考研考博-英语-东北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-东北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Stunkardandhiscolleaguesemphasizedthatthosewith“fatgenes”arenotdoomedtoalifetimeofobesity.

问题1选项

A.subjected

B.destined

C.endured

D.sustained

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.subjected（v.）使顺从，（尤指）压服B.destined（adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定

C.endured（v.）忍耐，忍受D.sustained（v.）维持（生命、生存）

【答案】B

【考查点】词义辨析。

【解题思路】doomed的意思为“使……注定失败（或遭殃、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一辈子肥胖，无法改变，destined与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】斯图卡德和他的同事们强调，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。

2.单选题

______wehaveallthematerialsready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.

问题1选项

A.Grantedthat

B.Ifonly

C.Bynow

D.Nowthat

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项grantedthat“即使，假定”，表示条件；B项ifonly“要是……多好”，表示虚拟语气；C项bynow“到目前为止”，作时间状语；D项nowthat“既然，由于”表原因。句子表示原因；因此D项符合。句意：既然我们已经准备好了所有的材料，我们应该立即开始这项新任务。故正确答案为D。

3.单选题

Inthemodernsociety,peopleoftenfeelcomfortablephysicallybutsufferalot（）.

问题1选项

A.moderately

B.naturally

C.biologically

D.psychologically

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。moderately“适度地，有节制地”；naturally“自然地”；biologically“生物学上地”；psychologically“精神上地，心理上地”。句意：在现代社会，人们经常感觉生理上是舒服的，但却遭遇心理上的问题。由but可知其前后内容性质相反，前面提到生理，故空格处应该填心理上地。

4.单选题

TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved（

）ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.

问题1选项

A.thatheistothink

B.tothink

C.thatheisthinking

D.tobethinking

【答案】D

【解析】考查非谓语动词。当句子的主语是it时，才会使用itisbelievedthat…的形式，因此排除A和C选项。句意：人们相信财政部长正在考虑征收新税以增加额外收入。由句意可知此处应使用动词不定式的现在进行时tobethinking表示“正在考虑”。因此D选项符合题意。

5.单选题

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry___soserious.

问题1选项

A.wouldn’tbe

B.wouldn’thavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.wouldhavenotbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查错综时间虚拟条件句。第一句是虚拟过去时IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995(had=过去时)，但第二句thehousingproblemsnow，关键是now，表示现在，时态发生改变。变为错综虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情调整。句意：如果美国在1995年为穷人建造更多的住房，现在美国一些地区的住房问题就不会那么严重。本句表示如果以前怎样，那现在的问题就不会那么严重，主句时态用情态动词+现在时。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Chicago'ssegregationofminoritiesisasoldasthecityitself.TheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsoftoday'sSouthandWestsidesarelocatedinexactlythesamepartsofthecityastheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsof1910.Andfrom1930totoday,theseAfricanAmericaneighborhoodshavebeenrepresentedinCongressandinthestatehousebyAfrican-Americanpoliticians,whohavedoneverylittle(otherthanpassFederalbenefitprograms)toliftAfrican-Americansoutofpoverty.Inthe2000Census,forexample,ofthetenpoorestcensustractsintheentireUnitedStates,ninewerelocatedintheSouthandWestSideAfrican-AmericanareasruledbyAfrican-AmericancongressmenBobbyRushandJesseJacksonJr.TheconceptofWesternImperialColonialismisverypopularintheliteratureofracialexploitation.ThecontinentofAfricawasdividedupinto“colonies”bythemajorEuropeanImperialpowersinaveryshortperiodoftime:justsevenyears,from1885to1892.Previously,Britainhadseizedvastterritoriesbelongingtootherculturesforhundredsofyears.Butin20thcenturyAmericaanewtypeofcolonywasinvented:AmericanurbancoloniesinthelargemetropolitanareasfromtheMidwestandNortheasttoLosAngeles.TheseweremadepossiblebytheGreatMigrationofAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth,whichbeganduringWWI.Astheymovednorth,African-Americanswereimmediatelyconfinedtoghettoesdefinedbyracialboundaries.Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit'simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.AssoonastheAfrican-AmericanpopulationofChicagobegantoexpand,theGreatDepressionhitandputmanypersonsoutofwork.FDR'sresponsetothiswastocreatetheNewDealprogramsofwelfare,foodassistance,andsubsidizedhousing.Whilethisgreatlyhelpedunemployedpersonsofallraces,forAfrican-Americansitbegantheghettoizationoftheirpeopleintowhatcanonlybecalledurbancoloniesinthelargecitiesofthenorth.Thepatternseeninthe

20largestcitiesoftheUnitedStatesfrom1920to2010isremarkablyconsistent.In192019ofthetwentylargestcitieswerealllocatedintheNorth.Allofthesenineteencitieswerefrom92.5%to99%white.TheoneexceptionwasBaltimore,MDandthatwas85%white.Ithadaslightlylargerblackpopulationonlybecauseitwasaportofentryfortheslavetrade.Similarly,allofthesecitiessawgreatincreasesintheirblackpopulationsstartingin1920.By1990thesecitieswerefrom26to76%black.ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup,andthebigcitieswereportsofentryforEuropeanimmigrants.Soaswhitesleft,politicianswantedtomaintaintheirpopulationnumbers.

Bythe2010CensusthecitieswiththehighestblackpopulationswereDetroit,MI,whichwas83%black,andNewark,NJwhichwas52%.(Sources:CensuspaperNo.76andCensus2010Quickfacts).AndsinceinallthemajorindustrialcitiesoftheNorth,thedestinationsofjob-seekingAfrican-AmericanmigrantswerecontrolledbyDemocrats,itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty.Tragicallyallofthesecitieshaveveryhighratesofsegregation,pooreducationforAfrican-Americans;highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime.InChicago,“negrowards”astheywerethencalled,werequicklydrawnup:theirboundariesreflected(andpromoted)theracialsegregationofthetime.TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon'tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.

Furthermore,sinceLincolnfreedtheslaves,African-AmericansinChicagovotedforRepublicans,untilaDemocraticMayor,AntonCermak,tookover;firedallthethousandsofAfrican-AmericanswhoRepublicanshadgivencitygovernmentjobs,andtookovertheblackvote.SincethattimeChicago'sAfrican-Americanshavebeenrepresentedexclusivelybyblackpoliticians,andalwayslivedinpoverty.WhatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.WhatmakestheAmericanUrbanColonialismplansorevolutionaryandingeniousisthatitdoesnotrelyonagreementswithforeigngovernments;themarketpriceofironore,orcottonforprofits;butonFederalbenefitprograms.Theseprogramdollarsareinfinitelymorereliableandpoliticallystable.

1.Accordingtotheessay,Americancitieslostwhiteresidentsdueto（

）.

2.Theessaysconvincinglydemonstratesthat

（

）.

3.TheDemocraticMachineinChicagoprovidesincentivesintheformof

（

）.

4.ObamamovedtoChicagobecause

（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,Americanurbancolonialismistheresultof（

）.

问题1选项

A.whitevoter'sminorityruleintheRepublicanparty

B.theinfluxofEuropeanimmigrants

C.themigratorynatureofAmericans

D.ghettoizationbyAfrican-Americans

问题2选项

A.powerismoreimportantthanpeople

B.whiteAmericansareessentiallyracist

C.theCivilWarwasfoughtfornothing

D.slavetradedeterminedthefateofethnicminoritiesinAmericancities

问题3选项

A.segregationofminorities

B.highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime

C.federalbenefitprograms

D.negrowards

问题4选项

A.theblacksubmachinealreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine

B.Chicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics

C.theGreatMigrationofdirectedAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth

D.ChicagoisthemostsegregatedcityinAmerica

问题5选项

A.theghettoizationofAfrican-AmericanpeopleinAmericancities

B.thesegregationofminorities

C.thepoliticalclientelismoftheblacksubmachine

D.westernimperialcolonialisminAfrica

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由文中“ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup...这些城市没有因为非洲裔美国人的迁入而失去了美国白人。更准确地不如说美国人是一个高度迀移的群体······”可知C选项“美国人迁移的本性”正确。

第2题:2.推理判断题。由文中“ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.开发被城市民主党人作为一种操纵居民且让自己掌权的方式来宣传。”可知A项“权力比人民更重要”正确。

第3题:3.推理判断题。由文中“·...itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty...非常明显的是这些巨大的城市贫困区是由那一个政党造成并保持的。”和“WhatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.让芝加哥黑人子机构成为可能的是芝加哥已有一个民主党机构。开发被城市民主党人作为一种操纵居民且让自己掌权的方式来宣传。”的对应可推知A项“对少数民族进行种族隔离”正确。

第4题:4.推理判断题。由文中“TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon’tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.他们（即芝加哥黑人）的政治代表是非洲裔美国人，他们被期待去将自己的选票投给民主党。大多数美国人不知晓芝加哥是黑人政治中心。”可知B选项“芝加哥是黑人政治的中心”正确。

第5题:5.推理判断题。题目询问“美国城市殖民主义是······的结果”。由文中“Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit’simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.没有人怀疑这种种族隔离（即‘Americanurbancolonies美国城市殖民地’现象）被有意地进行，但是认识到它不是由芝加哥（其从未有过奴隶）居民的种族主义态度而是由执政的政治精英造成的却很重要。”可知B项“对少数民族的种族隔离”正确。

7.单选题

Thatpartofthecityhaslongbeen______foritsstreetviolence.

问题1选项

A.notorious

B.responsible

C.historical

D.illegal

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.notorious声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的B.responsible有责任的，负责的

C.historical（有关）历史的，历史学的D.illegal不合法的，非法的

【答案】A

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词streetviolence（街头暴力）可知，空格处填入notorious表示“臭名昭著的”符合句子意思。因此，该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】该市的这一地区长期以来因街头暴力而臭名昭著。

8.单选题

The（）differenceinChinesedialecthasbecomeaprobleminmutualcommunicationamongpeople.

问题1选项

A.enormous

B.immense

C.imminent

D.eminent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项enormous“巨大的”，指超出了正常的限度和比例；B选项immense“广大的”，侧重空间的广阔；C选项imminent“即将来临的”；D选项eminent“杰出的”。句意：汉语方言的巨大差异已经成为人与人之间交流的一个问题。本句表示差异的巨大。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand,fortunately,thenumberofsuchreasonsissmall．Pruninginvolvesthecuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranches,andtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway.

First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize．Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheight,andatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape．Secondly,pruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier．Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwood,orbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds．Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.

Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal．Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordie,orthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk．Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible．Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness．Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose．Pruningisusuallydoneinwinter,forthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterferencefromtheleavesanditis,too,veryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed．Ifthisdoeshappen,itis,ofcourse,impossibletopaintthemproperly.

1.Pruningisprobablyusuallydoneto（）.

2.Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener().

问题1选项

A.makethesmallbranchesthicker.

B.getridofthesmallbranches.

C.improvetheshapeofthetree.

D.makethetreegrowtaller.

问题2选项

A.damagessomeofthesmallsidebranches.

B.forcesthemtogrowtooquickly.

C.doesnotprotectthemfromthewind.

D.allowstoomanybranchestogrowinthemiddle.

问题3选项

A.Tohelpawoundtodry.

B.Tocoveraroughsurface.

C.Topreventdiseaseenteringawound.

D.Tomakeawoundsmooth.

问题4选项

A.regularlyeverywinter.

B.occasionallywhennecessary.

C.asquicklyaspossible.

D.atintervalsthroughouttheyear.

问题5选项

A.Todiscussdifferentmethodsofpruning.

B.Toexplainhowtreesdevelopdisease.

C.Togiveageneraldescriptionofpruning.

D.Togivepracticalinstructionforpruningatree.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段第一句指出：First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize(首先，修剪可以确保树有一个理想的形状或大小)。由此可知，修剪通常是为了“改善树的形状”，故选C。

2.判断推理题。第二段最后一句指出：Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair(修剪掉挡在中间而阻止了空气自由流通的树枝，可以让树更健康)。由此可知，如果园丁让太多的树枝在中间生长，树就会不健康。D选项正确。

3.判断推理题。最后一段第一句指出：Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal(修剪的一个后果是树上留下一个缺口，这为疾病提供了一个容易的入口，但这是一个可以愈合的伤口)。因此树被涂上一种特殊材料终究是为了“防止疾病通过修剪口侵入”。B项和D项都是干扰项，虽然后面提到：Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness(修剪过的区域必须光滑干净，因为粗糙会减缓愈合速度)。但它们并不是最终原因。因此本题选C。

4.判断推理题。第一段指出：Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand…(只有在有充分和明确的理由时才应该修剪树木)。由此推断，B项“必要时偶尔修剪”正确。

5.主旨大意题。本文开头讲了修剪的原因，方法，后面讲了修剪的后果极其处理方法，因此C项“概述修剪”比较能概括本文主旨。

10.单选题

VII.EconomicLaw

AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”

CodificationofthecausationrequirementinthePSLRAbrokenonewsubstantiveground.But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”InthewakeofDura,losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory,firstembracedbyapluralityoftheSupremeCourtinBasic,Inc.v.Levinson.InBasic,theCourtcreatedarebuttablepresumptionofinvestorrelianceonthemarketpriceofasecuritythattradesinan“efficient”market—oneinwhichthemarketpriceispresumedtoreflectallinformationdisseminatedintothatmarketplace.Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.

Duraistheseminalpronouncementonthenecessaryshowingoflosscausationasamatterofbothpleadingandproofinfraud-on-the-marketcases.TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.Indeed,theCourtcautionedinthesecasesthat“thelogicallinkbetweentheinflatedpurchasepriceandanylatereconomiclossisnotinvariablystrong,”andthatwhileanartificiallyinflatedpurchasemightmeanalaterloss,thatisnotinevitablyso.TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.

1.FromthefirstparagraphoneisNOTabletosaythatDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo___.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementdescribes“fraud-on-the-markettheory”mostsuitably?

3.LosscausationisNOT___.

4.Losscausationcanbesufficientlydemonstratedby___.

问题1选项

A.washeardbytheUSFederalSupremeCourt

B.wasanactionaboutsecuritiesfraud

C.wasacasewherethecausationrequirementwasdiscussed

D.providedinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses

问题2选项

A.ItiscodifiedinthePSLRA

B.Itiscriticaltoofficialrecognitionofinvestorclassactions.

C.ItreflectstheCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactions.

D.Itisaboutlosscausation.

问题3选项

A.anindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification

B.acentralelementofanyprivateaction

C.thecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactions

D.necessarytobesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss

问题4选项

A.anartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss

B.“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketprices

C.plaintiffs’adequateallegationandproofofthetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss

D.falseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplace

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。定位到原文第一段AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”（作为美国最高法院解决它在达拉制药、公司诉Broudo损失因果关系要求存在，以确保私人证券欺诈行为是“可用的，而不是为投资者提供广泛的保险市场的损失，但为了保护他们反对那些虚假陈述实际上造成的经济损失”）可知D选项“为投资者提供针对市场损失的广泛保险”和原文相悖；A选项“美国联邦最高法院审理了此案”，B选项“是一个关于证券欺诈的行为”以及C选项“是一个讨论了因果关系要求的案例”都可和原文对应。因此D选项符合题意。

2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.（基于市场欺诈理论的可反驳的信赖推定对投资者集体诉讼的证明至关重要，如果没有它，证明几乎是不可能的，因为信赖的个别问题将压倒任何普通问题。）可知选C选项“这对正式承认投资者集体诉讼至关重要”；A选项“它被编纂在PSLRA中”未提及；第二段第二句But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”（但是，正如最高法院在杜拉所建议的那样，PSLRA“明确了国会的意图，即允许私人证券欺诈诉讼在原告充分声称和证明因果关系和损失的传统要素的情况下（但仅在原告充分声称和证明的情况下）进行追偿”）可知是PSLRA明确了国会的意图，而不是市场欺诈理论，B选项“它反映了国会允许私人证券欺诈行为的意图”错误，同时可知D选项“关于损失的因果关系”错误。因此C选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段末AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.（尽管最高法院认为，损失的因果关系并非作为类别认证事项处理的个别问题，但根据《交易法》第10b条和第10b-5条，损失的因果关系是任何私人诉讼的核心要素，因此，损失的因果关系必须足够充分，足以抵挡驳回的动议，并最终获得证据支持，无论是简易判决还是审判）可知A选项“作为类别认证的一个单独问题”和原文不符，B选项“任何私人行动的中心要素”，D选项“需要被充分辩护以抵抗驳回动议”符合原文；第二段losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory（在以市场欺诈理论为依据的证券欺诈诉讼中，损失因果关系已成为诉辩和证明的关键要素）可知C选项“在证券欺诈诉讼中，申辩和证明的关键要素”符合题意。因此A选项符合题意。

4.事实细节题。定位到原文第三段末TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.（法院指出，影响证券市场价格的“各种因素错综复杂”，即使向市场传播的虚假或误导性信息可能“触及”投资者日后的一项经济损失，但触及一项损失并非造成损失的原因，而是法律规定的实际原因）可知B选项“影响市场价格的‘一堆因素’”可以充分证明损失的因果关系，同时可知D选项“散布到市场中的虚假或误导性信息”错误；第三段TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.（最高法院指示，造成损失的原因既非充分辩护，也并非仅以人为提高的市场价格及随后的经济损失来证明）可知A选项“人为抬高的市场价格和后来的经济损失”，C选项“原告对传统的因果关系和损失要素的充分指控和证据”错误。因此B选项符合题意。

11.单选题

Thecountrycarriedonnucleartestswithoutfeelingapprehensiveabouttheconsequences.

问题1选项

A.optimistic

B.anxious

C.uncertain

D.scared

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。apprehensive表示“忧虑的，不安的”；A项optimistic“乐观的”，B项anxious“焦虑的”，C项uncertain“不确定的”，D项scared“害怕的”。句意：这个国家进行了核试验，并不担心其后果。根据句意可知，选择B项正确。

12.单选题

Asalawyer（

）forhisgoodjudgmentandeloquence,heisofteninvitedtothosegrandbanquetsandmeetsthosedistinguishedpeoplefromallcircles.

问题1选项

A.noticeable

B.notorious

C.nasty

D.notable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项noticeable“显而易见的，明显的”；B选项notorious“臭名昭著的”；C选项nasty“令人厌恶的，肮脏的”；D选项notable“著名的，显著的，值得注意的”。由goodjudgmentandeloquence（良好的判断力和口才）可知空格处为一个褒义词，再根据句意可知选D。句意：作为一名以良好的判断力和口才著称的律师，他经常被邀请参加那些盛大的宴会，并结识来自各界的杰出人士。

13.单选题

Atfirst,thecompanyrefusedtopurchasetheequipment,butthisdecisionwas______revised.

问题1选项

A.subsequently

B.successively

C.predominantly

D.preliminarily

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项subsequently“随后”；B选项successively“接连的”；C选项predominantly“显著地”；D选项preliminarily“初步地”。句意：起初，公司拒绝购买设备，但这一决定______被修改了。根据语境，这里指决定在后来被修改，所以subsequently“随后”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened（

）asuddenloudnoise.

问题1选项

A.therewas

B.therehavingbeen

C.beingthere

D.shouldtherebe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如有突然的巨响，那么这些动物确实有可能受惊。

语法题。考查虚拟语气。该句属于与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句部分为could+动词原形，从句部分应该为should+动词原形或wereto+动词原形，当省略引导词if后需采用倒装，将should提前。

15.单选题

Heisquitesurethatit’s（）impossibleforhimtofulfillthetaskwithintwodays.

问题1选项

A.absolutely

B.exclusively

C.fully

D.roughly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。absolutely“绝对地，完全地（语气上非常肯定，侧重表示程度）”；exclusively“唯一地，专有地，排外地”；fully“充分地，完全地（侧重表示数量）”；roughly“粗糙地，粗略地”。句意：他非常确定在两天被完成这项任务是完全不可能的。A项符合题意。

16.单选题

VideoconferencingisnothingmorethanatelevisionsetorPCmonitorwithacamerathroughthevideoconferencing,notonlyyourvoicebutalsoyourface,thesurroundingsandanyothergraphicandphysical（1）canbecapturedandtransmittedthroughthecommunicationsystemwithorwithoutwires.Ofcourse,whenyougointothedetails,thetechnologyinvolvedisvery（2）andthesubjectmatterlitteredwithjargon.SuchasISDN(IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork),POTS(PlainOldTelephoneService)orthe（3）behindbandwidth,latencyandisochronywhichareusedtoexplainhowvideoconferencingworks.Goodpeoplecommunicationis（4）inanybusiness,andthemoreinteractionyoucanachieve,themorelikelyitisthatyour（5）willbetherightones.Videoconferencingnotonlyallowsyoutospeaktopeopleindifferentlocations,butalsonote（6）expressionsandgesturesthatletyouknowwhattheotherpersonisreallythinking.Meetingaremademore（7）bysharingdocumentsandcomputerapplicationsthatasimpletelephonecannot（8）

.（9）,organizationsarediscoveringthecompetitiveadvantagesandthepowerofvideoconferencing.Withadvancesinperformance,economicalpricing,theabilityto（10）essentialmeetingtoolsandconnectivitytoglobaltelephonenetworksandstandardizedvideoconferencingprotocols,videoconferencingisnowapracticalrealityforanyorganization.

问题1选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题2选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题3选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题4选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题5选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题6选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题7选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题8选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题9选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

问题10选项

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:I

第3题:L

第4题:O

第5题:G

第6题:E

第7题:B

第8题:F

第9题:N

第10题:J

【解析】（1）分析句子结构可知填空处应填入名词,再由句意可知,被拍摄且传输应该是images,所以选项C正确。

（2）分析句子结构可知填空处应填入形容词,根据下句“litteredwithjargon”可知,选项I符合语境。

（3）根据下文“...whichareusedtoexplainhowvideoconferencingworks.”用来解释视频会议是如何工作的。由此推断,这里应该指带宽、延迟和等时性背后的概念,选项L正确。

（4）根据句意：良好的人际沟通在任何行业都是至关重要的。选项O符合语境。

（5）根据句意：你能达到的互动越多,你的决定就越有可能是正确的。选项G符合原文。

（6）根据下文的“expressionsandgestures”可知,