考研考博-英语-四川电子机械职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川电子机械职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ifaforeignobjectbecomeslodgedintheeye,medicalhelpisnecessary.

问题1选项

A.depositedin

B.residedin

C.blurryto

D.isolatedfrom

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。lodgein意为“固定在，留在”；depositin意为“存放，存在”；residein意为“居住，存在于”；blurryto意为“模糊到”；isolatefrom意为“与……隔离”。

句意：如果有异物卡在眼睛内，需要医疗救助。

2.单选题

Afterlisteningtothetestimony,themembersofthejurydeliveredtheirverdict.

问题1选项

A.decision

B.sentence

C.prosecution

D.mandate

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项decisionn.决心，决定；B选项sentencen.句子，命题，宣判；C选项prosecutionn.起诉，检举；D选项mandaten.授权，命令。根据句意陪审团的成员们在听取证词后宣布了判决，因此B项符合题意。

3.单选题

Thegovernmentisseekingto（

）itselffromthelatestfinancialcrisis.

问题1选项

A.detach

B.extract

C.derive

D.ease

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。detach“使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract"提取；提炼；摘录”；derive“源于；得自；获得”；ease“减轻；使安心”。句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities—aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming—andremaining—dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.

31.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

32.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave______.

33.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto______.

34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(inParagraph1)are______.

35.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(inParagraph2)wassubstantial?

问题1选项

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies

B.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem

D.exploretheimplicationsofafinding

问题2选项

A.beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomy

B.beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors

C.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations

D.nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpower

问题3选项

A.experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm

B.facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses

C.havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment

D.increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors

问题4选项

A.morepopularwithlargecorporations

B.morespecific

C.lesscontroversial

D.easiertocomplywith

问题5选项

A.Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.

B.Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.

C.Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.

D.The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.31.文章的主要目的是为了______。

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuraciesA.提出一个老生常谈的观点及其不准确之处

B.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacksB.描述一种情况及其潜在的缺点

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblemC.对一个问题提出临时的解决方案

D.exploretheimplicationsofafindingD.探索一个发现的含义

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】文章的结构是总分结构；文章第一句是“近年来，美国的少数民族企业既面临前所未有的机遇，也面临新的重大风险”，可知文章讨论的主题是美国少数民族企业所面临的机遇和风险；文章第一段和第二段前半部分讨论的是机遇的一面，后面部分讨论的是少数民族企业面临的三个潜在风险；所以推断，文章的目的是为了描述少数民族企业所面临的机遇以及潜在的一些风险和缺陷，所以B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的inaccuracies并不符合原文中的risk，属于曲解原文；

C选项在原文并没有讨论所面临的风险的解决办法；

D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。

32.【选项释义】

32.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave______.32.根据文章，民权运动人士认为，少数民族企业传统上不得不面对的一个不利条件是，他们______。

A.beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomyA.在政府对经济管理不善的情况下尤其脆弱

B.beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitorsB.无法获得与大型竞争对手相当的银行贷款利率

C.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporationsC.没有充分的机会来确保大企业的业务

D.nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpowerD.在政府权力中心没有足够的代表权

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干的关键信息civilrightsactivists可以定位到文章第一段第二句“民权活动人士长期以来一直认为（havelongargued），黑人、拉美裔和其他少数民族难以在商界立足的主要原因之一是他们无法获得（lackaccessto）大公司的大宗订单和分包合同”，从中我们可知，民权运动人士认为少数民族企业传统上必须面对的劣势就是无法获得大公司的订单和分包合同，句子中的lackaccess相当于lackopportunity，所以推断C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、D选项在文中并未提到，属于无中生有；

B选项中的bankloans没有提到，属于无中生有。

33.【选项释义】

33.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto______.33.这篇文章暗示，大型企业投标分包合同的失败可能会迅速导致______。

A.experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharmA.经历一些挫折，但不会造成严重的经济损失

B.facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpensesB.面对潜在的严重的固定费用

C.havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernmentC.必须将其努力记录在政府存档的表格上

D.increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractorsD.增加对少数分包商的支出

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】原文并没有提到大企业投标失败会怎样，但是文中提到了小企业的情况，定位第二段第五句“因为大多数公司都是小公司，而且与大公司不同（unlikelargebusinesses），它们经常需要在新工厂、员工、设备等方面进行大量投资，以便完成分包给它们的工作”，从unlikelargebusinesses可以看出，这里对大企业和小企业进行了对比；结合该段最后一句“小公司的努力必须很快带来订单，否则公司的士气和财务都会受到影响”我们可以得出，大企业的情况与小企业的相反，即大企业的士气和财物不会受到影响，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项是小型企业面临的风险，属于反向干扰；

C选项是国会要求的内容，与题干无关，属于出处错位；

D选项没有提到，属于无中生有。

34.【选项释义】

34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(inParagraph1)are______.34.从文章中可以推断，与法律的要求相比，第一段中的“一些联邦和地方机构”设定的百分比目标是______。

A.morepopularwithlargecorporationsA.更受大公司欢迎

B.morespecificB.更具体

C.lesscontroversialC.更少争议

D.easiertocomplywithD.易于遵守

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中的关键信息定位至第一段，倒数第二句提到“现在，国会显然同意，通过法律规定获得超过50万美元联邦合同的企业必须尽力寻找少数民族分包商并在政府存档的表格上记录他们所做的努力”，可知法律要求的只是超过50万美金联邦合同的企业要将少数民族企业的努力记录在档，而从最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的（specific）百分比目标”可知，一些联邦政府和地方机构为少数民族企业要求的是具体的百分比目标，所以我们可以推断，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项都没有提到，属于无中生有。

35.【选项释义】

35.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(inParagraph2)wassubstantial?35.如果下列哪一项是正确的，将最削弱作者的断言，即第二段中，在20世纪70年代，企业对联邦要求的响应是积极的？

A.Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.A.1970年至1972年间，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同下降了25%。

B.Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.B.1977年收集的数据不足以代表与少数民族企业签订的公司合同的范围。

C.Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.C.据估计，1980年在少数民族企业上的支出大约有1000万美元，实在是太高了。

D.The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.D.这11亿美元在1977年的企业支出总额中所占比例与1972年的7700万美元相同。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】定位到第二段前两句“企业的反应似乎相当积极。根据1977年收集的数据，与少数民族企业签订的公司合同总额从1972年的7700万美元上升到1977年的11亿美元。”，这是题干的信息所在之处，从上一段最后一句“事实上，一些联邦和地方机构甚至为将部分公共工程合同分配给少数民族企业制定了具体的百分比目标”可知，联邦的做法是“为给少数民族企业分配合同制定了具体的百分比目标”，所以作者的断言是，企业对联邦要求的积极响应使得这些少数民族企业从1972年到1977年，合同总额大大增加；那么反推，如果1977年的合同额和1972年的合同额在当年的占比是一样的，那么corporateresponsetofederalrequirementswassubstantial就没有足够的理由成立，因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的合同下降不代表合同总额下降，该项属于曲解原文；

B选项中的extent和联邦的要求无关，该项属于无中生有；

C选项不是weaken而是strength了作者在第二段的主张，该项属于反向干扰。

5.翻译题

Whydidhumansevolvetowalkupright?Perhapsbecauseit’sjustplaineasier.Makethat’’energeticallylesscostly,"inscience-speakBipedalism-walkingontwofeet-isoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofbeinghuman,andscientistshavedebatedforyearshowitcameabout.Inthelatestattempttofindanexplanation,researcherstrainedfivechimpanzeestowalkonatreadmillwhilewearingmasksthatallowedmeasurementoftheiroxygenconsumption.

Thechimpsweremeasuredbothwhilewalkinguprightandwhilemovingontheirlegsandknuckles.Thatmeasurementoftheenergyneededtomovearoundwascomparedwithsimilartestsonhumansandtheresultsarepublishedinthisweek’sonlineeditionofProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

Itturnsoutthathumanswalkingontwolegsusesonlyone-quarteroftheenergythatchimpanzeesusewhileknuckle-walkingonfourlimbs.Andthechimps,onaverage,useasmuchenergyusingtwolegsastheydidwhentheyusedallfourlimbs.

However,therewasvariabilityamongchimpanzeesinhowmuchenergytheyused,andthisdifferencecorrespondedtotheirdifferencegaitsandanatomy.Wethinkabouttheevolutionofbipedalismasoneoffirsteventsthatledhominids（原始人）downthepathtobeinghuman.

【答案】人类为何进化到了直立行走的姿态？可能这是因为直立行走要容易得多。用科学术语来说，直立行走能“节省能量”。用两条腿走路是人类的基本特征之一，多年来，科学家们在这一特征的形成问题上一直争论不休。在这项最新研究中，研究人员让五只大猩猩戴着可测算氧气消耗量的面罩在跑步机上行走。

研究人员对大猩猩在直立行走和四肢着地行走时消耗的氧气量分别进行了测量，并将结果与人类的进行了对比。这些结果在本周《国家科学院院刊》的网络版上公布。

测算结果表明，人类用两条腿行走时消耗的能量仅为大猩猩四肢着地行走时所消耗能量的四分之一。平均来看，大猩猩两条腿行走时消耗的能量与四肢着地行走时的差不多。但行走时消耗能量的多寡在这些大猩猩中也存在差异。这与它们不同的步法和解剖学特征有关。我们认为双腿直立行走的进化是原始人向人类进化的最初阶段中的一步。

6.单选题

Cancerhasalwaysbeenwithus,butnotalwaysinthesameway.Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime,ofcourse,butso,too,haveitsidentity,visibility,andmeanings.Pickupthethreadofhistoryatitsmostdistantendandyouhavecancerthecrab—sonamedeitherbecauseoftheramifyingvenousprocessesspreadingoutfromatumororbecauseitspainislikethepinchofacrab’sclaw.Premodemcancerisalump,aswellingthatsometimesbreaksthroughtheskininulcerationsproducingfoul-smellingdischarges.TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome,andtheGreeksmadeadistinctionbetweenbenigntumors(oncos)andmalignantones(carcinos).InthesecondcenturyA.D.,Galenreckonedthatthecausewassystemic,anexcessofmelancholyorblackbile,oneofthebody’sfour“humors”broughtonbybaddietandenvironmentalcircumstances.Ancientmedicalpractitionerssometimescuttumorsout,buttheprognosiswasknowntobegrim.Describingtumorsofthebreast,anEgyptianpapyrusfromabout1600B.C.concluded:“Thereisnotreatment.’’

Theexperienceofcancerhasalwaysbeenterrible，but，untilmodemtimes,itsmarkontheculturehasbeenlight.Inthepast,fearcoagulatedaroundotherwaysofdying:infectiousandepidemicdiseases(plague,smallpox,cholera,typhus,typhoidfever)；“apoplexies”(whatwenowcallstrokesandheartattacks)；and,mostnotablyinthenineteenthcentury,“consumption”(tuberculosis).Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind—asitnowis.ThisisonereasonthatthemedicalhistorianRoyPorterwrotethatcanceris“themodemdiseaseparexcellence,”andthatMukherjeecallsit“thequintessentialproductofmodernity.”

Atonetime,itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedtobebroughtaboutbythestressofmodemlifeandthelatteraconditionproducedbybaddietandindolence.Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,somephysiciansattributedcancer—notablyofthebreastandtheovaries—topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses.WilliamBuchan’swildlypopulareighteenth-centurytext“DomesticMedicine”judgedthatcancersmightbecausedby“excessivefear,grief,religiousmelancholy”.Inthenineteenthcentury,referencewasrepeatedlymadetoa“cancerpersonality”,andinsomeversions,specificallytosexualrepression.AsSusanSontagobserved,cancerwasconsideredshameful,nottobementioned,evenobscene.AmongtheRomanticsandtheVictorians,sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement;cancerdeathwasnothingofthesort.“Itseemsunimaginable,”Sontagwrote,“toaestheticize”cancer.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theancientEgyptians（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecancersofthepastisbestsupportedbythepassage?

3.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforcancertobecalled“themoderndisease”？

4.“Neurasthenia”anddiabetesarementionedbecause（）

5.Assuggestedbythepassage,withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

问题1选项

A.calledcancerthecrab

B.wereabletodistinguishbenigntumorsandmalignantones

C.foundoutthecauseofcancer

D.knewaboutalotofmalignanttumors

问题2选项

A.Ancientpeopledidnotlivelongenoughtobecomepronetocancer.

B.Inthepast,peopledidnotfearcancer.

C.Cancerdeathmightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement.

D.Somephysiciansbelievedthatone’sownbehavioralmodecouldleadtocancer.

问题3选项

A.Modemcancercareisveryeffective.

B.Thereisalotmorecancernow.

C.Peopleunderstandcancerinradicallynewwaysnow.

D.Thereisasharpincreaseinmortalityinmodemcancerworld.

问题4选项

A.theyareasfatalascancer

B.theywereconsideredtobe“diseaseofcivilization”

C.peopledreadthemverymuch

D.theyarebroughtbythehighpressureofmodernlife

问题5选项

A.Thecareandmanagementofcancerhavedevelopedovertime.

B.Theculturalsignificanceofcancershiftsindifferenttimes.

C.Cancer’sidentityhasneverchanged.

D.Canceristhepricepaidformodemlife.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。题干：根据这篇文章，古埃及人_______。由关键词定位到文章第一段第五句“TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome”，可知古埃及人已经知道很多有不好的结果的肿瘤，对应第四个选项，malignanttumors是指恶性肿瘤。因此D选项符合题意。

2.细节推理题。题干：关于过去的癌症，下列哪一项陈述最能得到文章的支持？文章并没提到古人是否活到容易患癌症的年龄，排除A选项；第二段中提到“Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind”，说明过去人们不是不恐惧癌症，而是这种恐惧并没称为焦点，排除B选项；最后一段中提到“…sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement”被认为优雅的是死于肺结核，排除C选项；最后一段中“somephysiciansattributedcancer…topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses”说明他们将癌症归因于心理和行为原因，因此D选项符合题意。

3.细节推理题。题干：下面哪个选项是被称为“现代病”的癌症的原因？根据题干关键词“themoderndisease”定位到第二段最后一句，上一句提到癌症死亡令人恐惧，下一句就说RoyPorter将其说成是“最卓越的现代病，Mukherjee称之为“现代最典型的产物”，说明人们对癌症的理解改变了。因此C选项符合题意。

4.细节推理题。题干：提到“神经衰弱”和糖尿病是因为_____。文中最后一句提到了关键词“Neurasthenia”和“diabetes”，文中提到“itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedtobebroughtaboutbythestressofmodemlifeandthelatteraconditionproducedbybaddietandindolence”，在此提到癌症和神经衰弱以及糖尿病的病因相似，因此也就是在说神经衰弱和糖尿病都与心理压力有关。因此D选项符合题意。

5.判断推理题。题干：如文章所述，作者最可能同意下列哪一种说法？由第一段第二句中“Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime”与全文，可知对于癌症的护理管理是一直发展的，因此A选项符合题意。B和D选项是作者饮用的他人观点，不不能代表作者自身。癌症由之前的不是焦点到现在人人恐惧，身份自然有改变，C选项由此可排除。

7.单选题

A（）statementwillverylikelybeonethatappearstobeconvincingonthesurface,butwhich,uponcloserexamination,isnotso.

问题1选项

A.plausible

B.reasonable

C.credible

D.laudable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项plausible“看似可信的，花言巧语的”；B选项reasonable“合理的，公道的”；C选项credible“可靠的，可信的”；D选项laudable“可赞誉的，值得称赞的”。句意：一个看似可信的陈述很可能是表面上看起来令人信服的，但在仔细检查后，却并非如此。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

8.单选题

Gotmilk?Beveryafraid.Or,preferably,abitskeptical.Somefolksareabouttotrytoconvinceyouthatmilkistoxic.Buttherealquestionis,what’smoredangeroustoyourhealth:milk,orcelebritiesandactivistsembarkedonthelatesttrendycrusade（改革）？Thismonthmarksthepublicity-pumpeddebutoftheAntiDairyCoalition,abandofphysicians,self-described“Holly-woodpersonalities”andotherswhodecrywhattheycall“thehealthandnutritionalrisksofconsumingdairyproducts”.

Thecoalition,includingitsspokes-Jeremiah,writerGeorgePlimpton,wouldhaveyoubelievethatmilkcausesheartdisease,cancerinfections,asthma,allergiesandtuberculosis.RobertCohen,founderoftheADC（andauthorofMilk:TheDeadlyPoison,writes:“TheFountainofYouthandcuretoillnesscanbeobtainedbygivingupmilk.”）

Hyperboleaside,theADCisspotlightingaquestionhotlydebatedbyeveryonefromnutritioniststoparents.Manypatientsaskdoctorswhethertheyshouldgiveupmilk,likethatsupermodeltheysawinterviewedonTV.Andtobesure,theADC’soverwroughtclaimsdohavesomescientificbasis.

Takeheartdisease.Foodslikebutter,cheese,icecreamandwholemilkarepackedwithsaturatedfat（饱和脂肪）,whichblocksarteries（动脉）andcanleadtoheartattacks.That’swhymostnutritionistsadviseswitchingtolow-fatorskimmilkandeatingmoreyogurtandcottagecheesethanHaagen-DazsandBrie.Evenskimmilk,though,cantriggerallergiesinsomepeople,includinginfants,whoinanycasewillgetmoreironandotherkeynutrientsfrombreastmilkorformula.

Somustyoufleefrommilkentirely?Yes,saysCohen,whoholdsthatskimmilkisthedevil’sbrew.It’sfullof—areyousittingdown?—Protein.Andhere’swheretheADCstartstwistingthefactstoreachwildconclusions.Allergiesarefrequentlytriggeredbyproteins（true;asthmaisanallergiccondition（true;it’sbeenincreasingdramatically（true;doctorsdon’tknowthecause（true;therefore,theproteininmilkmustbetheculprit（罪魁祸首）？

AsimilarleapofillogicassumesthatbecausewomenintheNetherlands.Denmark,NorwayandSwedenconsumelotsofmilkandalsosufferhighratesofbreastcancer;theformermustcausethelatter.AnotherclunkerisCohen’sclaimthatwidespreadlactoseintolerance（乳糖不耐受）—theinabilitytodigestdairyproducts—meansmilkisoflittleuseasasourceofcalcium.Infact,manycasesoflactoseintolerancearemildandinterfereonlyslightlywithcalciumuptake.Manypeopleintolerantofmilkcaneasilydigestyogurt.Andlactasetablets（乳糖分解酵素片）canmakedairyproductsdigestibleeveninseverecases.

Ifmilkisn’ttheperfectfood,it’sstillgotsomebigthingsgoingforit.It’saninexpensivesourceofcalcium,protein,potassiumandothervitaminsandminerals.Andunlikeothersourcesofcalcium,suchas,say,steamedkale,milkisafoodkidswilleat.TheADCfeelsthatmilkistherootofmosthumanmaladies（疾病）,butIcanpointtoothersingle-issueobsessivewhoinsistthevillainismeatorwheatorsugarorsomeothersubstancethatourspecieshaslongandhappilyconsumed.Ioftenlearnsomethingbyexaminingtheirclaims.ButIkeepcoiningbacktothemainstreamnutritionists,whoemphasizeabalanceddietandadvisemoderationinallthings.

1.TheADCholdsthatgivingupmilkwillcausethefollowingdiseasesEXCEPT（）

2.Thewriterthinksthatmilk（）.

3.Itisclearfromthepassagethat（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,ifyousufferfromlactoseintolerance（）.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatthewriteris（）.

问题1选项

A.breastcancer

B.diabetes

C.heartdisease

D.lungdisease

问题2选项

A.istoxicandweshouldgiveitup

B.isverynutritiousandweshouldconsumeitasmuchaspossible

C.isthemostidealfood

D.hasitsplusesandminusesandweshouldconsumeitsensibly

问题3选项

A.thewriterisofthesameopinionaboutmilkwiththeADC

B.thewriterregardsmilkastherootofmosthumandiseases

C.thewriteradvisespeopletostayoutoftroublewithmilk

D.thewriter’sopinionaboutmilkdiffersgreatlyfromtheADC’s

问题4选项

A.youhadbettergiveupmilkentirely

B.youshouldhavelessmilkeveryday

C.youcantakelactasewhichcatalyzes（催化）lactoseintoglucose（葡萄糖）andgalactose（半乳糖）

D.youmustseeadoctoratonce

问题5选项

A.anunprejudicedperson

B.anopinionatedperson

C.aworldlyperson

D.awisebutpeculiarperson

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题第二段的第一句“milkcausesheartdisease,cancerinfections,asthma,allergiesandtuberculosis.”cancerinfections和选项A对应；heartdisease和选项C对应；tuberculosis（肺结核）和选项D对应。只有选项B（糖尿病）没有提及。

2.细节推断题。根据最后一段的前三句可知，作者认为牛奶有好处也有坏处，所以要适量摄取。选项A，B，C表述都太绝对，所以不正确；选项D符合原文。

3.细节推理题。根据最后一段的第四句“TheADCfeelsthatmilkistherootofmosthumanmaladies...”以及第二段的最后一句“TheFountainofYouthandcuretoillnesscanbeobtainedbygivingupmilk.”可知选项B和C都是ADC的观点；根据原文内容可知，作者和ADC的观点是完全不同的，所以本题选D。

4.细节事实题。根据关键词“lactoseintolerance”定位到第六段第三句“widespreadlactoseintolerance—theinabilitytodigestdairyproducts—meansmilkisoflittleuseasasourceofcalcium.”选项B符合原文。

5.细节推断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Andtobesure,theADC’soverwroughtclaimsdohavesomescientificbasis.”以及最后一段的内容可知作者是一个公平公正的人，因为他虽然不赞同ADC的观点，但也没有完全否定。所以选项A正确。

9.单选题

TheAmericandreamismost（）duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.

问题1选项

A.plausible

B.patriotic

C.primitive

D.partial

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项plausible“看似可信的，花言巧语的”；B选项patriotic“爱国的”；C选项primitive“原始的，粗糙的”；D选项partial“偏爱的，不公平的”，这里要考虑句子前后的逻辑关系，美国资本主义带来发达的生产力，创造了巨大的财富，因此一时之间美国梦看起来似乎是能实现的，其它三项均不能使句子句意通顺。句意：在美国资本主义带来高度的生产力和巨大的财富期间，美国梦似乎是最能实现的。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything_____goingonintheworld.

问题1选项

A.itis

B.thereis

C.asis

D.whatis

【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知everything为定语从句的先行词，everything后面所接部分是修饰everything的定语从句；thereis结构作“目前有的”解时，可引导限定性定语从句，置于被修饰的名词后面，作该从句主语的关系代词that常常省略。

11.单选题

Therearemanywaysofdefiningsuccess.Itisaccuratetosaythateachofushasourownconceptofsuccesstotheextentthateachofusisresponsibleforsettingourowngoalsanddeterminingwhetherwehavemetthesegoalssatisfactorily.Becauseeachofuspossessesuniquedifferencesingeneticabilityandfavorableenvironmentsinwhichtoexpresstheseabilities,itisnecessarilytruethatwemustdefinesuccessbroadly.

Forsomepeople,simplybeingabletolivetheirlifewithaminimumofmiseryandsufferingisconsideredasuccess,Thinkofthepeaceofmindofthepoorshepherdwhotendshissheep,enjoyshisfrugallifewithhisfamilyinthebeautyofnature,andwhoisrespectedbecausehedoesagoodjobofachievingthegoalsexpectedofandacceptedbyhimandhissociety.Ontheotherhand,itseemsthateventhoughsomepeopleappeartoberichinmaterialpossessions,manyofthemseemtobemiserableandconsiderthemselvesunsuccessfulwhenjudgedbytheirowngoalsofsuccess.Becausenotallventurescanbesuccessful,oneshouldnotsetunrealisticgoalsforachievingsuccess,butifonehasself-confidenceitwouldbeunfortunatetosetone’sgoalsattoolowalevelofachievement.

Awisecounseloroncesaidtoayoungmanwhowasexperiencingfrustrationwithhisownprofessionalsuccess:“Youdonothavetosetyourgoaltoreachthemooninordertohavesuccessintraveling.Sometimesonecanbeverysuccessfulmerelybytakingawalkinthepark,orridingthesubwaydowntown,”Thecounseloradded,“Youhavenotreallyfailedandspoiledyourchancesforsuccessuntilyouhavebeenunsuccessfulatsomethingyoureallylike,andtowhichyouhavegivenyourbesteffort.’’

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorimpliesthat（）areessentialinachievingsuccess.

2.Theword“frugal’’（Line2,Para.2）means（）.

3.Somerichpeopleconsiderthemselvesunsuccessfulbecause（）.

4.Thelastparagraphimpliesthat（）.

5.Thispassagemainlytalksabout（）.

问题1选项

A.abilityandgoals

B.goalsanddetermination

C.abilityandenvironment

D.goalsandenvironment

问题2选项

A.wealthy

B.wasteful

C.thrifty

D.miserable

问题3选项

A.theirlifeismiserable

B.theydonotliveinpeace

C.theirgoalsaretoolow

D.theyarenotrichenoughbytheirownstandards

问题4选项

A.weshouldhavehighgoals

B.successmeansachievinggreatgoals

C.successmeanstakingawalkinthepark

D.successmeanstryingone’sbestatwhatonereallylikes

问题5选项

A.thedefinitionofsuccess

B.howtoachievesuccess

C.howtosetgoals

D.the