考研考博-英语-广西艺术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广西艺术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworld'spopulationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.

Butthatdoesn’thavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.

Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.

Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycropland.

Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowateruse.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocalregional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,countriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.

1.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?

2.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould（）.

4.Theauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisableto（）.

5.Inordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento（）.

问题1选项

A.Onlyhalfoftheworld'swatercanbeused.

B.Theworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfaster.

C.Halfoftheworld'swaterresourceshavebeenserioilslypolluted.

D.Humanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwaterresources.

问题2选项

A.isalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworld

B.hasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefield

C.posesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreservoirs

D.isunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevels

问题3选项

A.bereducedtotheminimum

B.stimulatedomesticdemand

C.correspondtoitsrealvalue

D.takeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughts

问题4选项

A.buildbiglakestostorewater

B.constructbigpumpingstations

C.buildsmallandcheapirrigationsystems

D.channelwaterfromnearbyriverstocropland

问题5选项

A.guaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironment

B.centralizethemanagementofwaterresources

C.increasethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevels

D.encouragelocalandregionalofcontrolwaterresources

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】

1.根据第二段的第二句“Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld,ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.”如果我们开始比过去更重视水资源，水资源短缺就不会给世界带来麻烦。由此可知，水资源短缺真正的原因是人们不重视水资源，选项D符合原文。

2.根据第一段第二句“Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,...”一些地区的水资源短缺正在造成饥荒和不幸。由此可知选项A符合原文。

3.根据第三段第一句“Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.”相反，除了贫困人口的家庭用水之外，所有用途的水，政府都应该根据其实际价值来定价。选项C符合原文。

4.根据第四段的第二句“Forexample,oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigationwaterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressionsandpumpingittonearbycrop-land.”例如，在干旱地区建设小型的、廉价的灌溉体系，比如在洼地收集降雨，并将其抽到附近的农田。选项C符合原文。

5.根据文章最后一段第二句“Ratherthanspreadcontrol...tocoordinatewaterpolicy.”国家应设立中央政府集中管理水资源，而不是由若干个当地部门分散管理。选项B符合原文。

2.单选题

1.（

）

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

2.（

）

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“limitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

3.（

）

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

4.（

）

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

5.（

）

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

问题1选项

A.Theconnectionbetweenhealth-careandotherhumanrights

B.Thedevelopmentofmarket-basedhealthsystems

C.Theroleofthestateinhealth-care

D.Aproblemsharedbyeveryeconomicallydevelopedcountry

E.Theimpactofrecentchange

F.Theviewsofthemedicalestablishment

G.Theendofanillusion

H.Sustainableeconomicdevelopment

问题2选项

A.Theconnectionbetweenhealth-careandotherhumanrights

B.Thedevelopmentofmarket-basedhealthsystems

C.Theroleofthestateinhealth-care

D.Aproblemsharedbyeveryeconomicallydevelopedcountry

E.Theimpactofrecentchange

F.Theviewsofthemedicalestablishment

G.Theendofanillusion

H.Sustainableeconomicdevelopment

问题3选项

A.Theconnectionbetweenhealth-careandotherhumanrights

B.Thedevelopmentofmarket-basedhealthsystems

C.Theroleofthestateinhealth-care

D.Aproblemsharedbyeveryeconomicallydevelopedcountry

E.Theimpactofrecentchange

F.Theviewsofthemedicalestablishment

G.Theendofanillusion

H.Sustainableeconomicdevelopment

问题4选项

A.Theconnectionbetweenhealth-careandotherhumanrights

B.Thedevelopmentofmarket-basedhealthsystems

C.Theroleofthestateinhealth-care

D.Aproblemsharedbyeveryeconomicallydevelopedcountry

E.Theimpactofrecentchange

F.Theviewsofthemedicalestablishment

G.Theendofanillusion

H.Sustainableeconomicdevelopment

问题5选项

A.Theconnectionbetweenhealth-careandotherhumanrights

B.Thedevelopmentofmarket-basedhealthsystems

C.Theroleofthestateinhealth-care

D.Aproblemsharedbyeveryeconomicallydevelopedcountry

E.Theimpactofrecentchange

F.Theviewsofthemedicalestablishment

G.Theendofanillusion

H.Sustainableeconomicdevelopment

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:H

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:E

【解析】1.根据SectionA第一句，“Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide…”，可知本段在介绍每个经济发达社会中的健康卫生系统都要面临的问题。所以“problem”为关键词，选项ⅳ符合题意。

2.根据SectionB中第二句，“…thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.”西方社会逐渐认识到，矿物燃料资源是有限的，自然或环境维持经济发展和人口的能力也是有限的。由此可判断出本段与经济的可持续发展相关。学选项viii符合题意。

3.根据SectionC中第二句，“…health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.”，医疗保健逐渐被视为人们行使作为自主人的其他权利所必需的基本社会设施之一。可判断出医疗保健和其他权利的行使有联系，选项i符合题意。

4.根据SectionD中第二、三句，“…thisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.”，这项权利使国家有责任或义务确保从公共财政中提供足够的医疗保健资源。国家本身没有义务提供卫生保健系统，但必须确保提供这种系统。可知本段主要提到了国家在医疗保健中的作用，选项iii符合题意。

5.根据文章SectionE中第二句，“Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchanges…”，导致目前对医疗保健资源分配关注的第二个更具体的变化源于大多数经合发组织国家医疗费用的急剧增加，同时还伴随着大规模的人口和社会变化。可判断出本段主要提到了最近的一些变化带来的影响。选项v符合题意。

3.单选题

Therebelarmy（）thedemocraticgovernmentofthecountrylawlessly.

问题1选项

A.overthrew

B.overtook

C.overturned

D.overruled

【答案】A

【解析】同形词辨析题。overthrew“打倒；推翻”；overtook“追上；赶上”；overturned“推翻；倾覆”；overruled“驳回；否决”，根据rebelarmy“叛军”和lawlessly“非法地”可知此处应该是指叛军推翻了民主政府，所以答案从选项A和选项C之间选；overturn主要是指某种具体事物在位置上的颠倒，或者是指推翻某种已有的理论或者制度；overthrow主要是指用武力推翻某种制度或者机构，所以此处用overthrow比较恰当，故正确答案为选项A。

4.单选题

14.

问题1选项

A.Totakeamonthoffwork.

B.Torestinbedasmuchaspossible.

C.Totakesomeherbalmedicine.

D.Toputonplaster.

【答案】D

【解析】A:HereismyX-rays.

B:I’lljusthavealook.EverythingisOKexceptwhatyoucanseehere.Thereisahemi-fracture.It'snotveryserious,butyoushouldtakeamonthoffworkandrestinbedasmuchaspossible.I'llgivesomeherbalmedicinetohelpyouhealquickly.

A:DoIneedtoputinplaster?

B:No,itisn’tnecessary.

Q:Whichofthefollowingisnotamongthedoctor’ssuggestion?

【解析】细节题。医生认为不需要打石膏。

5.单选题

Thereistoogreata（

）ofalcoholinBritain.

问题1选项

A.consumption

B.destruction

C.absence

D.transmission

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。consumption“消费；消耗”；destruction“破坏；毁灭”；absence“缺乏；缺席”；transmission“传动装置;传送”。句意：英国的酒精消耗太大了。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

SocialcircumstancesinEarlyModernEnglandmostlyservedtorepresswomen’svoices.Patriarchalcultureandinstitutionsconstructedthemaschaste,silent,obedient,andsubordinate.Atthebeginningof17thcentury,theideologyofpatriarchy,politicalabsolutism,andgenderhierarchywerereaffirmedpowerfullybyKingJamesinTheTrewLawofFreeMonarchieandtheBasilikonDoron;bythatideologytheabsolutepowerofGodthesupremepatriarchwasseentobeimagedintheabsolutemonarchofthestateandinthehusbandandfatherofafamily.Accordingly,awoman’ssubjection,firsttoherfatherandthentoherhusband,imagedthesubjectionofEnglishpeopletotheirmonarch,andofallChristianstoGod.Also,theperiodsawanoutpouringofrepressiveorovertlymisogynistsermons,tracts,andplays,detailingwomen’sphysicalandmentaldefects,spiritualevils,rebelliousness,shrewishness,andnaturalinferioritytomen.

Yetsomesocialandculturalconditionsservedtoempowerwomen.DuringtheElizabethanera(1558——1603)theculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomen.Elizabethanwomenwritersbegantoproduceoriginaltextsbutwereoccupiedchieflywithtranslation.Inthe17thcentury,however,variouscircumstancesenabledwomentowriteoriginaltextsinsomenumbers.Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities—mothersanddaughters,extendedkinshipnetworks,closefemalefriends,theseparatecourtofQueenAnne(KingJames’consort)andheroftenop-positionalmasquesandpoliticalactivities.Foranother,mostofthesewomenhadareasonablygoodeducation(modernlanguages,history,literature,religion,music,occasionallyLatin)andsomeapparentlyfoundinromancesandhistoriesmoreexpansivetermsforimaginingwomen’slives.Also,representationofvigorousandrebelliousfemalecharactersinliteratureandespeciallyonthestagenodoubthelpedtoundermineanymonolithicsocialconstructofwomen’snatureandrole.

Mostimportant,perhaps,wastheradicalpotentialinherentintheProtestantinsistenceoneveryChristian’simmediaterelationshipwithGodandprimaryresponsibilitytofollowhisorherindividualconscience.ThereisplentyofsupportinStPaul’sepistlesandelsewhereintheBibleforpatriarchyandawife’ssubjectiontoherhusband,butsometexts(notablyGalatians3:28)inscribeaverydifferentpolitics,promotingwomen’sspiritualequality:“ThereisneitherJewnorGreek,thereisneitherbondnorfree,thereisneithermalenorfemale:foryearealloneinJesusChrist.”SuchtextsencouragedsomewomentoclaimthesupportofGodthesupremepatriarchagainstthevariousearthlypatriarchswhoclaimedtostandtowardtheminhisstead.

Thereisalsothegaporslippagebetweenideologyandcommonexperience.Englishwomenthroughoutthe17thcenturyexercisedagooddealofactualpower;asmanagersofestatesintheirhusbands’absencesatcourtoronmilitaryanddiplomaticmissions;asmembersofguilds;aswivesandmotherswhosometimesdominatedtheirmenbysheerforceofpersonalityoroutrightdefiance.TheirpowerreacheditsapexduringtheEnglishCivilWarandInterregnum(1640—60)astheexecutionoftheKingandtheattendantdisruptionofsocialhierarchiesledmanywomentoseizenewroles—aspreachers,asprophetesses,asdeputiesforexiledroyalisthusbands,aswritersofreligiousandpoliticaltracts.

1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

2.WhatdidtheQueenElizabethdoforthewomeninculture?

3.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasareasontoenablewomentooriginaltexts?

4.Whatdidthereligiondoforthewomen?

5.Whatdoestheword“apex”meaninthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Women’sPositioninthe17thCentury.

B.Women’sSubjectiontoPatriarchy.

C.SocialCircumstancesinthe17thCentury.

D.Women’sObjectioninthe17thCentury.

问题2选项

A.Shesetanimpressivefemaleexampletofollow.

B.Shedominatedtheculture.

C.Shedidlittle.

D.Sheallowedwomentotranslatesomething.

问题3选项

A.Femalecommunitiesprovidedsomecounterweighttopatriarchy.

B.QueenAnne’spoliticalactivities.

C.Mostwomenhadagoodeducation.

D.QueenElizabeth’spoliticalactivities.

问题4选项

A.Itdidnothing.

B.Ittooaskedwomentobeobedientexceptsometexts.

C.Itsupportedwomen.

D.ItappealedtotheGod.

问题5选项

A.thelowestpoint

B.theend

C.ultimate

D.summit

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章第一段主要是讲17世纪初，英国的社会环境主要是压制妇女的声音；第二段主要讲述17世纪，一些社会和文化条件赋予妇女权力；第三段讲述整个17世纪，英国女性行使了大量实际权力，并在中期达到顶峰。所以本文主要是论述17世纪英国妇女的地位。选项A正确。

2.根据第二段的第二句“DuringtheElizabethaneratheculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomen.”伊丽莎白时代的文化由一个强大的女王统治，尽管她为其他女性没有留下多少文化空间，但她本人却树立了一个令人印象深刻的女性榜样。由此推断，选项C符合原文。。

3.根据第二段后半部分的内容“Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities...,theseparatecourtofQueenAnneandheroftenop-positionalmasquesandpoliticalactivities.Foranother,mostofthesewomenhadareasonablygoodeducation”只有选项D没有提及。

4.根据第三段的第二句“Thereisplentyofsupport...,promotingwomen’sspiritualequality...”，在《圣保罗书信集》和《圣经》的其他地方都有很多支持父权制，认为妻子应该对丈夫的服从，但是一些文本(尤其是迦3:28章节)却记录了一种完全不同的政治，提倡妇女的精神平等。所以选项B符合原文。

5.根据下文“TheirpowerreacheditsapexduringtheEnglishCivilWarandInterregnumastheexecutionoftheKingandtheattendantdisruptionofsocialhierarchiesledmanywomentoseizenewroles”当时国王被处决，随之而来的社会等级制度被打破，导致许多女性获得了新的角色。由此推断，女性权力在英国内战和过渡期达到了顶峰，选项D正确。thelowestpoint指最低点；theend指终点；ultimate指终极的。

7.单选题

Theleaderwenthisownwayin______ofthepublicopinion,whicharousedgreatangeramongthepeople.

问题1选项

A.defiance

B.reflection

C.obedience

D.upgrade

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.defiance违抗，反抗B.reflection反映

C.obedience顺从，服从D.upgrade升级，提高

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】由wenthisownway（一意孤行）和arousedgreatanger（引起了极大愤怒）可知，空格部分表示“违抗民意”，且indefianceof为固定搭配，表示“不顾，无视”。因此，该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都不符合句意。

【句意】领袖不顾民意，一意孤行，引起了人民的极大愤怒。

8.单选题

SamuelSlaterwasborninBelper,England,in1768.OncompletionofhissevenyearapprenticeshipinanEnglishspinningmill,hewasapparentlysoworriedaboutthegrowth,andhencesaturation,oftheindustryintheUnitedKingdomthat,in1789,withouttheknowledgeofhisfamily,SlatertraveledtoAmericaattheageof21.Thiswasdoneinsecret;itwasillegalatthetimetoexportanythingtotheU.S.relatingtomachinery,includingengineers.Also,theU.S.wasofferingrewardsfortextileinformation.

ArrivinginNewYork,itwasnotlongbeforehelearnedoftheexperimentalworkofMosesBrownandWilliamAlmy,inPawtucket,withmoreadvancedmachinesthantheSpinningJennysusedinNewYork.Initiallywithoutanycontract,andworkingalongsidetheengineersalreadyemployedattheAlmyandBrownmill,SlatersuccessfullyreworkedaspinningframealongthelinesofArkwright’sWaterFrame.ThisthreemonthsofworkresultedinapartnershipwithAlmyandBrown.Heunderstoodthewholespinningprocessandknewwhichmachineswerevitaltooverallsuccessofamill.

However,thatmanagementtrainingandknowledgereallycameintoitsownoverthenexttwoyearsasSlaterlaboredtoeducatetheembryonictextileindustryandbusinessmeninthetechniquesthathadprovedsosuccessfulinBelper.Withoutthese,Slaterbelievedtheindustrywouldnotflourish.Inparticular,hisaimwastomaximizetheoutputfromthemachineryanddevelopthemarketplaceinordertosellalltheyarnthatcouldbeproduced.Priortothis,thephilosophyofAlmyandBrownwastoproduceonlytoorder.By1792,Slaterhadproved,throughtheuseofhisBelper-learnedmanagementtechniques,thathecouldmakespinningaprofitablebusiness.ThisledtobuildingtheOldSlaterMill—thefirstsuccessfulU.S.cottonspinningmill.Slater’sviewwastoconcentrateonaspecificaspectandspecialize.Theotherpartnersbelievedincoveringthewholetextileprocessthroughtofinishedgoods,includingknitting.Asaresult,in1797,Slaterbrokeawayandbuilthisownlargermill—theWhiteMill.FollowingthesuccessofSlater’sbusiness,thecottonindustryreallytookoffandoverthenexttenorsoyears,overeightymillsdeveloped.Slaterhasbeencalledboththe“FatherofAmericanIndustry”,andthe“FounderoftheAmericanIndustrialRevolution”.

1.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,SlaterwasattractedtotheAlmyandBrownmillbecause_______.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasNOToneofSlater’saimsinhisapproachtorunningamill?

4.WhathadSlaterprovedby1792?

5.SlaterleftAlmyandBrowntoestablish______.

问题1选项

A.Slater’sarrivalinAmerica

B.NewYorkandtheAlmyandBrownmill

C.Thefirstthreemonthsandachievementofapartnership

D.Slater’sunderstandingofthespinningprocess

问题2选项

A.theywereinPawtucket

B.theywereinnovativeandhadadvancedmachines

C.hedidnothavetohaveacontract

D.theyemployedprofessionalengineers

问题3选项

A.maximizingoutput

B.salesdevelopment

C.Belpermanagementtechniques

D.coveringthefullprocessthroughtoknittedgoods

问题4选项

A.Thathisimportedmanagementtechniquesworked.

B.ThatthephilosophyofAlmyandBrownwaswrong.

C.Thathecouldbuildhisownsuccessfulmill.

D.Thathecouldsellalltheyarnhecouldproduce.

问题5选项

A.theOldSlaterMill

B.theWhiteMill

C.overeightymills

D.tenorsomills

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据第二段倒数第二句“ThisthreemonthsofworkresultedinapartnershipwithAlmyandBrown.（经过三个月的努力，斯莱特与阿尔米和布朗建立了伙伴关系。）”可知第二段主要讲的是斯莱特与另外两个工厂的合作以及取得的成就，所以C选项“合伙的头三个月和成就”符合题意。A选项“斯莱特到达美国”；B选项“纽约、阿尔米和布朗磨坊”；D选项“斯莱特对纺纱过程的理解”均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第二段“ArrivinginNewYork,itwasnotlongbeforehelearnedoftheexperimentalworkofMosesBrownandWilliamAlmy,inPawtucket,withmoreadvancedmachinesthantheSpinningJennysusedinNewYork.（到达纽约后不久，他就知道了摩西•布朗和威廉•阿尔米在波塔基特的实验工作，他们用的机器比纽约使用的詹妮丝纺车还要先进。）”，由此可知是布朗和阿米尔他们的先进机器吸引了斯莱特，所以B选项“他们是创新的且有先进的机器”符合题意。A选项“他们在波塔基特”；C选项“他不需要签合同”；D选项“他们雇佣专业工程师”。因此B选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Inparticular,hisaimwastomaximizetheoutputfromthemachineryanddevelopthemarketplaceinordertosellalltheyarnthatcouldbeproduced.（特别是，他的目标是最大限度地提高机器的产量和发展市场，以销售所有能生产的纱线。）”，由此可知A选项“输出最大化”和B选项“发展销售”正确，可排除；第三段开头提到“...asSlaterlaboredtoeducatetheembryonictextileindustryandbusinessmeninthetechniquesthathadprovedsosuccessfulinBelper.（因为斯莱特努力向处于萌芽阶段的纺织业和商人传授在贝尔珀非常成功的技术。）”，由此可知C选项“贝尔珀管理技术”正确，也可排除；根据第三段“Slater’sviewwastoconcentrateonaspecificaspectandspecialize.Theotherpartnersbelievedincoveringthewholetextileprocessthroughtofinishedgoods,includingknitting.（斯莱特的观点是专注于一个特定的方面并专门化。其他合作伙伴认为应该涵盖整个纺织过程到成品，包括针织。）”，由此可知D选项“涵盖针织产品的整个生产过程”并不是斯莱特的目的，因此该题应选D选项。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“By1792,Slaterhadproved,throughtheuseofhisBelper-learnedmanagementtechniques,thathecouldmakespinningaprofitablebusiness.（到1792年，斯莱特已经证明，通过使用他在贝尔珀学会的管理技巧，他可以使纺纱生意有利可图。）”，由此可知斯莱特证明了他引进的技术能让纺纱生意有利可图，所以A选项“他引进的管理技术有效”符合题意。B选项“阿尔米和布朗的观点是错误的”；C选项“他可以建立自己成功的工厂”；D选项“他能卖掉他能生产的所有纱线”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Asaresult,in1797,Slaterbrokeawayandbuilthisownlargermill—theWhiteMill.（结果，在1797年，斯莱特单飞并建立了他自己的更大的磨坊——白磨坊。）”，由此可知B选项“白磨坊”正确。A选项“老斯莱特磨坊”；C选项“年过八十的磨坊”以及D选项“大约10个磨坊”均说法错误，因此B选项正确。

9.填空题

"Opinion"isawordthatisusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefertomattersoftaste（1）,andjudgment.Thiscasualusewouldprobablycauselittleconfusionifpeopledidn't（2）toomuchimportancetoopinion.Unfortunately,mostdoattachgreatimportance（3）it."Ihaveasmuchrighttomyopinionasyoutoyours,"and"Everyone'sentitledtohisopinion,"are（4）expressions.Infact,anyonewhowouldchallengeanother'sopinionislikelytobebrandedintolerant.

Isthatlabelaccurate?Isitintoleranttochallengeanother’sopinion?It（5）onwhatdefinitionofopinionyouhaveinmind.Forexample,youmayaska（6）"WhatdoyouthinkofthenewFordcars?"Andhemayreply,"Inmy（7）,they'reugly."Inthiscase,itwouldnotonlybe（8）tochallengehisstatement,butfoolish.Forit'sobviousthatbyopinionliemeanshispersonal（9）,amatteroftaste.Andastheoldsayinggoes,'It'spointlesstoargueaboutmattersoftaste."

Butconsiderthisverydifferentuseoftheterm,anewspaper（10）thattheSupremeCourthasdelivereditsopinioninacontroversialcase.Obviouslythejusticesdidnotsharetheirpersonalpreferences,theirmere（11）anddislikes,theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation.

Mostofwhatisreferredtoasopinionfallssomewhere（12）thesetwoextremes.Itisnotanexpressionoftaste.Norisitcarefuljudgment.Yetitmay（13）elementsofboth.Itisavieworbeliefmoreorlesscasuallyarrivedat,withorwithout（14）theevidence.

Iseveryoneentitledtohisopinion?Ofcourse,thisisnotonly（15）,butguaranteed.Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers.

【答案】1.belief

2.attach

3.to

4.common

5.depends