考研考博-英语-四川传媒学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川传媒学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Inthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthsbeforetheyarefully（）.

问题1选项

A.admitted

B.acknowledged

C.absorbed

D.considered

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:admitted“承认”；B:acknowledged“鸣谢；承认”；C:absorbed“吸收”；D:considered“考虑”。句意：在这家工厂里，建议往往要等上几个月才能完全被采纳。根据语境可知D为正确答案。

2.单选题

_____,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.

问题1选项

A.Otherthingsbeingequal

B.Wereotherthingsequal

C.Tobeequaltootherthings

D.Otherthingstobeequal

【答案】A

【解析】考查独立主格。句意：在其他条件相同的情况下,善于表达自己的人比不善言辞的人能更快的获得成功。选项A为分词独立主格结构,在本句中起条件状语的作用。选项B为虚拟语气条件句,但后面的句子为陈述语气，所以选项B错误；选项C为动词的不定式短语,可以做目的状语,但不能做条件状语；选项D结构错误。所以本题选A。

3.单选题

Abouttwiceeverycentury,oneofthemassivestarsinourgalaxyblowsitselfapartinasupernovaexplosionthatsendsmassivequantitiesofradiationandmatterintospaceandgeneratesshockwavesthatsweepthroughthearmsofthegalaxy.Theshockwavesheattheinterstellargas,evaporatesmallclouds,andcompresslargeronestothepointatwhichtheycollapseundertheirowngravitytoformnewstars.Thegeneralpicturethathasbeendevelopedforthesupernovaexplosionanditsaftermathgoessomethinglikethis.Throughoutitsevolution,astarismuchlikealeakyballoon.Itkeepsitsequilibriumfigurethroughabalanceofinternalpressureagainstthetendencytocollapseunderitsownweight.Thepressureisgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthecoreofthestarwhichmustcontinuallysupplyenergytobalancetheenergythatleaksoutintheformofradiation.Eventuallythenuclearfuelisexhausted,andthepressuredropsinthecore.Withnothingtoholditup,thematterinthecenterofthestarcollapsesinward,creatinghigherandhigherdensitiesandtemperatures,untilthenucleiandelectronsarefusedintoasuper-denselumpofmatterknownasaneutronstar.

Astheoverlyinglayersraindownonthesurfaceoftheneutronstar,thetemperaturerises,untilwithablindingflashofradiation,thecollapseisreversed.Athermonuclearshockwaverunsthroughthenowexpandingstellarenvelope,fusinglighterelementsintoheavieronesandproducingabrilliantvisualoutburstthatcanbeasintenseasthelightof10billionsuns.Theshellofmatterthrownoffbytheexplosionplowsthroughthesurroundinggas,producinganexpandingbubbleofhotgas,withgastemperaturesinthemillionsofdegrees.ThisgaswillemitmostofitsenergyatX-raywavelengths,soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.MorethantwentysupernovaremnantshavenowbeendetectedinX-raystudies.

Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.AlthoughthecloudthatcollapsedtoformtheSunandtheplanetswascomposedprimarilyofhydrogenandhelium,italsocontainedcarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,elementsessentialforlifeasweknowit.Elementsheavierthanheliumaremanufactureddeepintheinteriorofstarsandwould,forthemostpart,remainthereifitwerenotforthecataclysmicsupernovaexplosionsthatblowgiantstarsapart.Additionally,supernovasproducecloudsofhigh-energyparticlescalledcosmicrays.Thesehigh-energyparticlescontinuallybombardtheEarthandareresponsibleformanyofthegeneticmutationsthatarethedrivingforceoftheevolutionofspecies.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassageaneutronstaris（

）.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemeteoritesmentionedbytheauthorinPara.3（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthefirsteventinthesequencethatleadstotheoccurrenceofasupernova?

5.Theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.TheOriginsandEffectsofSupernovas

B.ViolentChangeintheUniverse

C.TheAftermathofaSupernova

D.TheOriginsandEvolutionofLifeonEarth

问题2选项

A.agaseouscloudcontainingheavyelements

B.anintermediatestagebetweenanordinarystarandasupernova

C.thecoreofanordinarystarthathousesthethermonuclearreactions

D.oneofbillionsofmeteorsthatarescatteredacrossthegalaxybyasupernova

问题3选项

A.containdangerousconcentrationsofradioactivematerials

B.arelargerthanthemeteorsnormallyfoundinasolarsystemlikeours

C.containpiecesofasupernovathatoccurredseveralbillionyearsago

D.includematerialnotcreatedinthenormaldevelopmentofoursolarsystem

问题4选项

A.AnordinarystarbeginstoemittremendousquantitiesofX-rays.

B.Animbalancebetweenlightandheavyelementscausesanordinarystartocollapse.

C.Acloudofinterstellargasrichincarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,collapsestoformaneutronsstar.

D.Anordinarystarexhaustsitssupplyofnuclearfuelandbeginstocollapse.

问题5选项

A.lifeonEarthisendangeredbyitsconstantexposuretoradiationforcesthatarereleasedbyasupernova

B.lighterelementsareformedfromheavierelementsduringasupernovaastheheavierelementsaretomapart

C.itissometimeseasiertodetectsupernovasbyobservationoftheX-rayspectrumthanbyobservationofvisiblewavelengthsoflight

D.recentlydiscoveredmeteoritesindicatethatEarthandotherplanetsofoursolarsystemsurvivedtheexplosionofasupernovaseveralbillionyearsago

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.本题要求找到这篇文章最恰当的标题。因为文中没有提到和重点关注地球上的生命，排除D选项“地球上的生命的起源和演化”；supernova作为本文的高频词和关键词确定文章讲的是与超新星有关的内容，故应排除B项“宇宙中的激变”；通过分析文章可知主要是介绍了超新星的起源以及为宇宙所带来的影响，A选项“超新星的起源和影响”作为标题最适合。

2.题目是问中子星的定义。根据第一段中的描述超新星爆炸加热气态云并且压缩体积巨大的气态云形成新的恒星。中间阶段类似漏气的气球，不断产生能量保持内外压力，最终能量耗尽，星体内部塌陷，形成高密度和高温星体，原子和电子融合形成超级物质，就被称为中子星。所以B选项“介于一颗普通恒星与超新星之间的中间阶段”正确。

3.本题是问第三段中作者提到的陨石……。A项意为“包含着危险的有放射性物质的聚集”；B项意为“比在像我们一样的太阳系中发现的流星更大”；C项意为“包含数块在数亿年前就存在的超新星”；D项意为“不包括在我们的太阳系的发展中创造出的物质”。根据最后一段第一句Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.最近关于陨石的发现包括有某些异常的核素的聚集表明了一个超新星可能比我们太阳系产生的时间早45亿年时间。确定C选项“包含数块在数亿年前就存在的超新星”正确。

4.本题是问导致超新星存在的第一个首要的事件是什么。根据第一段的描述：在每一百年中有两次银河系中的大质量的恒星就会在超新星爆炸中将自己分解并发射大量的辐射物质并进入太空生成冲击波而席卷整个银河系。这种星级气体加热激波，蒸发了小云朵，并压缩较大的一些到达在自身引力作用下的爆发点最终形成新的恒星，最终会形成中子星。所以D选项“一颗普通的恒星耗尽供应的核燃料并开始爆炸”是第一个发生的事件。

5.由第二段中的内容soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.因此，x射线天文台对超新星现象的本质提供了一些最有用的洞见也就不足为奇了。确定C选项“有时候通过观察X射线光谱来探测超新星比通过观察可见光波段来探测更容易”正确。

4.写作题

Directions:“Stayhungry,stayfoolish”wasquotedbySteveJobs,theformerCEOofAPPLE,atcommencementaddressatStanfordUniversity.Writeanessaywith300wordstopresentyourunderstandingofthestatement.

【答案】略

5.单选题

ForSaintPaul,consciencebringsnotonlyilluminationbutalsoagony:Itrelentlesslyexposestheinnerbattlethathumanbeingsmustwageagainsttheirownimpulses.

问题1选项

A.insight

B.distress

C.reflection

D.stimulus

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。agony表示“苦恼，极大的痛苦”；A项insight“洞察力，洞悉”，B项distress“危难，不幸，贫困”，C项reflection“反射，沉思”，D项stimulus“刺激，激励，刺激物”。句意：对圣保罗来说，良心带来的不仅仅是光明，也带来了痛苦：它无情地揭露了人类必须与自己的冲动进行的内心斗争。因此，根据句意可知B选项正确。

6.单选题

Wewouldcontactyournearestrelative（）anyaccidentoccurring.

问题1选项

A.onaccountof

B.inspiteof

C.intheeventof

D.inplaceof

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项onaccountof“由于；因为”；B选项inspiteof“尽管；不管”；C选项intheeventof“万一；倘若”；D选项inplaceof“代替”。句意：……任何意外发生，我们会与您最近的亲人联络。根据句意可知，空中应填入一个表示假设的短语，因此选项C正确。

7.单选题

Withmanyethnicgroupsrepresented,thestudentunionisvery（

）.

问题1选项

A.homogeneous

B.heterodox

C.heterogeneous

D.heterogeneousness

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。homogeneous意为“同性质的，同类的”；heterodox意为“异端的，非正统的”；heterogeneous意为“由很多种类组成的，各种各样的”；heterogeneousness意为“异质的”。

句意：学生会由不同成员组成，代表了很多民族团体。

8.单选题

Theextremely（

）tradeinendangeredspeciesisprovingirresistibletocountriesingravecurrencycrisis.

问题1选项

A.lucrative

B.approximate

C.ambitious

D.prospective

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。lucrative意为“获利多的，赚钱的”；approximate意为“大概的”；ambitious意为“有雄心的”；prospective意为“预期的”。

句意：极其有利可图的濒危物种贸易对于那些面临严重货币危机的国家来说是无法抗拒的。

9.翻译题

中国是世界文明的发源地之一，有五千年的文明史。在中国古代思想史上，涌现出了许许多多杰出的思想家，为中华民族乃至整个人类留下了丰富的思想遗产。这些思想成果独树一帜，在漫长的历史中又不断地被阐释、被发展，很多思想对于今天的中国乃至世界而言，仍然历久弥新，极具生命力。比如，儒家学派创始人孔子“仁”的理念、“和”的思想，不仅在当代中国，在其他亚洲国家也一直备受推崇。

【答案】Chinaisoneofthebirthplacesoftheworldcivilizationwhichhasa5,000-yearhistory.TherearemanyoutstandingideologistsinChineseancientthoughthistorythatleftarichideologicalheritageforourChinaandeventhewholemankind.Theideologicalachievementswereveryuniqueandconstantlyexplainedanddevelopedinthelonghistory.Today,someofthesethoughtsarestilllivelyandfullofvitalityfortoday’sChinaandthewholeworld.Forexample,theidealof“benevolence”andthe“harmony”thoughtofConfuciuswhoistheoriginatorofConfucianschoolhavebeenpraisedhighlybyChinaandotherAsiancountriesatpresent.

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

历史和个人的经历共同教育了那些处境不佳的人。他们在奋斗的道路上战胜重重困难，跨越种种障碍。不少穷人自学成才，通过鼓足勇气坚忍不拔地前进，取得卓越成就而赢得了全世界的瞩目和尊敬。

一生依赖别人帮助的人，在危机的时刻很少有所作为。当不幸来临时，他会四处寻求依靠。如果没有依靠，他将垂头丧气。一旦垂头丧气，他们就会像一只翻了身的乌龟，毫无办法。许多男孩出人意料地成功了，仅仅是因为他失去了一切支持而不得不自立。

【答案】Historyandpersonalexperiencetogethereducatethepoor.Theyovercomemanydifficultiesandobstaclesinthecourseofstruggle.Manypoorpeoplehavebecometalentsbyself-study.Theyhaveachievedremarkableachievementsandwontheattentionandrespectfromtheworldthroughforgingaheadwithcourageandperseverance.

Themanwhodependsonothersforhislifeseldommakesadifferenceintimesofcrisis.Whenmisfortunecomes,hewillseektohelpeverywhere.Hewillbelowspiritswithoutsupport.Oncedepressed,they,likeaturtlethathasturnedover,havenothingtodowithit.Manyboysaresurprisinglysuccessfulsimplybecauseheloseallsupportandhastostandonhisownfeet.

11.单选题

Bridesareincreasinglyshunningsummerweddingsandgettingmarriedduringwinter______tocutcostsamidtheeconomicgloom,figuressuggest.

问题1选项

A.insteadof

B.otherwise

C.instead

D.ratherthan

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。空格处词语需要修饰后面动词不定式，词性限制为副词。insteadof“代替；而不是”是介词短语，A选项排除；otherwise“否则；另外”；instead“代替；相反”；ratherthan“而不是”。句意：数据显示，为了在经济低迷时期削减成本，越来越多的新娘避开夏季婚礼……在冬季结婚。因此选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

Thesecontinual（）intemperaturemakeitimpossibletodecidewhattowear.

问题1选项

A.alterations

B.vibrations

C.waves

D.fluctuations

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。选项alteration“修改，改变；变更”；vibration“振动；振荡；颤抖”；wave“波浪；挥手示意”；fluctuation“起伏，浮动；动荡；动摇”。句意：温度上的这些持续起伏让人无法决定穿什么衣服。根据句中“makeitimpossibletodecidewhattowear让人无法决定穿什么衣服”可知“起伏”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Ican’trememberexactlywhattriggeredtheexplosionbutitwaspretty（）.

问题1选项

A.estimating

B.devastating

C.reprocessing

D.preferring

【答案】B

【解析】estimating估计；devastating毁灭性的；reprocessing再生，（核燃料的）回收；preferring更喜欢。句意:我记不清是什么引起了爆炸,非常。B项符合句意。

14.单选题

Ajournalist’sfriendwhohasbeenlivinginNewYorkformanyyearswritesacolumnforaChinesenewspaperinHongKongonculturalsubjects,andChineseandWesterntraditions,recentlytouchedonthequestion:whytranslationsofnovelsbywell-knowncontemporaryChineseauthorsdonotsellwellabroad?

Quotingamainlandsource,DongDingshanrevealedthatinFrance,whichprobablyhasthefinesttastesforartandcultureintheworld,only10copiesoftranslatedworksbyLuXunandBaJinweresoldin1994.

ThepoorsalesareareminderthatcontemporaryChineseliteraturehasyettosecureaplaceontheworldstageascommensuratewithitsachievements.

OneexplanationisthatwhilemanyChineseauthorsnowadaystakegreatprideinhavingtheirworkstranslatedintoforeignlanguages,fewhaveanyideahowmuchtheirnovelswouldbeunderstood,nottosayenjoyed,inforeigncountries.Anotheristhatthosewhohavethepowertoselectworksfortranslationareguidedentirelybytheirownverysubjectivestandardsratherthanthetasteandinterestsofforeignreaders.Thetwoareinterrelatedbutbothshowalackofunderstandingoftheforeignreadership.

However,whatseemstobethegreatestdifficultytoDongonthetranslationofliteraryworksforforeignconsumptionisrenderingthedistinctlydifferentstylesofChineseprosewriting.WhereasChinesewritersliketoheapadjectivesanddecorativewords,suchdescriptionsareapttobemeaninglessorannoyingtoforeignreaders.Especiallyinthecaseofnewswriting,clarityissupremeanduselesswordsonlydistractfromastory’sreadability.

Inviewofthis,translationoflyricalworksisoftenathanklessjob.Dongbelievesessaysandprosestandamuchbetterchanceofsuccess.Asfornovels,successdependsonwhetherforeignreaderscanfollowthestorieswhicharedevelopedincircumstanceswithwhichtheyareentirelyunfamiliar.

ItisseldomrealizedthatsuccessfultranslationofChinesenovelsisinvariablytheco-reationoftheauthorandtranslator.WithagoodcommandofChinesewritingskills,thetranslatorisideallyalsosomeonewhowritesgood,decentEnglish,notjustcorrectsentences.

TheChinesetranslatorwhoreliesonadictionaryeverystepofthewayisunlikelytoproducetranslationsthatcaninterestreaders,Dongbelieves.

ThereisagreatdealofsenseinDong’sbeliefthatChinesenovelsareideallytranslatedbynativespeakersofEnglish,asdidProfessorJeffreyKinkleywhorecentlytranslatedImperfectParadisebythecontemporaryChinesewriterShenCongwen.Kindlytooknoteintheprefaceofhistranslationthatword-for-wordtranslationonlyhurtstheoriginal-acredoheardoftenenoughamongtranslationcirclesinChinabutwhichismucheasiersaidthandone.

1.Thepassageismainlyabout（

）.

2.DongDingshan’sattitudetowardcontemporaryChineseliteraturetranslationcanbebestsummarizedas

（

）.

3.Translationofnovelsbywell-knowncontemporaryChineseauthorsdon’tsellwellabroadmainlybecause

（

）.

4.AccordingtoDongDingshan,whatisthedifferenceinprosewritingbetweenChineseandforeigners?

5.AllthefollowingcanimpliedfromthepassageEXCEPT（

）.

问题1选项

A.translationoflyricalworks

B.impropertranslation

C.understandingoftheforeignreadership

D.achievementsofChineseliteraturetranslation

问题2选项

A.unsatisfactory

B.cheerful

C.hopeful

D.indifferent

问题3选项

A.translatednovelsdonotmeetforeignreaders’tasteandinterest

B.novelsbeingtranslatedarebestonesbyfamouswriters

C.mosttranslatedworkshavedistortedtheoriginals

D.foreignreaders’tastehavechangedalot

问题4选项

A.Chineseproseistoopolitical

B.TherearemoreadjectivesanddecorativewordsinChineseprose

C.Therearemorephilosophicalideasinforeignprose

D.Foreignproseisverypersonal

问题5选项

A.AgoodtranslationofChinesenovelistheco-creationoftheauthorandtranslator

B.AnexcellenttranslatorshouldhaveagoodcommandofChineseandforeignlanguagewritingskills

C.DongDingshanbelievesthatChinesetranslatorcandobetterjobintranslatingChinesenovelsintoEnglish

D.Word-for-wordtranslationmayhurttheoriginal

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.考察文章大意。文章第一段提出“中国的作品翻译成外国文字后出售不多”这种现象。接下来作者提出了造成这种现象的原因：一是中国作家并没有考虑自己的作品能否被外国人理解（fewhaveanyideahowmuchtheirnovelswouldbeunderstood,nottosayenjoyed,inforeigncountries）；二是中国译者选择翻译的作品都是通过自己的主观判断，而没有考虑受众的口味（theirownverysubjectivestandardsratherthanthetasteandinterestsofforeignreaders）。接着作者就不同体裁的翻译来说明了不合适的译文是导致外国读者看不懂内容。选项B符合题意。

2.考察作者的观点态度。作者在文章提到之所以中国的作品在国外不畅销，原因就是没有适合的译本，因此可以判断出作者对当下的这些译本是不满意的。选项A符合题意。

3.考察细节事实问题。文章第四段提到中国作品在国外不受欢迎的原因之一是译者选择作品时是根据主观的判断，而没有考虑国外读者的口味（Anotheristhatthosewhohavethepowertoselectworksfortranslationareguidedentirelybytheirownverysubjectivestandardsratherthanthetasteandinterestsofforeignreaders）。选项A符合题意。

4.考察细节事实问题。文章第五段WhereasChinesewritersliketoheapadjectivesanddecorativewords,suchdescriptionsareapttobemeaninglessorannoyingtoforeignreaders提到中国作家喜欢堆砌一些形容词和修饰词，这些词对于外国读者来说是没有意义甚至会干扰他们阅读，选项B符合题意。

5.考察推理判断问题。根据文章倒数第三段successfultranslationofChinesenovelsisinvariablytheco-reationoftheauthorandtranslator可排除选项A；根据文章倒数第三段第二句WithagoodcommandofChinesewritingskills,thetranslatorisideallyalsosomeonewhowritesgood,decentEnglish可排除选项B；根据文章倒数第一段第一句话ThereisagreatdealofsenseinDong’sbeliefthatChinesenovelsareideallytranslatedbynativespeakersofEnglish可知选项C符合题意。

15.单选题

Theeducationgap

Educationisthepassporttomodemlife,andapre-conditionofnationalprosperity.Butmorethanaquarteroftheworld'sadults—900millionreadorwrite,andmorethan100millionyoungchildrenaredeprivedofevenaprimaryschooleducation.Inmostdevelopingcountries,afterdecadesofeducationalexpansion,spendingonlearningisfalling.Theilliteratearevirtuallyhelplessinaworldruledbythewrittenword,wherenoticesandofficialpaperscanseemamassofmeaninglesshieroglyphics.Peoplewhocannotdecipherthemareatthemercyofthosewhocan;many,asaresult,havebeencheatedoftheirrightsortheirland.

Studiesshowthatpeoplewithevenabasiceducationarehealthierandeatbetter.Theyaremorelikelytoplantheirfamiliesand-theirchildrenaremorelikelytosurvive.AccordingtotheWorldBank,justfouryearsofprimaryeducationenablesfarmerstoincreaseproductivitybytenpercent,oftenthedifferencebetweenhungerandsufficiency.Nationaleconomicreturnsfromeducationoutstripthosefrommostotherformsofinvestment.

Enrolment:riseandfall

Astheybecameindependent,mostdevelopingcountriesenthusiasticallyembracededucation.Twodecadesofastonishingexpansionfollowed.Between1960and1981,theworld'sthirty-twopoorestcountries(excludingIndiaandChina,whichhavelonghadgoodrecords)increasedtheproportionoftheirchildrenenrolledinprimaryschoolfromthirty-eighttoseventy-twopercent.Thethirty-eightnextpoorestachievedalmostuniversalprimaryschoolenrollmentby1980,upfromabouttwo-thirdsin1960.Itseemedasifitwouldnotbelongbeforeeverychildalivecouldbesureofgoingtoschool.

Bytheendofthe1980sthatdreamhadturnedtobitterdisillusion.Thedecadebroughteconomicdisastertodevelopingcountries.Theyslumpedwhenrichnationswentintorecessionatthebeginningofthe1980s,thesubsequentrecoverypassedthembyandtheywerehitagainbytherenewedrecessioninthelate1980sandearly1990s.Theeducationalexpansionofthelate1960sand1970sfirsthaltedthenwentintoreverse.By1989,enrollmentrateshaddroppedinoneouteveryfivedevelopingcountries.InsomeAfricancountries,thenumberofchildreninprimaryschoolsdeclinedbyathirdbetween1980and1985.Tanzania'suniversalprimaryschoolenrollmentfelldramaticallyduringthisperiod.Unesco’sDirector-General,FedericoMayor,warnsthatthisthreatenstosetbackthecountriesoftheSouthbyawholegenerationorevenmore.

Decliningexpenditure

Theproportionofnationalexpendituregoingtoeducationdeclinedinmorethanhalfofdevelopingcountriesoverthe1980s.Intheworld'sthirty-sevenpoorestcountries,theaverageexpenditureperheadoneducationdroppedbyaquarter.InAfricaasawhole,saystheWorldBank,only$0.60ayearisspentoneducationalmaterialsforeachstudent,whilstitestimatesminimumrequirementsat$5.00.

Illiteracyandthepoor

Inindustrializedcountries,absoluteilliteracywaslargelyeradicatedhalfacenturyago;theytwopercentoftheworld'silliterate.Functionalilliteracy,however,remains:inCanada,theliteracyofaquarterofalladultsisseriouslyinadequate;intheUnitedStates,estimatesrangefromfivetotwenty-fivepercent;inFrance,thetotalnumbersrangefromtwotoeightmillionpeople,dependingonthestudy.Mostareamongthepoorestmembersoftheirsocieties.

Generallyspeaking,thepooreracountry,thehigherthenumberofilliterate;two-thirdsofadultsintheverypoorestcountriescannotreadorwrite.Furthermore,thepoorestindividualssuffermost.Thepoorerachild'sfamily,thelesslikelyhe(or,particularly,she)istostartschoolandthemorelikelyitisthatthosewhodostartwilldropout.

Thedisadvantagedcountryside

MorepeopleintheThirdWorldliveinthecountryside,whereschoolsandteachersarealwaysscarcer.Buteveninthecities,thepoormissout.InCalcutta,oversixtypercentofchildrendonotattendschoolbecausetheyhavetoworktohelpkeepthefamilygoing,orlookafteryoungersiblingstoenabletheirmotherstowork.Two-thirdsoftheworld'silliteratearewomen.Yetwomen'seducationisparticularlyimportant.TheWorldBankidentifiesitasperhapsthesinglemostimportantdeterminantoffamilyhealthandnutrition,anditsresearchshowsthatinfantmortalityratesfallsteadily,anddramatically,foreveryyearwomenspendatschool.Buttradition,prejudicesandtheburdenofworktobedoneathomeensurethatdaughtersarepulledoutofschoolfirst.InthefirstgradeofKampala'sprimaryschoolsthesexesareevenlybalanced;bytheseventhgrade,therearemorethantwiceasmanyboysasgirls.

Primaryeducation:theproductivedollar

Everydollarinvestedinprimaryschooleducation,accordingtoanotherWorldBankstudy,isfiftypercentmoreproductivethanoneinvestedinsecondaryschooling,andgivestwiceasmuchspentonuniversities-Yet,throughouttheThirdWorld,thesespendingprioritiesarereversed.

Afewcountrieshavestartedtochangetheirpriorities,emphasizingprimaryeducation.Zimbabwedoubleditsnumberofprimaryschoolsinitsfirstfiveyearsofindependence;theproportionofitsbudgetspentoneducationisthefifthhighestintheworld,andthecurriculumhasbeenre-orientedtomeetlocalneeds.Bangladeshhasopenedmorethan2,500basicvillageprimaryschoolswithappropriatesyllabusessince1985,atanannualcostofjust$15.00perpupil.Only1.5percentofthechildrendropoutcomparedtosixtypercentoftheirpeersintheordinaryprimaryschools.Moreover,ninety-fivepercentofpupils,themajoritygirls,continuetheireducationafterleaving.

Nonetheless,allthesecountriesareunderharsheconomicpressure.ThereislittlehopeforthechildrenoftheThirdWorldcountries,eveniftheirgovernmentsdochangetheirpriorities,unlesstheircountriesareenabledtodevelop.

1.Whatdoyouthinkisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

2.Illiteracyhasbeenalmostcompletely（）

3.Girlsveryoftenfailtocompletetheirschoolingbecause（）.

4.Spendingontertiaryeducationis（）.

5.Primaryeducationhasbeengivenmoreimportance（）.

问题1选项

A.topromotethedevelopmentofprimaryeducation

B.topromotethedevelopmentoftertiaryeducation

C.toillustratetheneedfordevelopmentingeneral

D.tohighlighttheproblemsofruralareas

问题2选项

A.fromthedevelopingworld

B.exceptintheUSA,CanadaandFrance

C.inabsolutetermsinindustrializedcountries

D.Infunctionaltermsinindustrializedcountries

问题3选项

A.theyhavetogoouttowork

B.therearetwiceasmanyboysasgirls

C.oftraditionandprejudice

D.offamilyh

问题4选项

A.twiceasproductiveasspendingonsecondaryeducation

B.onlyhalfasproductivethanspendingonsecondaryschooling

C.fiftypercentlessproductivethanspendingonsecondaryschooling

D.twenty-fivepercentlessproductivethanspendingonprimaryschooling

问题5选项

A.inCalcutta

B.insomepartsofAfricaandAsia

C.inthelastfiveyears

D.byreorientingthecurriculum

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章以教育问题和世界各国的教育差距引出话题，论述了基础教育的重要性，并将基础教育与其他教育阶段进行对比。文章列举说明了基础教育的重要性，强调落后国家应该对基础教育予以重视。因此，本题选择A项更为合适。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第六段Inindustrializedcountries,absoluteilliteracywaslargelyeradicatedhalfacenturyago;theyobtainonlytwopercentoftheworld'silliterate.‘Functionalilliteracy’，however,remainsinCanada.可知，在工业化国家，半个世纪前基本扫除了文盲；他们只占世界文盲人口的百分之二。然而，“功能性文盲”在加拿大仍然存在。说明即使是在加拿大这样的发达国家，文盲也是存在的。因此，D项“Infunctionaltermsinindustrializedcountries”是正确答案。

3.细节事实题。根据原文Buttradition,prejudicesandtheburdenofworktobedoneathomeensurethatdaughtersarepulledoutofschoolfirst.可知，由于传统和偏见等原因，女孩子不能享受教育资源，继续学业。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

4.细节事实题。根据原文Everydollarinvestedinprimaryschooleducation,accordingtoanotherWorldBankstudy,isfiftypercentmoreproductivethanoneinvestedinsecondaryschoolingandgivestwiceasmuchspentonuniversities.可知，世界银行的另一项研究表明，投入小学教育的每一美元，其生产率比投入中学教育的每一美元高出50%，是大学高等教育的两倍。所以对初等教育的投资更有利于扫除文盲。因此，D项表述符合原文内容。故正确答案为D项。

5.细节事实题。根据原文倒数第二段Zimbabwedoubleditsnumberofprimaryschools;Bangladeshhasopenedmorethan2,500basicvillageprimaryschools可知，津巴布韦的小学数量翻了一番，而孟加拉国已经开设了2500多所乡村小学。由此可知，非洲的津巴布韦和亚洲的孟加拉国都加大了对于基础教育的投资力度。因此，本题正确答案为B项。

16.单选题

Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”

“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-intellectualisminAmericanlife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminU.S.politics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingth