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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-德宏师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题
Infact,thecountryhasexhibitedconsiderableflexibility,relaxingitspositiononmany_______issues,
includingagriculturalsubsidies.
问题1选项
A.surpassing
B.commodious
C.contentious
D.judicable
【答案】C
【解析】surpassing胜过的,优秀的;commodious宽敞的,方便的;contentious有争议的,诉讼的;judicable应受审判的。句意:事实上,该国表现出相当大的灵活性,在包括农业补贴在内的许多有争议的问题上放松了立场。选项C符合句意。
2.单选题
Theplacedidnotappeartobepopular,foritwascompletelydeserted,andinanycase(
)totraffic.
问题1选项
A.inadequate
B.incompatible
C.inaccessible
D.insignificant
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定搭配。inadequate“不充分的”;incompatible“不相容的”;insignificant“不重要的”;inaccessible“不可到达的”;beinaccessibleto“无法到达的”。句意:这个地方看上去不受欢迎,因为它完全被遗弃且车辆无论如何也无法进入。由completelydeserted可知车辆无法进入,答案C
3.单选题
问题1选项
A.Japan.t
B.France.t
C.TheUK.t
D.SouthKorea.
问题2选项
A.Lowobesityrates.
B.Inadequatehealthresources.
C.Advancedmedicaltechnology.
D.Highlevelsofalcoholconsumption.
问题3选项
A.Obesityratesindifferentcountries.
B.Dietarypatternsindifferentcountries.
C.Lifeexpectancyindifferentcountries.
D.Alcoholconsumptionindifferentcountries.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:C
【解析】第1题:男性说到“Anewanalysisfoundthatbytheyear2030,theSouthKoreawillbetheleaderwithanaveragelifeexpectancyof90years”,说明韩国人的预期寿命会在2030年领先。
第2题:最后一句说到“ButintheUK,therehasbeenalotmoredrinking”,说明在英国,喝酒的现象很多,因此D选项“大量饮酒”正确。
第3题:对话以一个问句“whichcountrydoyouthinkhasthecurrenthighestlifeexpectancy(你认为哪个国家的预期寿命最高)”开头,再讲到了日本、韩国、英国及法国的一些情况,说明本段对话讲的主题就是各个国家的预期寿命情况,C选项正确。
4.单选题
Manyoldhouseshavebeen(
)inorderthatnewbigbuildingsmaybebuilt.
问题1选项
A.leveled
B.collapsed
C.demolished
D.felled
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level“使同等;对准;弄平”;collapse“倒塌;瓦解”,一般做不及物动词,无被动形式;demolish“拆除;破坏”;fell“砍伐;打倒;击倒”。句意:为了修建新的建筑,很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。
5.单选题
Hardtrainingwill______yourichlywhenitcomestotheactualcompetition.
问题1选项
A.pay
B.bring
C.serve
D.make
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pay“支付,补偿,偿还”,B项bring“带来,提供,引起”,C项serve“招待,供应,为……服务”,D项make“使得,进行,布置,准备”。由Hardtrainingwill______yourichly“艰苦的训练将丰厚地……你”可知,“补偿”符合语境。句意:在真正的比赛中,艰苦的训练会给你带来丰厚的回报。因此,该题选择A项正确。
6.单选题
Ahealthydietincludeslotsof(
)naturalfoodwithplentyofproteinsandvitamins.
问题1选项
A.indigestible
B.wholesome
C.leftover
D.heavy
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。indigestible难消化的;wholesome益于健康的;leftover剩余的,残留物。句意:健康的饮食包含许多益于健康的纯天然食物,这些食物含有丰富的蛋白质和维生素。根据healthydiet可知空格处应填B,答案B
7.单选题
Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist()thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.
问题1选项
A.hasmadesure
B.madesure
C.mustmakesure
D.makesure
【答案】D
【解析】考查虚拟语气。Itisimportantthat...句式中,其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,其中的should通常省略。因此A、B、C的表达是错误的,D选项符合题意。
8.单选题
Itmustguidepublicopinion,afterpresenting_______bothsidesofeveryissueandpointingouttoreaderswhatmeasuresseemtopromisethegreatergoodforthegreaternumber.
问题1选项
A.inquisitively
B.inconceivably
C.appallingly
D.impartially
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项“inquisitively”意为“好问地;过分好奇地”;B选项“inconceivably”意为“不可思议地”;C选项“appallingly”意为“令人毛骨悚然地;骇人听闻地”;D选项“impartially”意为“公平地;无私地”。句意:它必须引导公众舆论,在此之前,它必须公正地介绍每一个问题的两面,并向读者指出哪些措施似乎能给更多人带来更大的好处。由题干可知,Itmustguidepublicopinion(它必须引导公众舆论),因此它本身就需要是公正,客观的,不偏颇地引导公正舆论,所以介绍问题的不同方面也应是公正的。因此D选项符合题意。
9.单选题
He(
)interruptedmebyaskingirrelevantquestions.
问题1选项
A.continually
B.continuously
C.consistently
D.consequently
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他问了我一些无关紧要的问题,打断我的话。
副词辨析。continually不停地,持续地;continuously连续不断地;一贯地;consequently因此,所以。故A符合句意。
10.翻译题
Whenproprietaryinformationisaconcern,rememberthatnondisclosureagreementsmaybeapartofone’sspecifications,andthatfirmsmaybeevaluatedbasedontheircompliance.Whilevitaltechnologiesandproductdevelopmentplansmustbeprotected,foreignsourcingpartnersmusthaveadequateinformationtoenablethemtoperformtospecifications.Iftheinformationissimplytoosensitivetoshare,thatmaybeanargumentformakingthe“make”decisionratherthan“buy”inconsideringoutsourcingattheoutset.
【答案】
当涉及到专有信息时,请谨记:保密协议可作为个人规范的一部分,并可基于协议的遵守情况评估公司。尽管关键技术和产品研发计划必须受到保护,但是国外的采购合作商也必须拥有足够的信息才能按照规格操作。如果这些信息太敏感而无法共享,这可能说明,在开始考虑外包时,需做出“制造”而不是“购买”的决定。
11.单选题
Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendary,butnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomists—bothconservativeandliberal—concludedthat“aneconomistwhoarguesforrestrictinginternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching.”
Whytheconsensus?Internationalfreetrade,economistsagree,makespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntary,bothpartnersbenefit;otherwisetheywouldn'ttrade.Thebuyerofashirt,forexample,valuestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspent,whilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreover,itdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKong(oranywhereelse).
ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrast,protectionismencouragesmonopoly,lowerqualityandhigher,prices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionism—over$60billionayearor$1000forafamilyoffour.Thankstoprotectionism,forexample,Americanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.
Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficient,byallowingnationtocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproduction,forinstance,whileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfood,butitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarly,wecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilshale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.
Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilythepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thus,tariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.Despitethepowerfulcaseforfreetrade,theUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhavealwaysbeenprotectioniststosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublic,whileprotectionismbenefitsspecial-interestgroups,whicharebetterorganized,betterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworse,muchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.
1.Theeconomists(
).
2.Thetwopartnersinafreetrade
(
).
3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardprotectionismdenotedfromthe3rdparagraph?
4.Whyhasprotectionismalwaysbeenexercisedevenifitiswastefulandunjust?
5.Accordingtothefreetradeprinciple,theauthorsuggeststhat(
).
问题1选项
A.disagreewhethertorestrictfreetradeornot
B.agreeonfreetrade
C.agreeontherestrictionofinternaltrade
D.holddifferentargumentsbecauseoftheirdifferentinterests.
问题2选项
A.donotcareatall
B.carefordifferentthings
C.careforthethingsbeingtraded
D.careforthesamethings
问题3选项
A.Sincere
B.Appreciative
C.Grateful
D.Ironic
问题4选项
A.Ithelpstoestablishnationalindustryofone’sown
B.Itcanachieveanindependenteconomy
C.Itisfavoredbygeneralpublic
D.Itbenefitssomeprivilegedfew.
问题5选项
A.U.S.exploreitsoilshale
B.SaudiArabiabuilditsownindustry
C.SaudiArabiaimportfoodfromtheU.S.
D.U.S.becomemoreself-sufficientinfood.
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:D
第5题:C
【解析】1.考察细节事实问题。文章第一段第一句Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendary,butnotontheissueoffreetrade提到经济学家之间的不一致有很多,但是在自由贸易上却一致。选项B符合题意。
2.考察推理判断问题。文章第三段第一句Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntary,bothpartnersbenefit;otherwisetheywouldn'ttrade提到自由贸易双方关注的问题是“获利”,因此二者关心的是同一问题。选项D符合题意。
3.考察观点态度问题。文章第三段提到国际自由贸易导致竞争,而竞争会促使产品质量的提升。而贸易保护主义会导致垄断,比如美国。该段最后一句提到由于美国施行贸易保护主义,使得美国居民要花两倍的价钱来买糖(Thankstoprotectionism,forexample,Americanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar)。本意是保护本国贸易,却导致居民消费成本大幅度增加,因此可以看出作者是带有讽刺口吻在述说这件事。选项D符合题意。
4.考察细节事实问题。文章倒数第一段倒数第二句Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublic,whileprotectionismbenefitsspecial-interestgroups,whicharebetterorganized,betterfinancedandmoreinformed提到自由贸易受益的是普通大众,而贸易保护主义受益的是一些特殊集团。选项D符合题意。
5.考察推理判断问题。文章第四段第二句TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfood,butitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus提到沙特阿拉伯如果想要食物自给自足的话需要大量的灌溉,而向美国购买粮食则经济很多,因此选项C符合题意。
12.单选题
TheRomanswerehardworkingandfrugal,self-reliant,seriousabouttheirresponsibilitiesandsteadfastinthefaceofadversity.
问题1选项
A.economical
B.cautious
C.courageous
D.righteous
【答案】A
【解析】【选项释义】
A.economical节俭的,节约的B.cautious小心的,谨慎的
C.courageous勇敢的,无畏的D.righteous公正的,正直的
【答案】A
【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】frugal的意思为“(对金钱、食物等)节约的,节俭的”,用来形容theRomans,指的是罗马人很勤俭节约,economical与之词义相近,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】罗马人勤劳节俭,自力更生,认真履行他们的责任,面对逆境也坚定不移。
13.单选题
Thechieffoodseateninacountrydependslargelyon()bestinitsclimateandsoil.
问题1选项
A.allwhatitgrows
B.whatgrows
C.whichgrows
D.whatdoesitgrow
【答案】B
【解析】根据句子结构可知,句中缺少宾语。选项A结构错误,先行词all后面只能接关系代词that;选项C缺少先行词;选项D是疑问句,不能做宾语。所以选项B正确。
14.单选题
Whenyouthinkofthetremendoustechnologicalprogresswehavemade,it’samazinghowlittlewehavedevelopedinotherrespects.WemayspeakcontemptuouslyofthepooroldRomansbecausetheyrelishedtheorgiesofslaughterthatwentonintheirarenas.Wemaydespisethembecausetheymistookthesegoingsonforentertainment.Wemayforgivethemcondescendinglybecausetheylived2000yearsagoandobviouslyknewnobetter.Butareourfeelingsofsuperiorityreallyjustified?Areweanylessblood-thirsty?Whydoboxingmatches,forinstance,attractsuchuniversalinterest?Don’tthespectatorswhoattendthemhopetheywillseesomeviolence?Humanbeingsremainsasbloodthirstyasevertheywere.TheonlydifferencebetweenourselvesandtheRomansisthatwhiletheywerehonestenoughtoadmitthattheyenjoyedwatchinghungrylionstearingpeopleapartandeatingthemalive,wefindallsortsofsophisticatedargumentstodefendsportswhichshouldhavebeenbannedlongage;sportswhicharequiteasbarbarousas,say,publichangingsorbearbaiting.
Itreallyisincrediblethatinthisdayandageweshouldstillallowhuntingorbull-fighting,thatweshouldbepreparedtositbackandwatchtwomenbattereachothertopulpinaboxingring,thatweshouldberelativelyunmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandburstingintoflames.Letusnotdeceiveourselves.Anytalkof‘thesportingspirit’issheerhypocrisy.Peopletakepartinviolentsportsbecauseofthehighrewardstheybring.Spectatorsarewillingtopayvastsumsofmoneytoseeviolence.Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatch,forinstance,isfrontpagenews.Millionsofpeoplearedisappointedifabigfightisoverintworoundsinsteadoffifteen.Theyfeeldisappointmentbecausetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheexquisitepleasureofwitnessingprolongedtortureandviolence.
Whyshouldwebanviolentspoilsifpeopleenjoythemsomuch?Youmayweltask.Theanswerissimple:theyarcuncivilized.Forcenturiesmanhasbeentryingtoimprovehimselfspirituallyandemotionally—admittedlywithlittlesuccess.Butatleastwenolongertoleratethesightmadmencoopedupincages,orpublicfloggingsofanyofthecountlessotherbarbaricpracticeswhichwerecommoninthepast.Prisonsarenolongerthegrimforbiddingplacestheyusedtobe.Socialwelfaresystemsareinoperationinmanypartsoftheworld.Bigeffortsarebeingmadetodistributewealthfairly.Thesechangeshavecomeaboutnotbecausehumanbeingshavesuddenlyandunaccountablyimproved,butbecausepositivestepsweretakentochangethelaw.Thetawisthebiggestinstrumentofsocialchangethatwehaveanditmayexertgreatcivilizinginfluence.Ifwebanneddangerousandviolentsports,wewouldbemovingonestepfurthertoimprovingmankind.Wewouldrecognizethatviolenceisdegradingandunworthyofhumanbeings.
1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sopinionofnowadays’humanbeingsis().
2.Themainideaofthispassageis().
3.ThattheauthormentionstheoldRomansis().
4.Howmanydangeroussportsdoestheauthormentioninthispassage?
5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis().
问题1选项
A.notveryhigh
B.high.
C.contemptuous.
D.critical.
问题2选项
A.viciousanddangeroussportsshouldbebannedbylaw.
B.peoplearewillingtopayvastsumsmoneytoseeviolence.
C.tocomparetwodifferentattitudestowardsdangeroussports.
D.peoplearebloodthirstyinsports.
问题3选项
A.tocomparetheoldRomanswithtoday’speople.
B.togiveanexample.
C.toshowhumanbeingsinthepastknownothingbetter.
D.toindicatehumanbeingsareusedtobloodthirsty.
问题4选项
A.Three.
B.Five.
C.Six.
D.Seven.
问题5选项
A.that,bybanningtheviolentsports,wehumanbeingscanimproveourselves.
B.that,bybanningthedangeroussports,wecanimprovethelaw.
C.thatwemustlakepositivestepstoimprovesocialwelfaresystem.
D.toshowlawisthemaininstrumentofsocialchange.
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:A
【解析】1.判断推理题。结合全文内容可知,作者在第一段指出:现在的我们和罗马人的区别在于,罗马人诚实的承认他们暴力且嗜血,而我们则使用各种理由来掩盖自己和罗马人一样的本性。第二段作者以暴力的体育运动为例进行阐述,但在第三段指出,人们努力进行改善,比如社会福利和法律,尽管没有成功但有所改观。作者一直站在客观的角度阐述事实,并没有体现出轻蔑和批判的语气,并且对人们还抱有期望,所以作者只是对现在的人们评价不高,选项A更加恰当。
2.判断推理题。根据上一题的分析可知,作者是不希望看到暴力危险的体育运动的,所以作者希望法律能够禁止暴力危险的体育运动,选项A符合原文。
3.判断推理题。根据原文第一段中所提及的“Humanbeingsremainsasbloodthirstyasevertheywere.人类仍然和以前一样嗜血。”作者之所以提到罗马人,不仅仅是以此来举例或者是和现在的人进行比较,作者真正的目的在于强调现在的人们和以前的罗马人一样嗜血。所以选项D更恰当。
4.细节事实题。原文提到的危险体育运动有:boxing(拳击);bearbaiting(逗熊游戏);hunting(打猎);bull-fighting(斗牛);carscrashing(赛车)。所以选项B正确。
5.作者意图题。根据第三段的最后两句话“Ifwebanneddangerousandviolentsports,wewouldbemovingonestepfurthertoimprovingmankind.Wewouldrecognizethatviolenceisdegradingandunworthyofhumanbeings.如果我们禁止危险和暴力的体育运动,我们就向改善人类又迈进了一步。我们将认识到暴力是人类的堕落和不值得。”由此可知,作者认为通过禁止暴力运动,人们能够改善自我。选项A符合原文。
15.不定项选择题
Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.
AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.
Keasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:five-year-oldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad.”Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.
Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.
66.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?
67.Accordingtothepassage,Keasey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?
68.Accordingtothepassage,theresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildren?
69.Accordingtothepassage,Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensix-year-oldsacquiredwhichofthefollowingabilities?
70.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldNOThaveagreedonwhichofthefollowingpoints?
问题1选项
A.Aconfirmationofanestablishedauthority’stheory.
B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.
C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheories.
D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.
问题2选项
A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.
B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.
C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.
D.Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythandoolderchildren.
问题3选项
A.Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.
B.They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.
C.Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.
D.Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionalharm.
问题4选项
A.Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.
B.Identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction.
C.Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.
D.Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.
问题5选项
A.Thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit.
B.Theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm.
C.Theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm.
D.Thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:A
第5题:B
【解析】1.【选项释义】
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?1.下面哪个选项最好地描述了这篇文章的整体?
A.Aconfirmationofanestablishedauthority’stheory.A.对权威理论的确认。
B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.B.对常被误解的术语的扩展定义。
C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheories.C.两种理论之争的分析。
D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.D.在正在进行的调查中对研究发现的讨论。
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】首先根据文章第一句“幼儿在什么年龄开始对自己或他人有害的行为做出道德区分,一直是最近儿童道德发展研究的焦点”可知,文章的内容是围绕儿童拥有道德自主的年龄来展开,然后文章主要是讨论了皮亚杰和凯西的研究发现,用Nesdale和Rule,以及Darley的研究做补充说明,综合理解可知,这篇文章主要是对儿童拥有道德自主的年龄进行的研究发现的讨论,D项“在正在进行的调查中对研究发现的讨论”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“对权威理论的确认”,文章并没有对某种理论进行确认,该项属于反向干扰;
B项“对常被误解的术语的扩展定义”,文中没有提到对术语的误解,该项属于无中生有;
C项“两种理论之争的分析”,原文谈到了不止两种理论,该项属于曲解原文。
2.【选项释义】
2.Accordingtothepassage,Keasey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?2.根据文章,凯西的发现支持以下关于六岁儿童的结论中的哪一个?
A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.A.他们有能力做出自主的道德判断。
B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.B.他们认为道德绝对主义是对他们道德自主的威胁。
C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.C.他们不理解公共义务的概念。
D.Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythandoolderchildren.D.他们比年龄较大的孩子更容易接受同龄人做出的道德判断。
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第二段最后两句“然而,在最近的研究中,凯西发现,六岁的孩子不仅会区分意外伤害和故意伤害,而且他们认为不管造成的伤害有多大,故意伤害更淘气。这两项发现似乎都表明,儿童在比皮亚杰声称的更早的年龄就进入了道德发展的第二阶段,即道德自主,在这个阶段中,他们接受社会规则,但认为它们比第一阶段的儿童更武断。”可知,凯西发现六岁的孩子能够自主区分意外伤害和故意伤害,这表明他们进入了道德自主阶段,综合理解可以推断,凯西的发现支持了六岁儿童能够做出自主的道德判断的观点,该题选择A项“他们有能力做出自主的道德判断”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
C项“他们不理解公共义务的概念”虽然在原文提及,但与题干无关,该项属于出处错位;
B项“他们认为道德绝对主义是对他们道德自主的威胁”和D项“他们比年龄较大的孩子更容易接受同龄人做出的道德判断”没有提到,该项属于无中生有。
3.【选项释义】
3.Accordingtothepassage,theresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildren?3.根据文章,Nesdale和Rule的研究表明,以下哪一个是五岁左右的孩子?
A.Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.A.他们对故意伤害和意外伤害的反应决定了他们所指定惩罚的严重程度。
B.They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.B.作为有害行为的作恶者,他们无视他们所伤害的儿童的感情。
C.Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.C.在判断其他孩子的行为时,他们会考虑行为的动机。
D.Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionalharm.D.他们认为公共义务是意外伤害而非故意伤害的正当理由。
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章第三段对Nesdale和Rule的研究的描述,由最后两句“Nesdale和Rule得出的结论是,儿童能够考虑侵犯者的行为是否符合公共义务……因此,五岁的孩子开始明白,某些有害的行为,尽管是故意的,也是合乎情理的;道德绝对主义的约束不再仅仅指导他们的判断。”可知,Nesdale和Rule的研究表明,五岁的儿童在做出判断时,不再仅仅依靠道德绝对主义,而是会考虑某些行为的动机,C项“在判断其他孩子的行为时,他们会考虑行为的动机”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“他们对故意伤害和意外伤害的反应决定了他们所指定惩罚的严重程度”,根据解题思路可知,原文定位处没有提到惩罚,该项属于曲解原文;
B项“他们作为有害行为的作恶者,无视他们所伤害的儿童的感情”在原文没有依据,该项属于无中生有;
D项“他们认为公共义务是意外伤害而非故意伤害的正当理由”,文中提到即便有些有害行为是故意的,但是了解了行为的动机后,孩子们也会认为是情有可原的,所以不管是意外伤害还是故意伤害,他们都会考虑到公共义务,该项属于曲解原文。
4.【选项释义】
4.Accordingtothepassage,Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensix-year-oldsacquiredwhichofthefollowingabilities?4.根据文章,Darley发现,在七个月的幼儿园之后,六岁的孩子获得了下列哪一种能力?
A.Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.A.区分可预见和不可预见的伤害。
B.Identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulaction.B.认同一个有害行为的作恶者。
C.Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.C.为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护。
D.Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.D.评估违反规则所导致的负面后果的严重程度。
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段最后两句“Darley观察到,在涉及无意伤害的行为中,刚刚进入幼儿园的六岁儿童无法区分可预见的、可预防的伤害和不可预见的伤害,而这些伤害不能归咎于肇事者。然而,七个月后,Darley发现这些孩子能够做出这两种区分,从而证明他们已经变得道德自主。”从中可知,六岁的孩子在幼儿园呆了七个月后,能够对可预见的、可预防的伤害和不可预见的伤害做出区分,A项“区分可预见和不可预见的伤害”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B项“认同一个有害行为的作恶者”,在七个月的幼儿园之后,六岁的孩子能够区分可预见伤害和不可预见伤害的后果,该项属于反向干扰;
C项“为因挑衅而导致的有害行为辩护”不是Darley的研究发现,该项属于出处错位;
D项“评估违反规则所导致的负面后果的严重程度”,Evaluating在原文没有提到,该项属于无中生有。
5.【选项释义】
5.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldNOThaveagreedonwhichofthefollowingpoints?5.根据文章,皮亚杰和凯西不会就以下哪一点达成一致?
A.Thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommit.A.孩子们为他们所做的有害行为给出的各种借口。
B.Theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharm.B.儿童开始区分故意伤害和非故意伤害的年龄。
C.Theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharm.C.孩子们实施伤害的意图。
D.Thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts.D.儿童惩罚有害行为的环境。
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“皮亚杰认为,七岁以下的儿童处于道德发展的第一阶段,这一阶段的特征是道德绝对主义(必须遵守权威制定的规则)和即将到来的正义(如果违反规则,将会受到惩罚)”,和第三句“然而,在最近的研究中,凯西发现,六岁的孩子不仅会区分意外伤害和故意伤害,而且会认为故意伤害更淘气,不管造成的伤害有多大。”可知,皮亚杰和凯西对于儿童是否有道德自主的年龄有不同的分歧,所以该题选择B项“儿童开始区分故意伤害和非故意伤害的年龄”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“孩子们为他们所做的有害行为给出的各种借口”是凯西的研究所发展出来的问题,与题干无关,该项属于出处错位;
C项“孩子们实施伤害的意图”和D项“儿童惩罚有害行为的环境”没有提到,这两项属于无中生有。
16.单选题
Someteenagersaresocrazyaboutvideogamesastoplaythemmanyhours(),ifpossible.
问题1选项
A.onpurpose
B.onhand
C.oncredit
D.onend
【答案】D
【解析】考查词组辨析。A项onpurpose“有目的地,故意地”,B项onhand“在手边,即将发生”,C项oncredit“赊账”,D项onend“连续地,竖着”。空格前面提到“有些青少年对电子游戏如此着迷,以至于玩了好几个小时”,由此可知空格部分表示“时间上持续地,连续地”。句意:一些青少年对电子游戏如此着迷,如果可能的话,他们会连续玩上几个小时。因此,该题选择D项正确。
17.单选题
Inhis1976studyofslaveryintheUnitedStates,HerbertGutman,likeFogel,Engerman,andGenovese,hasrightlystressedtheslaves,achievements.Butunlikethesehistorians,Gutmangivesplantationownerslittlecreditfortheseachievements.Rather,GutmanarguesthatonemustlooktotheBlackfamilyandtheslaves’extendedkinshipsystemtounderstandhowcrucialachievements,suchasthemaintenanceofaculturalheritageandthedevelopmentofacommunalconsciousness,werepossible.Hisfindingscompelattention.
Gutmanrecreatesthefamilyandextendedkinshipstructuremainlythroughaningenioususeofwhatanyhistorianshoulddrawupon,quantifiabledata,derivedinthiscasemostlyfromplantationbirthregisters.Healsousesaccountsofex-slavestoprobethehumanrealitybehindhisstatistics.Thesesourcesindicatethatthetwo-parenthouseholdpredominatedinslavequartersjustasitdidamongfreedslavesafteremancipation.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.InlessconclusivefashionFogel,Engerman,andGenovesehadalreadyindicatedthepredominanceoftwo-parenthouseholds;however,onlyGutmanemphasizesthepreferenceforstablemonogamyandpointsoutwhatstablemonogamymeantfortheslaves’culturalheritage.GutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof—andsowascrucialinsustaining—theBlackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.
Gutman’sexaminationofotherfacetsofkinshipalsoproducesimportantfindings.Gutmandiscoversthatcousinsrarelymarried,anexogamoustendencythatcontrastedsharplywiththeendogamypracticedbytheplantationowners.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.Thistabooagainstcousins’marryingisimportant,arguesGutman,becauseitisoneofmanyindicationsofastrongawarenessamongslavesofanextendedkinshipnetwork.Thefactthatdistantlyre
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