考研考博-英语-广东工业大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东工业大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

问题1选项

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项motivate“激励；刺激”；B选项encompass“包含；包围”；C选项entice“怂恿；诱使”；D选项undercut“削（价）竞争；削弱”。句意：1910年，超过60万的黑人工人，或者说10%的黑人工人报告说他们从事“制造业和机械制造业”，这一联邦人口普查类别大致……整个工业部门。综合句意与选项可知B选项符合题意。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

夫妻财产同样属于共同财产。

刑法不得溯及既往。

法院驳回了原告的诉讼主张。

他对债务负主要责任。

本合同的任何改动或修正必须作为书面方能产生效力。

【答案】Maritalpropertyisalsopartofthecommonproperty.

Thecriminallawshallnotberetroactive.

Thecourtrejectedtheplaintiffsclaim.

Hewasmainlyresponsibleforthedebt.

Anychangesormodificationofthiscontractmustbewritteninordertobeeffective.

3.单选题

Mr.Smithbecamevery（）whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.

问题1选项

A.ingenious

B.empirical

C.objective

D.indignant

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（）。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。

4.单选题

TheGovernmenthaspromisedtodo______liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthehomeless.

问题1选项

A.what

B.all

C.that

D.which

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：政府承诺尽其所能缓解无家可归者的困难。whatliesinitspower是一个宾语从句，作动词do的宾语，what在从句中做主语。all不能引导宾语从句，排除B选项。that在宾语从句中不能做主语，排除C选项。which引导宾语从句是意为“哪一个”，不符合句意，排除D选项。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

FrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.

ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly.TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.

Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills.

LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathode(阴极)raytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.

AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-techmanufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.

Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagetherefuseoftheelectronicage.

Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.

“Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey’renotsupposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,”saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.

Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.

Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn’tcontractedtounscrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.

“Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina.”saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.

66.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?

67.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern______.

68.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause______.

69.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill______.

70.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen______.

问题1选项

A.Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.

B.Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.

C.LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.

D.Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.

问题2选项

A.regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfills

B.thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountries

C.thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrash

D.thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestate

问题3选项

A.theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstances

B.thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernment

C.somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhere

D.unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofit

问题4选项

A.abandononlineshopping

B.buythemfromotherstates

C.stronglyprotestagainstsuchacharge

D.hesitatetoupgradetheircomputers

问题5选项

A.collectedbynon-profitagencies

B.dumpedintolocallandfills

C.exportedtoforeigncountries

D.recycledbycomputermanufacturers

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】66.细节推断题。题干意思是“旧金山海湾区的官员将采取什么措施处理电子垃圾？”。文章第一段BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.（海湾地区的官员周四表示，他们计划自行处理此事，以管理该地区越来越多的电子垃圾）和第二段theywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly（如果加州立法机构不能对国会搁置的两项法案采取行动，他们将提出旨在控制电子垃圾的地方倡议），由此可推断，旧金山海湾区的官员将制定地方法规来应对电子垃圾，故B项“自行制定相关的地方法规”正确。A项“对电子设备制造商施加压力”在第五段有提及，这是洛杉矶地区官员提出的；C项“游说加州议会的立法者”没有提到；D项“争取支持通过停滞的法案”这是旧金山海湾区的官员要求加州立法机构做的，而不是他们将采取的措施。因此，该题选择B项正确。

67.细节推断题。题干意思是“在加州议会搁置的两项法案都与……有关”。第二段提到如果加州没有通过搁置的两个有关电子垃圾处理的法案，当地政府有关人员会自己采取措施，接着第三段就讲到了Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.（环保人士和地方政府越来越关注旧电子设备造成的有毒危害，以及安全回收这些产品的成本），由此推测，加州搁置的这两个法案都是关于电子垃圾的回收再利用的问题，故D项“对该州大量电子垃圾的再处理”符合题意。A项“向垃圾填埋场倾倒有害物质的规定”，这只是用来例证回收再利用电子垃圾的重要性；B项“向国外销售二手电子设备”和C项“为当地回收电子垃圾的倡议提供资金”不属于搁置的两项法案，这只是倡议。因此，该题选择D项正确。

68.细节推断题。题干意思是“消费者不应该把用过的电脑扔进垃圾桶，因为……”。根据第三段最后一句Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills.（这些机器含有高浓度的铅和其他有害物质，已经被加州的垃圾填埋场禁止使用）可推断，因为废旧的电子产品含有很多有害物质，所以消费者不应该随意丢到垃圾桶里面，故A项“它们含有大量的有害物质”符合题意。B项“这是加州政府禁止的”，文章并没明确提及这是政府禁止的；C项“一些零件可能被回收在其他地方使用”，这是鼓励回收的原因；D项“不道德的交易商会把它们回收用来牟利”是回收电子产品中可能会出现的问题，不符合题干。因此，该题选择A项正确。

69.细节事实题。题干意思是“一些高科技组织认为，如果在加州购买的每台电视或电脑多收30美元，消费者将会……”。根据题干定位到文章第七段Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.（但包括硅谷制造集团和美国电子协会在内的高科技集团反对这些措施，称高达30美元的费用将促使消费者转向州外的在线零售商），由此可知，如果在加州购买的每台电视或电脑多收30美元，消费者将会从其他州购买，故B项“从其他州购买”正确。A项“放弃网上购物”，文中提到消费者会转向州外的在线零售商，A项错误；C项“强烈反对这一收费规定”和D项“犹豫升级他们的电脑”都没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

70.细节推断题。题干意思是“我们从这篇文章中了解到，加州的大部分电子垃圾已经……”。最后一段提到Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina.（高科技革命的墓地正在中国农村结束），这是一种隐含的说法，意思就是类似处理电子垃圾这类的高科技革命最后因为这些垃圾出口到中国而以失败告终；结合最后一句HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.（他的组织正在推动对谢尔法案的一项修正案，该法案将阻止电子垃圾的出口）可知C项“出口国外”正确。A项“由非牟利机构收取”和D项“电脑制造商回收”都只是提出来的建议，文中没有提到这些措施到底有没有实施；B项“被扔进当地的垃圾填埋场”错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。

6.单选题

Mostlargecompaniesprefercustomizedcomputersoftwarebecauseitcanbemoldedtofitthewayacompanydoesbusiness,（

）off-the-shelfsoftwareoftenrequirethecompanytoalteritsprocedurestofitthesoftware.

问题1选项

A.when

B.since

C.whereas

D.because

【答案】A

【解析】考查连接词。when“当……时候”；since“自从，既然”；whereas“然而，反而”；because“因为”。句意：在流行软件通常要求公司改变程序以适应软件的时候，大多数公司更喜欢定制软件，因为它可以被调整以适应公司的业务方式。前后句没有构成逻辑关系，故A项正确。

7.单选题

Themayorisawomanwithgreat（）andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialassistance.

问题1选项

A.integrity

B.instinct

C.intensity

D.insanity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项integrity“完整；正直；诚实；廉正”；B选项instinct“本能；直觉；天性”；C选项intensity“强度；强烈”；D选项insanity“疯狂；精神错乱；愚顽”。句意：这位市长是一位非常正直的女性，因此值得我们的政治和财政援助。根据句意，A选项正确。

8.翻译题

DoingaPhDiscertainlynotforeverybody,andIdonotrecommenditformostpeople.However,IamreallygladIgotmyPhDratherthanjustgettingajobafterfinishingmyBachelor’s.ThenumberonereasonitthatIlearnedahellofalotdoingthePhD,andmostofthethingsIlearnedIwouldnevergetexposedtoinatypicalsoftwareengineeringjob.TheprocessofdoingaPhDtrainsyoutodoresearch,toreadresearchpapers,torunexperiments,towritepapers,togivetalks.Italsoteachesyouhowtofigureoutwhatproblemneedstobesolved.YougainaverysophisticatedtechnicalbackgrounddoingthePhD,andhavingyourworksubjecttotheintensescrutinyoftheacademicpeer-reviewprocess-nottomentionyourthesiscommittee.

IthinkofthePhDalittleliketheGrandTour,atraditioninthe16thand17thcenturieswhereyouthswouldtravelaroundEurope,gettingarichexposuretohighsocietyinFrance,ItalyandGermany,learningaboutart,architecture,language,literature,fencing,riding,ect...alloftheessentialliberalartsthatagentlemenwasexpectedtohaveexperiencewithtobeaninfluentialmemberofsociety.

ThetopPhDprogramssetanincrediblyhighbar:alotofcoursework,teachingexperience,qualifyingexams,athesisdefenseandofcoursemakingagroundbreakingresearchcontributioninyourarea.Havingtogothroughthisprocessgiveyouatremendousamountoftechnicalbreadthanddepth.

SomeimportantstuffIlearneddoingaPhDisasfollows.

Howtowritepapersandgivetalks.Beingfluentintechnicalcommunicationsisareallyimportantskillforengineers.I'venoticedabiggapbetweenthesoftwareengineersI’veworkedwithwhohavePhDsandthosewhodon’tinthisregard.PhD-trainedfolkstendtogiveclearwell-organizedtalksandknowhowtowriteuptheirworkandvisualizetheresultofexperiments.Asaresult,theycanbemuchmoreinfluential.

Howtofigureoutwhatproblemtoworkon.ThisisprobablythemostimportantaspectofPhDtraining.DoingaPhDwillforceyoutocastawayfromshoreandexploretheboundaryofhumanknowledge.(MattMight’scartoononthisisagreatvisualizationofthis.)Ithinkthatatleast80%ofmakingascientificcontributionisfiguringoutwhatproblemtotackle-aproblemthatisatonceinteresting,openandgoingtohaveimpactifyousolveit.Therearelotsofopenproblemsthattheresearchcommunityisnotinterestedin.Therearemanyinterestingproblemsthathavebeensolvedoverandoverandover.There’sarealtricktopickinggoodproblemsanddevelopingatasteforitisakeyskillifyouwanttobecomeatechnicalleader.

SoIthinkit’sworthhavingaPhD,especiallyifyouwanttoworkonthehardestandmostinterestingproblems.Thisistruewhetheryouwantacareerinacademia,aresearchlabormoretraditionalengineeringrole,butasmyPhDadvisorwasfondofsaying,“doingaPhDcostsyouahouse.”(IntermofthelostsalaryduringthePhDyears)

【答案】攻读博士学位的过程能训练你做研究、读文献、做实验、写论文和做演讲。它还会教你如何弄清楚需要解决的问题。

顶尖的博士计划设置了一个极高的标准：大量的课程作业、教学经验、资格考试、论文答辩，当然，还包括在你的领域做出了开创性的研究贡献。

接受博士训练的人往往能发表条理清晰而有组织的演讲，并且知道如何详细记录他们的工作，并将实验结果可视化。因此，他们具有很大的影响力。

如何找出需要解决的问题，这可能是博士培训最重要的方面。攻读博士学位会迫使你远离当下领域，探索人类知识的边界。

所以，我认为，读博是值得的，尤其是如果你想研究最难且最有兴趣的问题。无论你是想在学术界、实验室或者更传统的工程职业中谋职，读博都是正确的选择。

9.单选题

Somepeoplethinktheycanreadaman’s________fromhishandwriting.

问题1选项

A.attribute

B.feature

C.property

D.character

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项attribute“属性，特质”；B选项feature“特色，特征”；C选项property“财产”；D选项character“性格，特性”。句意：一些人认为他们可以从一个人的笔迹中看出这个人的（）。从笔迹中看出来的是人的性格特点，A，B，D都有性格的意思，但是attribute一般指一个群体的特性，比如说Patienceisoneofthemostimportantattributesinateacher.（耐心是作为老师最重要的特性之一）；feature指的是一种外显的特征，一眼看得出来不需要推测，比如说Hereyesarehermoststrikingfeature.（她容貌中最引人注目的特点是她的双眼）；character指的是人的性格特点；所以答案选D。

10.单选题

Thedamagetomycarwas（）intheaccident,butIhavealingeringfeareventoday.

问题1选项

A.insufficient

B.ambiguous

C.negligible

D.ignorance

【答案】C

【解析】句意:事故中，我的车损伤并不严重，但我至今仍然心有余悸。

考查形容词辨析。insufficient不足的，不够的；ambiguous含糊的，不确定的；negligible无足轻重的，微不足道的；ignorance无知，愚昧。But表转折,后面句意为:我至今仍然心有余悸。因此可知C符合句意。

11.单选题

Heisholdinga（）positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.

问题1选项

A.subordinate

B.succeeding

C.successive

D.subsequent

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他如今在公司任一个（）职位，他期望能够尽快升职。

subordinate下级的，次要的；succeeding以后的；successive连续的，接替的；subsequent后来的，随后的。根据后半句“他期望能够尽快升职”推测，A项subordinate次要的符合句意。

12.翻译题

“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911年才被美国探险家海勒姆·宾厄姆发现。马丘比丘海拔2430米，为热带森林所包围。它可能是印加帝国全盛时期最辉煌的城市建筑，那巨大的城墙和梯田好像是在连绵的悬崖绝壁上自然形成的一样。古城矗立在安第斯山脉东边的斜坡上，环绕着亚马孙河上游的盆地。马丘比丘废墟是世界上最美最神秘的古代遗址之一。早在15世纪初期，印加人就在那里建起数百座石建筑，传说和神话表明马丘比丘曾是一个圣地。古城废墟有宫殿、洗浴室、寺庙、贮藏室和大约150间房子，皆保存完好。这些建筑均用山顶的灰色花岗岩雕筑而成，是建筑学和美学的奇迹。

【答案】MachuPicchu,alostcitylocatedinPeru'stropicalmountainforests,wasn'tdiscoveredbyAmericanexplorerHiramBinghamuntil1911.Itstands2,430mabovesea-level,andsurroundedbytropicalforests.ItwasprobablythemostgloriousurbanbuildinginthezenithofIncaEmpire;itsgiantwallsandterracesseemlikebeencutnaturallyinthecontinuousrockcliffs.Theancientcity,ontheeasternslopesoftheAndes,surroundsthebasininupperAmazonRiver.

TheruinsofMachuPicchuareoneofthemostbeautifulandmysteriousancientsitesintheworld.WhiletheIncapeopleerectedhundredsofstonestructurestherefromtheearly1400's,legendsandmythsindicatethatMachuPicchuwasasacredplace.Theruinshavepalaces,baths,temples,storageroomsandsome150houses,allinaremarkablestateofpreservation.Thesestructures,carvedfromthegraygraniteofthemountaintop,arewondersofbotharchitecturalandaestheticgenius.

13.单选题

Thepolicecarriedoutan（

）investigation,butthemissingwomanwasnotyetfound.

问题1选项

A.exhausting

B.exhaustible

C.exhaustive

D.exhausted

【答案】C

【解析】exhausting使精疲力竭的；exhaustible可被用尽的；exhaustive详尽的，彻底的；exhausted疲惫的，耗尽的。根据句意可知这里指彻底的调查，所以选项C符合句意。

14.翻译题

BritishpreviouscolonialpoliciesledtothespreadofEnglishacrosstheworld.ThiswideuseofEnglishhasbeenreinforcedbythesweepinginfluenceoftheU.S.However,thedominanceofEnglishasaninternationallanguageisconsideredbothablessingandacurse.Foronething,ithasacceleratedtheextinctionofsomelanguages.Peoplehavebeenwonderingaboutthepossibilityofcreatingagloballanguagewhichmightholdpromisesforanendtolanguage-causedtroublesandconflicts.Unfortunately,attemptstoharmonizeworldlanguageshavemetwithlittlesuccessasaresultofthereluctanceofnativespeakersofaparticularlanguagetoadoptanotherlanguageastheirmothertongue.Todiscardone’snativelanguageistohavethedistinctfeaturesofhisnationerased.

【答案】答：

英国以前的殖民政策导致了英语在世界各地的传播。美国的广泛影响又进一步加强了英语的广泛使用。然而，英语作为国际语言的主导地位既是好事，也是坏事。一方面，它加速了一些语言的灭绝。人们一直在想是否有可能创造一种全球语言，从而有望结束那些语言引起的麻烦和冲突。不幸的是，因为某一语言的本族语者不愿意把另一种语言当作自己的母语，世界语言一致的尝试收效甚微。抛弃自己的母语，就等于是抹掉自己民族的特色。

15.单选题

Manyartistsbelievethatsuccessfulimitation,farfrombeingsymptomaticofalackof（

）,isthefirststepinlearningtobecreative.

问题1选项

A.elegance

B.resolution

C.sympathy

D.originality

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏······的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。

16.单选题

Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping（

）togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.

问题1选项

A.occasionally

B.simultaneously

C.eventually

D.promptly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项occasionally“偶尔地，偶然”；B选项simultaneously“同时地”；C选项eventually“最后，终于”；D选项promptly“迅速地，立即”。根据togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth（来捋一下她又长又飘逸的头发）及句意可知A选项符合逻辑，表示捋头发这个动作偶尔做。句意：在打字时，海伦有一个习惯，偶尔停下来捋一下她又长又飘逸的头发。

17.单选题

Thepriestmadetheofthe（

）crosswhenheenteredthechurch.

问题1选项

A.mark

B.signal

C.sign

D.gesture

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。句意:牧师进入教堂之前比划了一个十字。

Signofthecross为固定搭配，意为“十字架”,mark标记,记号;signal信号;gesture手势,makeagesture做手势；摆...姿态,但是通常不和thecross连用。故选C。

18.单选题

Firstweshouldexcludeallfactsandobservationsthatarenot（）totheinvestigationinquestion.

问题1选项

A.equivalent

B.relevant

C.similar

D.inferior

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。equivalent“相等的”；relevant“相关的”；similar“相似的”；inferior“下等的”。句意：首先，我们应该排除所有与当下调查无关的事实和意见。选项B符合题意。

19.单选题

InhistypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication,Mr.HayesconfrontedIsabetaaboutnotlookingathim.Reluctantly,sheexplainedwhy.AsanewcomerfromMexico,shehadbeentaughttoavoideyecontactasamarkofrespecttoauthorityfigures,teachers,employers,parents.Mr.Hayesdidnotknowthis.HetheninformedherthatmostAmericansinterpretlackofeyecontactasdisrespectanddeviousness.Ultimately,heconvincedIsabelatotryandchangeherhabit,whichsheslowlydid.

PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericans,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.Amaster’sthesisbySamuelAvoian,agraduatestudentatCentralMissouriStateUniversity,tellshowmisinterpretingeye-contactcustomscanhaveanegativeimpactwhenwhitefootballcoachesrecruitAfricanAmericanplayersfortheteams.

Hereportsthat,whenspeaking,whitecommunicatorsusuallylookawayfromthelistener,onlyperiodicallyglancingatthem.Theydotheoppositewhenlistening.Theyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.

ManyAfricanAmericanscommunicateinanoppositeway.Whenspeaking,theytendtoconstantlystareatthelistener;whenlistening,theymostlylookaway.Therefore,ifwhitesportsrecruitersarenotinformedaboutthesesignificantdifferences,theycanbemisledaboutinterestandattentivenesswheninterviewingprospectiveAfricanAmericanballplayers.

InmulticulturalAmerica,issuesofeyecontacthavebroughtaboutsocialconflictsoftwodifferentkindsinmanyurbancenters,non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.Thecustomerstranslatedthelackofeyecontactasasignofdisrespect,ahabitblamedforcontributingtotheopenconfrontationtakingplacebetweensomeAsiansandAfricanAmericansinNewYork,Texas,andCalifornia.ManyteacherstoohaveprovidedstoriesaboutclassroomconflictsbasedontheirmisunderstandingAsianandLatinAmericanchildrenlackofeyecontactasbeingdisrespectful.

Ontheotherhand,directeyecontacthasnowtakenonanewmeaningamongtheyoungergenerationandacrossethnicborders.Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.

Mad-dogginghasbecomethesourceofmanycampusconflicts.Inonehighschool,itresultedinafightbetweenCambodiannewcomersandAfrican-Americanstudents.TheCambodianshadbeenstaringattheotherstudentsmerelytolearnhowAmericansbehave,yettheothersmisinterpretedtheCambodians’intentionsandthefightbegan.

Mad-doggingseemstobeconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactasasignofrespect.Thus,intheurbancontemporaryyouthscene,ifonelooksdirectlyatanother,thisdisrespects,or“disses,”thatperson.Muchlikethearchaicphrase“Idemandsatisfaction,”whichbecametheoverturetoaduel.Mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.

AttheentrancestoUniversalStudio’s“CityWalk”attractioninLosAngeles,theyhavepostedCodeofConductsigns.Thesecondrulewarnsagainst“physicallyoverballythreateninganyperson,fighting,annoyingothersthroughnoisyorboisterousactivitiesorbyunnecessarystaring...”

1.ManyAfricanAmericansfromtheSouth（）.

2.Whenlisteningtotheothers,whitecommunicatorstendto（）.

3.ManycustomersinAmericancitiesareangrywithKoreanshopkeepersbecause（）.

4.Mad-doggingrefersto（）.

5.Thearchaicphrase,“Idemandsatisfaction”（）.

问题1选项

A.adoptatypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication

B.oftenmisinterpretthemeaningofeyecontact

C.avoideyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aretaughttoavoideyecontactwhenevertellingtotheothers

问题2选项

A.lookatthespeakerallthetime

B.glanceatthespeakerperiodically

C.lookawayfromthespeaker

D.stareatthespeaker

问题3选项

A.Koreanshopkeepersdonotlookatthemdirectly

B.theyexpectamoreenthusiasticreflectionfromtheshopkeepers

C.therearesomesocialconflictsinmanyurbancenters

D.theyarenotinformedaboutdifferencebetweencultures

问题4选项

A.aprovocationfromoneteenagertoanotherofadifferentethnicbackground

B.physicalconflictamongtheyoungergenerationinurbancenters

C.alackofeyecontactasasignofrespect

D.thesourceofmanycampusconflictsacrossethnicbordersinurbancenters

问题5选项

A.wasconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontact

B.oftenledtoafight

C.wasasignofdisrespect

D.oftenresultedinsomekindofmisinterpretation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据关键词“AfricanAmericans,fromtheSouth”定位到第二段第二句“ManyAfricanAmericans,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.”这里的“custom”即上一句提到的“avoideyecontactasasignofrespect.”选项C与原文描述一致。

2.根据第三段的内容可知，白人在说话时通常会把目光从听众身上移开，只是偶尔瞥一眼他们。他们在听的时候却恰恰相反，会一直看着说话者。所以选项A符合原文。

3.根据第五段的第一句“InmulticulturalAmerica...non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.”可知，在美国非韩裔的顾客对韩国店主感到很生气是因为店主没有直视他们，所以选项A正确。

4.这里是考查“mad-dogging”的定义。根据第六段的内容，在年轻一代和跨种族之间，直接的目光接触现在有了新的含义。当一个青少年直视另一个青少年时，这被认为是一种挑衅，有时也被称为“mad-dogging”。选项A符合原文。

5.根据原文“Muchlikethearchaicphrase'Idemandsatisfaction,'whichbecametheoverturetoaduel.”“Idemandsatisfaction,”成为决斗的序曲。也就是说，会导致争斗。选项B正确。

20.单选题

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.

Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthataresourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment,orself-improvement.

Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,andexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.

Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporthree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowwhyanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfantodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.

Understandingandacceptingthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisonemostliberatingrealization.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.

1.Tounderstandwhattruehappinessisonemust（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,abachelorresistsmarriagechieflybecause（

）.

3.Raisingchildren,intheauthor’sopinion,is（

）.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,welearnthatenvysometimesstemsfrom（

）.

5.Whatisthemainpointtheauthorisgoingtotellus?

问题1选项

A.putupwithpainunderallcircumstances

B.beabletodistinguishhappinessfromfun

C.makeeveryefforttoliberateoneselffrompain

D.haveasmuchfunaspossibleduringone’slifetime

问题2选项

A.hefindsmorefunindatingthaninmarriage

B.heisreluctanttotakeonfamilyresponsibilities

C.hebelievesthatlifewillbemorecheerfulifheremainssingle

D.hefearsitwillputanendtoallhisfunadventureandexcitement

问题3选项

A.amoralduty

B.athanklessjob

C.arewardingtask

D.asourceofsuffering

问题4选项

A.hatred

B.ignorance

C.prejudice

D.misunderstanding

问题5选项

A.Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain

B.Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.

C.Itisimportanttomakecommitments

D.Itispainthatleadstohappiness.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第一段：Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.如果娱乐和快乐等同于幸福，那么痛苦就等于不幸。...theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.但事实上，恰恰相反;导致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。确定B选项’娱乐与幸福区分开来‘正确。A选项’忍受各种环境下的痛苦‘、C选项’尽一切努力让自己从痛苦中解脱出来‘、D选项’—生当中，尽可能的娱乐‘与原文不符，排除。

2.根据文章第三段：Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.如果他是诚实的他会告诉你他害怕做出承诺，承诺是非常痛苦的。确定B选项‘他不愿意承担家庭责任‘正确。A选项’他发现约会比婚姻有更多的乐趣‘、C选项’他相信，如果他继续单身，他的生活会更加快乐‘、D选项’他害怕结束生活中的快乐、冒险和刺激‘与原文不符，排除。

3.根据文章第四段：Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.但是，决定不生孩子的夫妻永远体会不到看着一个孩子长大和含饴弄孙所带来的快乐。确定C选项‘是一项有回报的使命‘正确。A选项‘一种道德义务’、B选项‘一项吃力不讨好的工作’、D选项‘是痛苦的来源’与原文矛盾。

4.根据文章最后一句：Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来：我们现在知道那些总是有那么多乐趣的人也许根本就不幸福。确定D选项‘误解’正确。A选项‘憎恨’、B选项‘无知，愚昧’、C选项‘偏见’不符合原文，排除。

5.根据文章第一段：Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.我们坚信充满乐趣，没有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，实际上减少了他们获得真正幸福的机会。Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadto