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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东金融学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题
Themanagerpromisedtokeepme()ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.
问题1选项
A.tobeinformed
B.oninforming
C.informed
D.informing
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定搭配。keeprmedofsth.意为“让某人了解某事”。句意:经理答应会让我知道我们的生意进展如何。选项C正确。
2.翻译题
Color-blindpeoplehaveproblemsthatpeoplewhoperceivecolorneverthinkabout.Oneveryrealproblemisthatoftrafficsignsandsignals.Thosethatarered-greencolorblindhavetroubleseeingstopsignsfoundonshadystreetsbecausetheymaynotnoticethemagainsttheleaves.Inaddition,theyhavetroubleidentifyingsignallightsandmustmemorizethepositionofthelightstoknowwhichsignalisbeinggiven.Perhapslessofaproblemisthatofdressing.Thosewhoarefashion-consciousavoidbrightlycoloredwardrobessothattheywillnotwearclashingcolors.Perhapsthegreatesthandicapofcolor-blindpersonsisevidentwhentheyselectoccupations.Forexample,theycannotworkasinteriordecorators,commercialphotographers,painters,airlineorshippilots,orrailroadengineers.
【答案】答:
色盲群体可能遭遇一些能够正常感知颜色群体从未想过的问题。一个非常现实的问题是交通标志和信号灯。那些红绿色盲的人很难看到在树荫底下的停车标志,因为他们可能不会注意到绿叶下面的停车标志。此外,因为他们在识别信号灯方面有困难,所以他们必须记住信号灯的位置才能知道发出的是哪个信号。或许还有一个没有那么严重的问题,那就是着装。追求时尚的色盲群体会避免色彩鲜艳的衣柜,这样他们就不会穿颜色不协调的衣服。也许在选择职业时,色盲群体所面临的最不利的因素会更加明显。例如,他们不能从事室内装潢师、商业摄影师、画家、航空或船舶驾驶员或铁路工程师的工作。
3.翻译题
TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoChinese,
Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.
It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcoiningdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.
【答案】
有多少人会考虑苹果掉到树上的可能性?牛顿这样考虑过,是因为他没有试图预测任何事情。他只是好奇。他的思想已准备好应付不可预测的事。不可预测性是研究本质的一部分。如果没有不可预测的事物,就没有研究。科学家们在为专业的期刊撰写枯燥的报告时更倾向于不去研究那些自己难以捉摸的事,但历史上充满了这样的例子。
外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走到外面去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉子,可能会把房子烧掉。幸运的是,如果门垫或炉子没有发出制造灾难的警告,一次成功的诉讼可能会补偿你所受的损失。从20世纪80年代初,人们的想法就是这样的了,那时候陪审团认为商家对消费者的不幸应该负担更多的责任。
4.单选题
AsforAnn,Iamnotsureabouther()inItalian.
问题1选项
A.fluency
B.clarity
C.coherence
D.excellency
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fluency“(语言,文章)流利”;B选项clarity“清晰,清楚”;C选项coherence“一致,连贯性”;D选项excellency“优点,美德”。句意:至于安,我不确定她的意大利语是否流利。选项A符合语境。
5.翻译题
顾客对产品和服务有不同的价值观。有的顾客要求价格低,购物方便;有的顾客对价格并不太在意,他们要求产品必须是最新款式,在市场上代表最先进的技术;还有的顾客要求产品或服务能满足他们特殊的需求。所以,一家公司若要成为领先市场的首脑公司并保持其竞争优势,就必须根据自身的条件集中在某个方面做出突出的表现,或者以低成本取胜,或者以最新名优产品取胜,或者以与特殊的顾客群建立紧密的关系取胜。
【答案】Customershavedifferentvaluesaboutproductsandservices.Somecustomersaskforlowpricesandconvenientshopping.Somecustomersdonotcaremuchabouttheprice.Theyrequiretheproductstobeofthelateststyleandtorepresentthemostadvancedtechnologyinthemarket.Othersdemandproductsorservicesthatmeettheirspecificneeds.Therefore,ifacompanywantstobecomealeadingcompanyinthemarketandmaintainitscompetitiveadvantage,itmustfocusonaparticularareaofoutstandingperformanceaccordingtoitsownconditions,eitherbywinningwithlowcost,orbywinningwiththelatestandbestproducts,orbybuildingacloserelationshipwithaparticularcustomergroup.
6.单选题
Toeveryone'ssurprise,thewomancandidatefromasmallparty(
)thepollinthefirstroundofvoting.
问题1选项
A.eclipsed
B.outshined
C.topped
D.deprived
【答案】C
【解析】考察动词词义辨析。eclipse“遮住……的光”;outshine“使相形见绌”;top“超过”;deprive“剥夺,使丧失”。句意:让每个人惊讶的是,来自一个小政党的女候选人在第一轮投票中领先。选项C符合题意。
7.案例题
Howgoodareyouatsaying"no"?Formany,it'ssurprisinglydifficult.Thisisespeciallytrueofeditors,whobynaturetendtobeeagerandengagedparticipantsineverythingtheydo.Considerthesescenarios:
It'slateintheday.Thatfrontpackageyou'vebeenworkingonisnearlycomplete;onelasteditandit'sfinished.Entertheexecutiveeditor,whomakesasuggestionrequiringamore-than-modestrearrangementofthedesignandtheadditionofaninformationbox.Youwanttoscream:"No!It'sdone!"Whatdoyoudo?
Thefirstruleofsayingnotothebossisdon'tsayno.Sheprobablyhassomethinginmindwhenshemakessuggestions,andit'suptoyoutofindoutwhat.Thesecondruleisdon'traisethestakesbychallengingherauthority.Thatissueisalreadydecided.Thethirdruleistobereadytociteoptionsandconsequences.Theboss'ssuggestionsmightbeappropriate,buttherearealwaysconsequences.Shemightnotknowaboutthepagesbackingupthatneedattention,oraboutthedesignerwhohadtogohomesick.Tellhershecanhavewhatshewants,butexplaintheconsequences.Understandwhatshe'stryingtoaccomplishandproposeaPlanBthatwillmakeithappenwithoutdestroyingwhatyou'vedonesofar.
Here'sanothercase.Yourleast-favoritereportersuggestsadumbstoryidea.Thisoneshouldbeeasy,butit'snot.Ifyousayno,evenpolitely,youriskinhibitingfurtherideas,notjustfromthatreporter,butfromotherswhoheardthatyouturneddowntheidea.Thisscenarioiscommoninnewsroomsthatlackasystematicwaytofilterstorysuggestions.
Twostepsarenecessary.First,youneedasystemforhowstoriesareproposedandreviewed.Reporterscantoleraterejectionoftheirideasiftheybelievetheyweregivenafairhearing.Yourgutreaction(本能反应)anddismissiverejection,evenofaworthlessidea,mightnotqualifyassystematicorfair.
Second,thepeopleyouworkwithneedtonegotiatea"Whatif...?"agreementcovering"Whatifmyideaisturneddown?"Howarepeopleexpectedtoreact?Isthereanappealprocess?Cantheyrefinetheideaandresubmitit?Byanticipating"Whatif...?"situationsbeforetheyhappen,youcanreachunderstandingthatwillhelpeaseyououtofconfrontations.
1.Insteadofdirectlysayingnotoyourboss,youshouldfindout()
2.Theauthor'ssecondwarningisthatweshouldavoidrunningagreaterriskby()
3.Onewayofrespondingtoyourboss'ssuggestionistoexplainthe()toherandofferanalternativesolution.
4.Toensurefairnesstoreporters,itisimportanttosetupasystemforstoriesto()
5.Peoplewholearntoanticipate"Whatif...?"situationswillbeabletoreachunderstandingandavoid
()
【答案】1.whatisinyourboss'mind
2.challengingourboss'sauthority
3.possibleconsequences
4.beproposedandreviewed
5.confrontations
【解析】1.根据第三段的第二句“Sheprobablyhassomethinginmindwhenshemakessuggestions,andit'suptoyoutofindoutwhat.”。
2.根据第三段的第三句“Thesecondruleisdon'traisethestakesbychallengingherauthority.”。
3.根据第三段的最后两句“Tellhershecanhavewhatshewants,butexplaintheconsequences.Understandwhatshe'stryingtoaccomplishandproposeaPlanBthatwillmakeithappenwithoutdestroyingwhatyou'vedonesofar.”。
4.根据第五段的第二句“First,youneedasystemforhowstoriesareproposedandreviewed.”。
5.根据最后一段的最后一句“youcanreachunderstandingthatwillhelpeaseyououtofconfrontations.”。
8.单选题
Mr.Smithbecamevery____whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.
问题1选项
A.ingenious
B.empirical
C.objective
D.indignant
【答案】D
【解析】【选项释义】
A.ingenious精巧的;新颖独特的B.empirical经验主义的
C.objective客观的D.indignant愤慨的;愤怒的
【答案】D
【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】句意:当有人暗示史密斯先生犯了一个错误时,他变得非常……。根据逻辑,当有人指出自己错误的时候,人们会感到非常愤怒。因此史密斯先生被指出错误时会变得愤怒。因此选D。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。
【句意】当有人暗示史密斯先生犯了一个错误时,他变得非常愤怒。
9.填空题
【答案】1.was→were
2.speaking→spoken
3.去掉the
4.were→are
5.they→there
6.去掉are
7.on→in
8.in→on
9.east→East
10.was(of)great
【解析】1.考查therebe句型的用法。Therebe句型的构成形式一般为“Thereis/are+某物/人+某地/时”,表示某地/时有某物/人。Therebe句型是英语中常用句型,意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。当动词be后所接的名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词时,be应该取单数is;当其后所接的名词是复数的可数名词时,be用复数are。该句中动词be后面接的名词是languages,为复数,be动词也应用复数形式。句意:在这片大陆上有200到250种不同的语言。因此本题应把was改为were。
2.考查非谓语动词做后置定语。后置定语即定语放在名词后面,成为后置定语。由于该句已有谓语动词be动词,speaking应作为非谓语动词来修饰languages。动词的非谓语形式,一般包括动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。doing表示正在进行的动作,并且/或者是名词的主动语态,单个-ing作定语后置,表示强调动作,-ing短语作定语一般后置,-ing作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行,否则要用从句作定语。done表示已经完成的动作,并且/或者是名词的被动语态。该句中的languages和speak是被动关系,即语言被说,所以应用过去分词。句意:在这片大陆上有200到250种不同的语言。因此本题应把speaking改为spoken。
3.考查over的固定用法。over+数字,表示数目,数量,时间,年龄等超过……所以over后面接数字表示“超过”意思时不用加the。句意:其中一些语言今天仍然存在:大约20种语言仍然存在,但超过150种现在已经消失了。因此本题应把the去掉。
4.考查时态一致。英语时态一致也叫时态呼应。指在复合句中某些从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词的时态的影响,因此,须保持主从两部分从句中的时态一致。该句的主句部分谓语动词为一般现在时“donotknow”,根据时态一致原则,从句部分的谓语动词也应用一般现在时。句意:我们现在还不知道整个大陆使用的所有语言的名称。因此本题应把were改为are。
5.考查句意。句意:我们现在不知道整个大陆使用的所有语言的名称,但有一些生活在这个国家的各种各样的风景和气候中的语言群体。如果不把they改为there,就会出现指代不明的现象。因此本题应把they改为were。
6.考查句子结构。英语句子中只能有一个谓语动词,belivedin不是固定短语搭配,不能用来当谓语,所以应删去be动词和livedin中的一个,而该句子想表达的意思是:生活在这个国家的各种各样的风景和气候中的语言群体,所以不能删去livedin。因此本题应删去are。
27.【试题答案】on→in
【试题解析】考查固定搭配。inthedesert“在沙漠;在沙漠里;在沙漠中”。句意:阿勒特人生活在沙漠地区。因此本题应把on改为in。
8.考查固定搭配。ontheplain“在平原上”。句意:Thurrawai人、Dhurga人和Dyiringa人生活在东南部肥沃的Illawarra平原上。因此本题应把in改为on。
9.考查专有名词。SouthEast“东南;东南方的”为专有名词,首字母应大写。句意:Thurrawai人、Dhurga人和Dyiringa人生活在东南部肥沃的Illawarra平原上。因此本题应把east改为East。
10.考查固定搭配。beofgreatsignificance“有重大意义的;意义重大”。句意:成为一个特定语言群体的成员具有重大的社会和文化意义。因此本题应在was后面加上of。
10.单选题
Itisdifficultto()thisgoalifyouworkhardcontinuously.
问题1选项
A.attributeto
B.audit
C.bare
D.attain
【答案】D
【解析】动词辨析。句意:即使你一直努力工作,也很难这个目标。attributeto归因于;audit稽查,审计;bare揭开;脱掉(衣服);attain获得,达到。因此,D项符合句意。
11.单选题
WhenSarahandI(
)onanarticlefortheschoolnewspaper,wefounditdifficulttoworktogether.
问题1选项
A.compiled
B.gathered
C.collaborated
D.collected
【答案】C
【解析】考察动词词义辨析。compile“汇集;编辑”;gather“聚会,集会”;collaborate“合作,合著”;collect“收集;集合”。句意:当Sarah和我为校报合作一篇文章时,我们发现很难与彼此一起工作。选项C符合题意。
12.单选题
Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.
问题1选项
A.compelling
B.rational
C.ridiculous
D.ambiguous
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词辨析。absurd表示“荒谬的”;A项compelling“引人注目的,令人信服的”,B项rational“合理的,理性的”,C项ridiculous“可笑的,荒谬的”,D项ambiguous“模糊不清的,模棱两可的”。句意:没有什么比说人类命中注定更荒谬的了。根据句意可知C项正确。
13.单选题
Thescentsoftheflowerswas______tousbythebreeze.
问题1选项
A.intercepted
B.detested
C.saturated
D.wafted
【答案】D
【解析】【选项释义】
A.intercepted拦截;中途阻止B.detested厌恶,憎恨
C.saturated渗透;饱和D.wafted飘过,飘荡;吹拂
【答案】D
【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】由breeze(微风)可知,Thescentsoftheflowers(花的香味)是被风吹过来的,因此D项词义最符合句意。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句子意思。
【句意】微风向我们吹来了花香。
14.单选题
Look,weareinsuchanawfulsituation.I’dratheryou()thedatafromtheInternetyesterday.
问题1选项
A.hadn’tdownloaded
B.didn’tdownload
C.weren’tdownloading
D.haven’tdownloaded
【答案】A
【解析】虚拟语气。wouldrather(宁愿)+宾语从句,从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had+过去分词,故本题的正确答案是A选项。
15.单选题
Directions:Thereare15blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.
Aestheticthoughtofadistinctivelymodernartemergedduringthe18thcentury.Thewesternphilosophersandcriticsofthistimedevotedmuchattentiontosuchmatters(1)naturalbeauty,thesublime,andrepresentation—atrendreflectingthecentralpositiontheyhadgiventothephilosophyofnature.(2)thattime,however,thephilosophyofarthasbecomeevermoreprominentandhasbegunto(3)thephilosophyofnature.Variousissuescentraltothephilosophyofarthavehada(4)impact(5)theorientationof20th-centuryaesthetics.
(6)amongtheseareproblemsrelatingtothetheoryofartasformand(7)distinctionbetweenrepresentationandexpression.Stillanotherfar-reachingquestionhastodowiththevalueofart.Twoopposingtheoreticalpositions(8)onthisissue:oneholdsthatartanditsappreciationareameanstosomerecognizedmoralgood,(9)theothermaintainsthatartisintrinsicallyvaluableandisanendinitself.Underlyingthiswholeissueistheconceptoftaste,oneofthebasicconcernsofaesthetics.Inrecentyearstherehasalsobeenanincreasingpreoccupationwithartastheprimeobjectofcriticaljudgment.Correspondingtothetrendincontemporaryaestheticthought,(10)havefollowedeitheroftwoapproaches.Inone,criticismisrestrictedtotheanalysisandinterpretationoftheworkofart.(11)itisdevotedtothearticulatingtheresponsetotheaestheticobjectandto(12)aparticularwayofperceivingit.
Overtheyears,aestheticshasdevelopedintoabroadfieldofknowledgeandinquiry.Theconcernsofcontemporaryaestheticsincludesuch(13)problemsasthenatureofstyleanditsaestheticsignificance;therelationofaestheticjudgmenttoculture;theviabilityofahistoryofart;the(14)ofFreudianpsychologyandotherformsofpsychologicalstudytocriticism;andtheplaceofaestheticjudgmentinpractical(15)intheconductofeverydayaffairs.
问题1选项
A.for
B.as
C.to
D.with
问题2选项
A.Since
B.For
C.As
D.In
问题3选项
A.plant
B.supplant
C.transplant
D.replant
问题4选项
A.marking
B.remarking
C.marked
D.remarked
问题5选项
A.on
B.for
C.in
D.to
问题6选项
A.Foreboding
B.Foremost
C.Forethoughtful
D.Foregone
问题7选项
A.at
B.for
C.to
D.on
问题8选项
A.havebrought
B.havebeenbrought
C.havetaken
D.havebeentaken
问题9选项
A.whereas
B.wherein
C.whereon
D.wherefore
问题10选项
A.artists
B.writers
C.critics
D.analysts
问题11选项
A.Intheothermanner
B.Intheotherway
C.Inanother
D.Intheother
问题12选项
A.justify
B.justified
C.justifying
D.havingjustified
问题13选项
A.diverse
B.divided
C.divine
D.dividual
问题14选项
A.reliance
B.reliability
C.relief
D.relevancy
问题15选项
A.reason
B.reasonableness
C.reasoning
D.reasonability
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:B
第4题:C
第5题:A
第6题:B
第7题:C
第8题:D
第9题:A
第10题:C
第11题:D
第12题:C
第13题:A
第14题:D
第15题:C
【解析】1.考查固定搭配。根据原文句意:这一时期的西方哲学家和批评家们把大量的注意力放在了诸如自然美、崇高和表现等问题上。suchas意为“诸如,比如”。选项B符合句意。
2.考查介词辨析。根据句意:然而,从那时起,艺术哲学变得更加突出...。since意为“自...以后”符合语境,所以选项A正确。
3.形近词辨析题。A选项plant“种植,栽培”;B选项supplant“代替,排挤掉”;C选项transplant“移植”;D选项replant“移居”。由关键词“and”前面的内容可知,后面应该是指4.艺术哲学取代自然哲学。选项B正确。
5.形近词辨析题。A选项marking“标记的”;B选项remarking“评论”;C选项marked“显著的”;D选项remarked“评论,察觉”。句意:艺术哲学的各种核心问题对20世纪的美学方向产生了显著的影响。选项C符合原文句意。
6.考查固定搭配。haveanimpactonsth.为固定介词搭配,所以选项A正确。
7.形近词辨析题。A选项Foreboding“预感的,不祥之兆的”;B选项Foremost“最重要的,居于首位的”;C选项Forethoughtful“深谋远虑的,有先见之明的”;D选项Foregone“过去的,先前的”。根据下一句“Stillanotherfar-reachingquestion...”可知,填空处所填单词应和“far-reaching”相对应。句意:在这些问题中,最重要的是有关艺术作为形式的理论...。选项B更符合原文语境。
8.考查句子结构。分析句子结构可知,这里是由and连接的两个并列句,and后面实际上省略了“relation”,所以后面的介词应该填入“to”,选项C正确。
9.考查语法时态。根据下文“oneholdsthat...”可推测,填空处应表示:在这个问题上,采取了两种对立的理论立场。由此可排除选A和B;再分析句子可知,这里的主语是“Twoopposingtheoreticalpositions”,所以应使用被动语态,选项D符合原文。
10.考查逻辑连词。A选项whereas“然而”;B选项wherein“在其中,在何处”;C选项whereon“在那上面”;D选项wherefore“因此”。根据句意:一种立场认为,艺术以及对艺术的欣赏是实现某些公认的道德行为的一种手段,另一种观点则认为,艺术本身就具有价值,这也是它自身的目的。这是两种相反的观念,所以选项A符合原文语境。
11.上下文推断题。根据上文“Inrecentyearstherehasalsobeenanincreasingpreoccupationwithartastheprimeobjectofcriticaljudgment.近年来,人们也越来越专注于把艺术作为批判性判断的主要对象。”根据关键词“criticaljudgment”以及下文的关键词“criticism”可知,填空处应填入批评家。选项C符合原文。
12.上下文推断题。根据上文的“Inone”,可知填空处应填入“Intheother”,都是省略了approach这个单词,所以选项D正确。
考查并列结构。这里是由and连接的两个并列结构,前面句子的谓语动词是“articulating”,所以填空处也应该使用动词的-ing形式。选项C正确,选项D是完成时态,不符合语法结构和语境。
13.形近词辨析题。A选项diverse“多种多样的”;B选项divided“分裂的,分开的”;C选项divine“神圣的,天赐的”;D选项dividual“分开的,独特的”。句意:当代美学关注的问题包括风格的本质及其美学意义等多方面的问题。选项A符合原文句意。
14.形近词辨析题。A选项reliance“信赖,信心”;B选项reliability“可靠性”;C选项relief“救济,减轻,解除”;D选项relevancy“关联,恰当”。句意:审美与文化的关系;艺术历史的可行性;弗洛伊德心理学和其他形式的心理学研究与批评的关联性...。选项D更符合语境。
15.形近词辨析题。A选项reason“原因”;B选项reasonableness“合理,妥当”;C选项reasoning“推理,论证”;D选项reasonability“合理性”。根据句意:...以及审美判断在日常事务的实践推理中的地位。选项C符合原文语境。
16.单选题
Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.
ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopment,however,wasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’s,electronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscope,whiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.
ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.Unlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopy,X-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwater,whichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationused,so-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstroms(anangstromisoneten-billionthofameter),isalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysused,softX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.
1.Whatisthethemedoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
2.Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph?
3.WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope?
4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture?
问题1选项
A.Thedetailseenthroughamicroscope.
B.Outdatedmicroscopictechniques.
C.Sourcesofilluminationformicroscopes.
D.Anewkindofmicroscope
问题2选项
A.ToputtheX-raymicroscopeinahistoricalperspective.
B.Tobeginadiscussionofsixteenth-centurydiscoveries.
C.Toshowhowlimiteditsusesare.
D.Toexplainhowitfunctioned.
问题3选项
A.Fundsforresearchwereinsufficient.
B.Thesourceofilluminationwasnotbrightenoughuntilrecently.
C.MaterialsusedtomanufactureX-raytubesweredifficulttoobtain.
D.X-raymicroscopesweretoocomplicatedtooperate.
问题4选项
A.Theywillprobablyreplaceelectronmicroscopealtogether.
B.Theywilleventuallybemuchcheapertoproducethantheyarenow.
C.Theywillprovideinformationnotavailablefromotherkindsofmicroscopes.
D.Theywilleventuallychangetheilluminationrangethattheynowuse.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:B
第4题:C
【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段“Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.现在,另一种显微镜,利用x射线而不是光或电子,提供了一种观察微小细节的不同方法;它应该把人类的感知能力进一步扩展到自然界。”及第二段“ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;制造x射线显微镜的梦想可以追溯到1895年”可知本文讲的是一种新的显微镜,故D项正确。
2.判断推理题。定位第一段中“Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.显微技术的每一个进步都给科学家提供了新视角对生物体的功能和物质本身的性质。”及“Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.16世纪晚期可视光学显微镜的发明引入了单细胞植物和动物的未知领域。在二十世纪,电子显微镜提供了对病毒和微小表面结构的直接观察。”可知提及可见光显微镜的目的是“从历史的角度来看待x射线显微镜”故A项正确。
3.细节事实题。定位第二段中“Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.然而,近年来,人们对x射线显微镜的兴趣又复活了,这在很大程度上是由于x射线照明新光源等技术的发展。结果,今天可用的亮度是x射线管的数百万倍,在本世纪的大部分时间里,x射线管是唯一可用的软x射线源。可知B项“直到最近,光源才足够明亮。”正确,ACD三项都没有提及。答案B。
4.判断推理题。定位最后一段中“Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.相反,它们的特殊性质将使研究成为可能,这将补充那些用光和电子仪器进行的研究。可知C项“X射线将提供其他种类的显微镜无法提供的信息。”正确。
17.不定项选择题
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.These-systemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,where,highratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,however,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.
Asaresultoftherecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDR’s,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.
TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃,isatdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100°Cmaybeusefulforspaceheating;however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Caredesirable.
Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.TemperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperaturedepthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.)
IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoatenkilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalthatiscomparabletotheestimatedresourcebaseofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,morecostlywellsandshallower,cooler,lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,electricityand/orheat.
8.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().
9.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina().
10.Accordingtopassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto().
11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspecificareasintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe().
12.Accordingtothepassage,inallHDRrecoverysystemsfluidwillbenecessaryinordertoallow().
13.Accordingtothepassage,iftheaveragegeothermalgradientinanarea22°Cperkilometerofdepth,whichofthefollowingcanbereliablypredicted?
I.Thetemperatureatthebaseofa10-kilometerwellwillbesufficientfortheproductionofelectricity.
II.Drillingofwellsdeeperthan10kilometerswillbeeconomicallyfeasible.
III.Insufficientwaterispresenttoproduceemotivephenomena.
14.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?
问题1选项
A.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDRsasanavailableenergysource
B.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDRs
C.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDRsarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative
D.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam
E.urgeconsumerstodemandquickerdevelopmentofHDRresourcesfortheproductionofenergy
问题2选项
A.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates
B.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasresentsintheUnitedStates
C.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources
D.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources
E.pamphletdesignedtointroducehomeownerstotheadvantagesofHDRspace-heatingsystems
问题3选项
A.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems
B.determinetheamountofenergythatwillbeusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates
C.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesintheUnitedStates
D.revisetheestimatesontheextentofremainingcoalresourcesintheUnitedStates
E.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseinUnitedStates
问题4选项
A.possibilitythatHDR’smaybefoundinthatarea
B.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea
C.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea
D.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilorgasreservesinthatarea
E.useofcoalasasubstituteforoilorg
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