce
C.proceed
D.raise
问题14选项
A.common
B.rare
C.extraordinary
D.unique
问题15选项
A.Therefore
B.Furthermore
C.However
D.Thus
问题16选项
A.politely
B.carefully
C.vigorously
D.violently
问题17选项
A.at
B.on
C.to
D.from
问题18选项
A.though
B.when
C.where
D.which
问题19选项
A.crossing
B.cross
C.beingcrossed
D.tocross
问题20选项
A.ontime
B.intime
C.atatime
D.attimes
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:C
第4题:B
第5题:A
第6题:C
第7题:A
第8题:D
第9题:A
第10题:C
第11题:B
第12题:D
第13题:A
第14题:B
第15题:C
第16题:D
第17题:D
第18题:B
第19题:A
第20题:B
【解析】(1)形容词词义辨析题。A选项hasty表示的是“匆忙的,草率的”;B选项中prompt表示“立即的,及时的”;C选项中urgent表示“紧急的,紧迫的”;D选项quick表示“快的,迅速的”,此处为“快速的现代生活”中“快速的”一词的考查。所以D选项符合题意。
(2)介词用法辨析。此处为考查与wheel的搭配问题。wheel作名词表示“车轮,轮子”意思时,有搭配为“onwheels”表示“某物装上了轮子”,当wheel作名词表示“(汽车等的)方向盘”时,有搭配“behindthewheel”表示“手握方向盘,在驾驶”,这里表示‘在驾驶’所以C选项正确。
(3)代词用法辨析。theother表示“两者中的另一个”;allother表示“所有其他的”;another表示“三者或三者以上的另一个”;other表示“其他的”,用于两者之间。此句话要表达的意思是“如果油箱里有良好的汽油是非常好的一件事,但驾驶员脾气不好却是另外一回事”。C选项正确。
(4)名词词义辨析。根据前半句“或许你可以忍受那些爱抢路的、蛮横无礼的司机,但是今天行为良好的驾驶员对于规则来说却是例外。”A选项中exclusion表示“排斥,排除”,其后应跟介词of或者from;B选项exception表示“例外”,其后可跟介词to;C选项modification表示“修改,改进”;D选项access表示“进入,使用权,通路”。根据题意和空格后的介词to可知B选项表示是一个特例正确。
(5)动词短语词义辨析。A选项callfor表示“要求,需要”;B选项callout表示“出动,召集”;C选项callupon表示“邀请,恭请”;D选项callup表示“回忆”;根据句意‘也许这样的情况急需一个“善待其他司机”的活动’确定A选项符合题意。
(6)连词词义辨析题。A选项moreover表示“然而”;B选项while表示对比两件事情)然而或当……的时候”;C选项otherwise表示“否则”;D选项till表示“直到……”。由前半句可知后半句句意为“否则情况将变得完全难以控制。”C选项正确。
(7)介词短语词义辨析。A选项outofhand表示“难以控制,脱手”;B选项inhand表示“在控制中”;C选项athand表示“接近”;D选项offhand表示“不再负责”。根据句意“否则情况将变得无法控制”,A选项正确。
(8)名词词义辨析题。A选项doubt表示“怀疑”;B选项reason表示“理由”;C选项discipline表示“学科,纪律”,D选项sense“感觉,理智”;本句的意思是“道路礼貌不仅仅是良好行为的表现,同样也是理智的表现。”goodsense表示“理智,判断力强”,所以D选项正确。
(9)动词词义辨析。由上句话可知,A选项resist表示“抵抗”;B选项persist表示“坚持;C选项consist表示“由……组成”;D选项insist表示“坚持,强调”。根据句意“道路礼貌”是有积极作用的,因此能帮助司机去“抵抗”报复的诱惑。A选项正确。
(10)动词的时态和语态。whensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior表达的意思是“遭受不文明的行为时”,这句话的主谓语和主句的主谓语一样,所以when后其实省略了主谓语theyare”,根据句型“besubjectedtosth.”确定C选项正确。
(11)动词词义辨析。A选项dismissing表示“解散,不予考虑”;B选项relieving表示“缓解”;C选项releasing表示“放松”;D选项removing表示“移开”;此句话要表达的意思为“另一方面,一点点礼貌就可以很大程度上缓解司机的情绪”,B选项正确。
(12)名词词义辨析。A选项appeal表示“吸引力,呼吁”;B选项approach表示“方法”;C选项reflection表示“沉思,回忆”;D选项response“回应”。根据上句,别人对你礼貌,你也应该“回应”别人的礼貌,D选项正确。
(13)动词词义辨析。A选项create表示“创造,引起(感觉或印象)”;B选项produce表示“生产(商品)”;C选项proceed表示“接着做,继续”;D选项raise表示“引起(人的情绪)”。此句要表达的意思是“对别人礼貌的回应有助于创造善意的氛围”,A选项正确。
(14)形容词词义辨析。上句话是说道路上的礼貌很有好处,但是此句中有一个but转折,可知此句为表达否定的意思。A选项common表达“普通的,平常的”;B选项rare表示“稀少的”;C选项extraordinary表示“不平凡的”;D选项unique表示“特殊的,独特的”。由句意“但是,今天这种道路上礼貌的意识太少了。”可知B选项正确。
(15)副词词义辨析。A选项Therefore表示“因此”;B选项Furthermore表示“而且,此外”;C选项However表示“然而”;D选项Thus表示“因此,从而,如此”。本句话表达的意思与前文是转折的关系,所以句意为“然而,错误的礼貌也是很危险的。”C选项正确。
(16)词词义辨析。此句话表示的是“典型的例子就是司机猛地停车……”A选项politely表示“有礼貌地”;B选项carefully表示“小心地”;C选项vigorously表示“精力旺盛地”;D选项violently“猛烈地,激烈地”,所以D选项正确。
(17)介词用法辨析。emergefrom表示“出现,露出”,此句表示的一辆车从道路旁边冒出来,D选项正确。
(18)连词词义辨析。though引导让步状语从句,表示转折关系;when引导时间状语从句;where引导地点状语从句;which表示“哪一个”,一般在从句中要充当某一成分。由其后的afewsecondslater“几秒钟之后”,可知与时间有关系,所以B选项正确。
(19)同根名词与动词辨析。此句话表示“司机挥手让孩子过斑马线”。zebracrossing表示“斑马线”,此时crossing用作名词,A选项正确。
(20)副词短语辨析。A选项ontime表示“按时,准时”;B选项intime表示“及时”;C选项表示“每次,一次”;D选项attimes表示“有时,偶尔”。此句话的意思为“司机挥手让孩子过斑马线,进入迎面有车辆行驶的车道,而这些车辆又不能及时停下来。”所以B选项正确。
5.单选题
Shewaskeento________acause,andhasbecomeanadvocateagainstchildobesity.
问题1选项
A.makeup
B.giveup
C.takeup
D.raiseup
【答案】C
【解析】【选项释义】
A.makeup组成,编造B.giveup放弃,让出
C.takeup从事,开始工作D.raiseup举起,抬起
【考查点】动词词组辨析。
【解题思路】空格处和下文的“acause(事业)”构成动宾逻辑,bekeentodosth.是固定搭配,意为“热衷于做某事”,表示她热衷于怎么样这项事业。后半句说到“已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者(becomeanadvocate)”,由此可知,这项事业指的是反对儿童肥胖,她应该是从事着反对儿童肥胖的工作并热衷于此。takeup指从事某项工作,因此C选项takeup“从事,开始工作”最符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项makeup“组成,编造”指将不同的部分组合在一起或为了欺骗和娱乐而编造故事,不能和“cause(事业)”进行搭配;
B选项giveup“放弃,让出”指停止尝试做某事或拥有某物,与题干语义相矛盾,应该是“从事工作”而不是“放弃工作”;
D选项raiseup“举起,抬起”指把某物举起或移动到更高的水平,侧重于物理意义上的抬高,不能和“cause(事业)”进行搭配。
【句意】她热衷于从事这项事业,并且已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者。
6.翻译题
Directions:PutthefollowingparagraphintoChinese.WriteyourChineseversionintheproperspaceonAnswerSheet.
Undertheimpactofmodernscience,theveryconceptionofthetaskofphilosophyhasundergonearadicalreorientation.Inverybroadhistoricalperspectiveitmaybesaidthatthephilosophersthroughouttheageshavebeenengagedinthreemajorendeavors:theyhavebeensearchingforabsolutetruthsregardingbasicreality,andforabsolutestandardsofmorality;theyhavetriedtoconstructasynthesis,aviewoftheuniverseandofman'splaceinit,i.e.,aperspectivethatwouldintegratethevariouscontributionsofthesciencesintoanintelligibleandharmoniouswhole;finally,philosophershaveattemptedtoclarifythemeaningandthevalidityofthefundamentalconcepts,assumptions,andmethodsofknowledgeandofevaluation.
Inthelightofmodernscience,i.e.,notonlyofitsresultsandconclusionsbutespeciallyofitsopen-mindedattitudeandcriticalapproach,thesearchforabsolutetruthislargelybeingabandonedasfruitless,ifnotasmeaningless.Thespiritofcontemporaryscienceis"critical"inthesensethatallitsconclusionsareconsideredsoundortenableonly"untilfurthernotice".Inotherwords,neitheroftheextremes-dogmatismorskepticism—isacceptable.Thepoliceoftheopenmindindicatesthatwhileweshouldkeepallourconvictionsinprincipleopenforcriticismandrevision,itisperfectlyreasonabletoreplyonwell-confirmedassumptionsuntilstrongevidenceforcesustomodifyortoreplacethembyotherassumptionsthataremorestronglysupportedbyrelevantevidence.
【答案】在现代科学的冲击下,哲学任务这个概念已经发生了彻底的再定位。从更广泛的历史角度来看,可以说,哲学家们自古以来都在从事三大事业:他们一直在寻找关于基本现实的绝对真理和绝对的道德标准。他们试图构建一种综合的观点,一种对宇宙及人类在宇宙中所处位置的看法,是一种将科学的各种贡献整合成一个明白易懂的和谐整体的观点。最后,哲学家们试图澄清知识和评估的基本概念、假设和方法的意义以及有效性。
根据现代科学,不仅根据其结果和结论,而且特别是其开放的态度和批评方法,对绝对真理的探索在很大程度上被放弃,即使不是毫无意义,也是徒劳无益的。当代科学的精神是“批判性的”,因为它的所有结论直到“进一步注意”才被认为是合理的或可成立的。换句话说,这两个极端——教条主义或怀疑主义——都是不可接受的。持开放态度的警方表示,虽然,原则上,我们的所有信念都应公开接受批评和修改,但是,在有力证据迫使我们修改或用因相关证据而得到更有力支持的其他假设来代替它们之前,回应已充分证实了的假设是完全合理的。
7.不定项选择题
Muchoftheworld’selectronicwasteisbeingshippedtoChinaforrecyclingandthecottageindustrythathassprunguptheretorecoverusablematerialsfromcomputers,cellphones,televisionsandothergoodsmaybecreatingsignificanthealthandenvironmentalhazards.ScientistsfromChinaandtheUnitedStateshaveidentifiednumeroustoxicelementsintheemissionsfromane-wasterecyclingworkshopinsouthernChina,whichuseslow-techmethodstoseparatereusableelectroniccomponentsfromthecircuitboards.Itisnotanisolatedcase,thescientistspointout:suchmethodsareusedalloverChina.
ResultsoftheirstudyhavebeenpublishedintheJournalAtmosphericEnvironment.
“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity,”saidBerndR.T.Simoneit,aretiredprofessoratOregonStateUniverseandoneoftheauthorsofthestudy.“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination.Forexample,previousstudieshavefoundcarcinogens(致癌物)inwind-carrieddustfromAsia.”
Simoneitisawidelypublishedscientistwhohasbeeninvolvedinnumerousstudiesidentifyingchemical“signatures”foremissions,includingcoalsmoke,biomassburning,petroleum-basedfuelsandeventheburningofmunicipalrefuse.Byusingmassspectrometers(质谱仪)andothersophisticatedinstrumentation,theresearcherscanpinpointthecontributionsofspecificemissionstotheatmosphere.
TheirworkinChinawasconductedinShantouCity,atownof150,000peoplelocatedinsouthernChina’sGuangdongProvince.Theycollectedsamplesduringfourworkingdays,whenworkerswereremovingtheelectroniccomponentsbyheatingthecircuitboardsovergrillsonstovesburningcoalbriquettes(煤块).
Theworkshophad24stovesalongthreewalls,andanestimatedfivetonsofcircuitboardsstackedalongthefourthwallforprocessing.Workerswouldusethegrillstomeltthesolder,andthenremovereusableportionsofthecircuitry.
TheresearchteamincludedfiveChinesescientistsandSimoneit,whohasdualappointmentsinOSU’sCollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciencesandtheDepartmentofChemistry.Theresearchersfoundthatthroughthis“roastingprocess”,numerousorganicchemicals,heavymetals,flameretardantandpersistentorganicpollutantswereemittedintotheairviathesmoke.Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards“isunmistakable.”
“Thenextstepistoseetowhatextentthisisharmingtheenvironmentandcreatingahealthhazardforboththeworkers,andpeoplelivinginthepathoftheemissions—eitherthroughinhalation,orexposuretotheskin,”Simoneitsaid.“Someofthesechemicalcompoundsmaybecarcinogens;othersmaybejustasharmfulbecametheycanactas‘environmentaldisruptors’,andmayaffectbodyprocessesfromreproductiontoendocrine(内分泌的,激素的)function.”
TheChineseauthorsofthestudyareaffiliatedwiththeChineseAcademyofSciencesandincludeleadauthorXinliuiBi,withZhenZhenWang,XinmingWang,GuoyingShengandJiamoFu.
SimoneitalsoisworkingwithscientistsinIndiatoidentifychemicalsignaturesfromtheburningofwireandothermaterials,whichisdonetorecyclecopperandotherminerals.AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop“greenchemistry”methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane.
1.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat().
2.Thethirdparagraphindicates().
3.Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph7isclosestto().
4.Wecaninferfromthelastsentence().
5.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
问题1选项
A.Chinarecyclesthelargestamountofthee-wasteintheworld
B.notonlyAsiabutalsootherplacesintheworldareinfluencedbythedevelopmentofsuchindustryinanegativeway
C.theburningofthee-wasteisbadforpeople’shealth
D.theburningofthee-wasteisbadfortheenvironment
问题2选项
A.thatsuchworkshopscanonlydogreatharmtothelocalpeople
B.thatsuchworkshopscandogreatharmtoboththelocalpeopleandpeopleinotherplaces
C.thatsuchworkshopscanimmediatelyinfluencepeople’slives
D.thatpeopleinAsiacanbeinfectedwithcancer
问题3选项
A.plain
B.likely
C.undoubted
D.surely
问题4选项
A.thatscientistshavebeenworkingveryhardtosolvetheprobleminSaudiArabia
B.thatthescientisthelpstheproductionofmethaneinSaudiArabia
C.thattheprobleminSaudiArabiaisdifferentfromthatoftheothercountries
D.thattheseeminglyuselesswastecanbeturnedintousefulenergy
问题5选项
A.TheworkshopinShantoucityispoorlyequippedforrecyclingthee-waste.
B.The“roastingprocess”mayproducealargeamountofharmfulpollutants.
C.Chinahasbeensounderdevelopedthatpeopleusesolow-techmethodstodealwithe-wastes.
D.Peoplemaygetharmedeitherbybreathingthepollutedairorbyexposingtheirskintoit.
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:B
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:C
【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由本题题干可定位到第三段,由教授和研究者的话“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”,“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”(最紧迫的问题是工人和城市居民的健康,但这也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一)可知不仅仅是亚洲,全球很多地区都受到了负面影响。A选项“中国是世界上回收电子垃圾最多的国家”在文中没有依据;C选项“燃烧电子垃圾对人们的健康有害”、D选项“燃烧电子垃圾对环境有害”说法是正确的,但不是文章的大意,不能概括燃烧电子垃圾的全部负面影响。因此B选项正确。
第2题:判断推理题。由本题题干可定位到第三段“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”,“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”(最紧迫的问题是工人和城市居民的健康,但这也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一)可知不仅仅是对当地的居民有影响,甚至对全球其他地方也造成了不好的影响,所以这种产业对当地和其他地方的人都有很大的危害。A选项“这种产业只会对当地人民造成极大的伤害”说法错误,还对全球其他地方的人也造成了伤害;C选项“这种产业可以立即影响人们的生活”说法错误,“立即”过于绝对;D选项“亚洲人可能会感染癌症”与第三段的内容无关。因此B选项正确。
第3题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“unmistakable”定位到第七段最后一句话“Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards‘isunmistakable’”(这种烘烤或烘烤电路板的过程所产生的化学特征是不会弄错的)可知划线单词表示的是肯定的意思。unmistakable“明显的;不会弄错的”;A选项plain“简单的;朴素的”;B选项likely“很可能的;合适的;有希望的”,代表可能性,但不十分确定;C选项undoubted“无疑的;确信的”;D选项surely“当然;无疑;坚定地;稳当地”为副词,划线处为形容词,所以排除。因此C选项正确。
第4题:判断推理题。由题干定位本文最后一句话“AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop‘greenchemistry’methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane”(他还在沙特阿拉伯从事另一个问题的研究——开发“绿色化学”方法,回收该国大量城市垃圾产生甲烷)可知,另一个问题即表示沙特阿拉伯的问题是与其他地区的问题不同的;A选项“科学家们一直在努力解决沙特阿拉伯的这个问题”,科学家在从事研究,但没有提到一直致力于解决沙特阿拉伯的问题;B选项“科学家帮助沙特阿拉伯生产甲烷”说法错误,是帮助回收,而不是生产;D选项“看似无用的废物可以转化为有用的能源”在原文没有依据,只是在研究,还没有成功。因此C选项正确。
第5题:判断推理题。A选项“汕头市的这家工厂设备简陋,无法回收电子垃圾”,由本文第五、六段可知,在汕头的处理工作极其耗时和繁杂;B选项“‘焙烧过程’可能产生大量有害污染物”、D选项“人们可能会因为呼吸污染的空气或暴露在污染的空气中而受到伤害”均说法正确。C选项“中国一直是如此不发达,以至于人们使用如此低技术含量的方法来处理电子垃圾”说法错误,文中只提到了汕头,而且“一直”这个说法过于绝对。因此C选项正确。
8.翻译题
TranslatethefollowingpartintoChinese.
Whatmakesahome?Loveandcomfort.Itisaplacewherekindlyaffectionsexistamongallthemembersofthefamily.
Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman.Yourhomemaybepoorandhumble,butitistheplaceyouhavethedutytotrytomakeitcheerfulandcomfortable.Ahomeismorethanafamilydwelling.Itisalsoaschoolinwhichpeoplearetrainedforcitizenship.Itisthebasisandoriginofcivilization.
【答案】组成家庭的因素是什么?爱和安慰。家是一个所有家庭成员凝结爱的地方。
一个没有爱的家庭称不上是家,就像没有灵魂的躯体不再是人一样。你的家可能贫穷而简陋,但你有职责努力让它变得愉快和舒适。家不仅仅是一个供人居住的地方,它也是一个培养人们成为公民的场所,是文明的基础和起源。
9.单选题
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountofcapitalcanbring(1)profits,aswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists,(2),havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof(3)thattheycall“post-industrial”society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof(4)amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant(5)ofprofitsandinfluences;knowledgeaswellas(6)capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence.
Therearemany(7)withthethesisabove,nottheleastof(8)isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot(9)theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsociety,asthe(10)ofsomenewindustriesindicates(11),geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave(12)manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In(13)withcriticismofthepost-industrialsocietythesis,however,itmustalsobe(14)thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapital(i.e.majorcorporations)soon(15)totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge.
Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpower,westillfindknowledgeincreasingly(16)Manynewhightechjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevel,butevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skill,low-payingservice(17).Somethinglikeaclasslineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe(18)ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplater,nomatterhowhardtheytryilliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere(19)formanyyearsintheUnitedStates,butwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand(20)themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor.
问题1选项
A.quantitative
B.extensive
C.comprehensive
D.sophisticated
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