考研考博-英语-张家口职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-张家口职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

AlthoughGuthmanwasa（

）ofseveralcampaigns,hehadneverseenactiononthefrontlines.

问题1选项

A.veteran

B.volunteer

C.victim

D.villain

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。veteran“老兵；富有经验的人”；volunteer“志愿者；志愿兵”；victim“受害人；牺牲者”；villain“坏人；罪犯”。句意：尽管古斯曼是参加过几场战役的老兵，但是她从来没有见过前线的场景。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Itisnotuncommonforthere（

）problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.

问题1选项

A.being

B.wouldbe

C.be

D.tobe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。

固定搭配。itis+形容词+fortheretobe...。

3.单选题

Afast-foodrestaurantwithinabout500feetofaschoolmayleadtoatleasta5percentincreaseintheoverweightrateatthatschool.Thestudy,conductedbyeconomistsatColumbiaUniversityandtheUniversityCalifornia,Berkeley,suggeststhat“abanonfastfoodsintheimmediateproximityofschoolscouldhaveasizableeffectonobesityratesamongaffectedstudents.”

Theresearcherslookedathowproximitytotherestaurantsaffectedobesityratesamong3millionninthgradersatCaliforniaschools,andmorethan1millionpregnantwomeninMichigan,NewJerseyandTexas.Theyfocusedontheninthgraders,typicallyabout14yearsold,inpartbecausethestudentsgetafitnesstestinthespring—about30weeksafterstartingschoolandexposuretofastfood.Thestudy,releasedbytheAmericanAssociationofWineEconomists,showedthat“thepresenceofafast-foodrestaurantwithinatenthofamileofaschoolisassociatedwithatleasta5.2percentincreaseintheobesityrateinthatschool.”Italsofoundthatpregnantwomenwholivedwithinatenthofamileofafast-foodrestauranthad“a4.4percentincreaseintheprobabilityofgainingover20kilos(44pounds).”

ThestudyfollowsonepresentedlastmonthatanAmericanStrokeAssociationconference.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofMichiganfoundpeoplewholiveinneighborhoodspackedwithfast-foodrestaurantsaremorelikelytosufferfromstrokes.InDecember,astudyfoundthatyouthwhostudywithinahalfmilefromafast-foodoutleteatfewerfruitandvegetables,drinkmoresodaandaremorelikelytobeobesethanstudentsatotherschools.

JanetCurrie,leadresearcherofthewineeconomists’study,saidthatitmightbeagoodpolicytohaveafast-food-freezoneiffastfoodnearschoolscausesobesity.“Itwouldnotbesodifferentinspiritfromexistingpoliciesthataimtoprohibitsoftdrinksandjunkfoodsinschoolsortoimprovethequalityofschoollunch,”shesaid.

AspokeswomanfortheparentcompanyofKFC,PizzaHut,TacoBellandLongJohnSilver’s,declinedtocomment,sayingshehadnotseenthestudy.BurgerKingdidnotreturncallsseekingcomment.AMcDonald’sspokeswomanreferredcallstotheNationalRetailFederation,atradegroupinWashington.

“Ithinkitwouldbeadangerousprecedenttolimitthetypesoflegitimate,importantbusinessesandwherethey’relocatedinacity,”federationspokeswomanEllenDavissaid.“Doesn’titmakemoresenseforparentstolimitachild’sallowanceorletthemknowwhenandwheretheycan’teatcertainthings?”Davisaddedthatrestaurantshavechangedtheirmenusinthelastfiveyears,especiallyforchildren’smeals.“Weseemanyhealthyoptionsavailable—slicesofapple,milkinsteadofsodas.It’simportanttonotethatmanychainrestaurantshavetriedtodiversifytheirmenusandmakethemhealthier.”

1.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaboutthestudymentionedinParagraph2?

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastthreeparagraphs?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

4.Whyisitnecessarytocreateafast-food-free-zone?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonforchildren’soverweight?

问题1选项

A.Itagreedthatfastfoodsshouldbefarawayfromschool.

B.Itdidn’tmentionthepeopleinColumbia.

C.Itprovedthatfastfoodsmaynotleadtostrokes.

D.Itshowedthatchildren’ssituationwasworsethanpregnantwomen’s.

问题2选项

A.McDonald’ssharedthesameopinionwithEllenDavis.

B.KFChelddifferentopinionfromBurgerKing.

C.JanetCurriepreferredanewpolicytopresentpolicies.

D.EllenDavisthoughtlimitingchildren’smoneymadenosense.

问题3选项

A.Peoplelongforhealthymeals.

B.Fastfoodisassociatedwithobesityandstrokes.

C.Parentsshouldgivelessallowancetothekids.

D.Thesocietyshouldn’tneglectthesideeffectoffastfood.

问题4选项

A.Fastfoodisexpensiveandkidscan’taffordit.

B.Fastfoodmakesyoungpeoplehaveanunhealthydiet.

C.Fastfooddistractsstudentsfromtheirstudies.

D.Fastfoodisnotcleanenough.

问题5选项

A.Eatingfewerfruitandvegetables.

B.Beingunawareofself-control.

C.Schoollunchoflowquality.

D.Restaurants’changingmenusforchildren.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。C选项“事实证明，快餐可能不会导致中风”，可以定位到文章第三段第二句ResearchersfromtheUniversityofMichiganfoundpeoplewholiveinneighborhoodspackedwithfast-foodrestaurantsaremorelikelytosufferfromstrokes.（密歇根大学的研究人员发现，居住在快餐店林立的社区的人更容易患中风），可推测居住在快餐店林立的社区的人更容易患中风，C选项不正确，应选C。A选项“它同意快餐应该远离学校”，因为快餐店会导致学生患肥胖的风险，因此，快餐店应当远离学校，A选项可排除。B选项“上面没提到哥伦比亚的人”，可以定位到文章第二段第一句Theresearcherslookedathowproximitytotherestaurantsaffectedobesityratesamong3millionninthgradersatCaliforniaschools,andmorethan1millionpregnantwomeninMichigan,NewJerseyandTexas.（研究人员调查了加州300万名九年级学生，以及密歇根州、新泽西州和得克萨斯州100多万名孕妇的肥胖率），文章提到的是加州的学生，密歇根州、新泽西州和得克萨斯州的孕妇，因此B选项可排除。D选项“调查显示，儿童的情况比孕妇更糟”，文章第二段最后两句提到thepresenceofafast-foodrestaurantwithinatenthofamileofaschoolisassociatedwithatleasta5.2percentincreaseintheobesityrateinthatschool.“Italsofoundthatpregnantwomenwholivedwithinatenthofamileofafast-foodrestauranthad“a4.4percentincreaseintheprobabilityofgainingover20kilos(44pounds)”.（如果快餐店在学校十分之一英里内，那么该学校的肥胖率至少会增加5.2%。研究还发现，生活在离快餐店十分之一英里以内的孕妇“增重超过20公斤（44磅）的可能性增加4.4%），由此可知学校的肥胖率会增加5.2%，孕妇肥胖率会增加4.4%，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。

2.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。D选项“艾伦•戴维斯认为限制孩子们的钱没有意义”，可以定位到文章最后一段第二句Doesn’titmakemoresenseforparentstolimitachild’sallowanceorletthemknowwhenandwheretheycan’teatcertainthings?（父母限制孩子的零花钱，或者让他们知道什么时候、什么地方不能吃某些东西，难道不是更有意义），也就可以推测限制孩子花钱没有意义，可知D选项正确。A选项“麦当劳也同意艾伦•戴维斯的观点”，文章没有提到麦当劳同意戴维斯的观点，A选项可排除。B选项“肯德基与汉堡王持不同意见”，定位到文章倒数第二段第一、二句AspokeswomanfortheparentcompanyofKFC,PizzaHut,TacoBellandLongJohnSliver’s,declinedtocomment,sayingshehadnotseenthestudy.BurgerKingdidnotreturncallsseekingcomment.（肯德基、必胜客、塔可钟和LongJohnSliver’s的母公司的发言人拒绝置评，称她没有看到这项研究。汉堡王没有回复记者寻求置评的电话）肯德基和汉堡王都不予置评，因此可排除B选项。C选项“与现行政策相比，珍妮特•柯里更喜欢新政策”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。因此D选项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。C选项“父母应该少给孩子零用钱”，可以定位到文章最后一段第二句Doesn’titmakemoresenseforparentstolimitachild’sallowanceorletthemknowwhenandwheretheycan’teatcertainthings?（父母限制孩子的零花钱，或者让他们知道什么时候、什么地方不能吃某些东西，难道不是更有意义），也就可以推测父母限制孩子花钱没有意义，C选项不正确，应当选C。A选项“人们渴望健康的饮食”，可定位到文章最后一句It’simportanttonotethatmanychainrestaurantshavetriedtodiversifytheirmenusandmakethemhealthier.（值得注意的是，许多连锁餐厅已经尝试让他们的菜单多样化，让他们更健康），连锁餐厅都在努力使菜单多样化，让它们更健康，也就是人们在渴望更健康的饮食，A选项可排除。B选项“快餐与肥胖和中风有关”，可以定位到文章第一段第一句Afast-foodrestaurantwithinabout500feetofaschoolmayleadtoatleasta5percentincreaseintheoverweightrateatthatschool.（学校500英尺以内的快餐店可能会导致学校超重率至少增加5%），以及定位到文章第三段第二句ResearchersfromtheUniversityofMichiganfoundpeoplewholiveinneighborhoodspackedwithfast-foodrestaurantsaremorelikelytosufferfromstrokes.（密歇根大学的研究人员发现，居住在快餐店林立的社区的人更容易患中风），也就是快餐会增加肥胖和中风的风险，B选项可排除。D选项“社会不应该忽视快餐的副作用”，快餐的副作用已经很明显，因此不应该忽视快餐的副作用，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句JanetCurrie,leadresearcherofthewineeconomists’study,saidthatitmightbeagoodpolicytohaveafast-food-freezoneiffastfoodnearschoolscausesobesity（JanetCurrie，葡萄酒经济学家研究的首席研究员说，如果学校附近的快餐导致肥胖，建立一个无快餐区可能是一个好政策）。B选项“快餐使年轻人有不健康的饮食习惯”，文章提到，快餐会使人们增加肥胖和中风的风险，也就是不健康的饮食所带来的危害，因此B选项正确。A选项“快餐很贵，孩子们买不起”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。C选项“快餐使学生们分心，不能专心学习”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。D选项“快餐不够干净”，文章没有提到快餐是不够干净的，只是会增加肥胖的风险，D选项可排除。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。D选项“餐馆为儿童更换菜单”，文章最后一段倒数第二句提到restaurantshavechangedtheirmenusinthelastfiveyears,especiallyforchildren’smeals.（餐馆在过去五年中改变了他们的菜单，尤其是儿童餐），因此，当餐馆为儿童更换菜单后，儿童患肥胖的风险会减小，D选项正确。A选项“少吃水果和蔬菜”，可以定位到文章第三段最后一句astudyfoundthatyouthwhostudywithinahalfmilefromafast-foodoutleteatfewerfruitandvegetables,drinkmoresodaandaremorelikelytobeobesethanstudentsatotherschools.（在距离快餐店半英里内学习的学生吃的水果和蔬菜更少，喝的苏打水更多，更有可能肥胖），A选项少吃水果蔬菜会导致肥胖，A选项可排除。B选项“没有自我控制的意识”，儿童缺少自控力，B选项可排除。C选项“学校午餐质量低”，文章第四段最后一句improvethequalityofschoollunch.（提高学校午餐的质量），学校的午餐质量确实较低，这也是导致肥胖的原因之一，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Bymovingtheradarbeamaroundslowlyincircles,wecan______thesurroundings.

问题1选项

A.explore

B.expose

C.exploit

D.expand

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。因此该题A项正确。

5.单选题

Therewasnotasinglepersonthere（

）thoughtyouwereright.

问题1选项

A.whom

B.as

C.but

D.whose

【答案】C

【解析】考查连词的用法。But用作连词，放在否定词或疑问词之后，作从属关系，表示否定意义，相当于thatnot。选项C符合题意。句意：那里没有一个人认为你是错的。

6.单选题

TomorrowmorningIwillhaveto（）aconference.

问题1选项

A.join

B.takepart

C.attendto

D.participatein

【答案】D

【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项join“加入；参加”；B选项takepart“参与，参加”；C选项attendto“注意；照料”D选项participatein“参加；分享”。句意：明天早上我要参加一个会议。A,B,D三个选项均有“参加”的意思，但是join多指参加某组织，成为其中的一个成员，takepart和participatein一般是说参加某项活动，而takepart比participatein更有主动的感觉，且侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。Participate是正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。因此C项正确。

7.单选题

Thedoctorsareverymuchworriedaboutthe（）ofthepatient’sconditionafteroperation.

问题1选项

A.disposition

B.deliberation

C.deterioration

D.diversion

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析。disposition“处置,性情”;deliberation“审议,考虑”;deterioration“恶化,退化”;diversion“消遣,转移注意力”。句意:医生非常担心病人手术后情况会恶化。选项C符合句意。

8.单选题

Whydoesstorytellingendureacrosstimeandcultures?Perhapstheanswerliesinourevolutionaryroots.AstudyofthewaythatpeoplerespondtoVictorianliteraturehintsthatnovelsactasasocialglue,reinforcingthetypesofbehaviourthatbenefitsociety.

Literature“couldcontinuallyconditionsocietysothatwefightagainstbaseimpulsesandworkinacooperativeway’’,saysJonathanGottschallofWashingtonandJeffersonCollege,Pennsylvania.Heandco-authorJosephCarrollattheUniversityofMissouri,St.Louis,studyhowDarwin’stheoriesofevolutionapplytoliterature.AlongwithJohnJohnson,anevolutionarypsychologistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityinDuBois,theresearchersasked500peopletofillinaquestionnaireabout200classicVictoriannovels.Therespondentswereaskedtodefinecharactersasprotagonistsorantagonistsandthentodescribetheirpersonalityandmotives,suchaswhethertheywereconscientiousorpowerhungry.

Theteamfoundthatthecharactersfellintogroupsthatmirroredtheegalitariandynamicsofasocietyinwhichindividualdominanceissuppressedforthegreatergood{EvolutionaryPsychology,vol4,p716).Protagonists,suchasElizabethBennettinJaneAusten’sPrideandPrejudice,forexample,scoredhighlyonconscientiousnessandnurturing,whileantagonistslikeBramStoker’sCountDraculascoredhighlyonstatus-seekingandsocialdominance.Inthenovels,dominantbehaviouris“powerfullystigmatized’’,saysGottschall“Badguysandgirlsarejustdominancemachines;theyareobsessedwithgettingahead,theyrarelyhavepro-socialbehaviours.”

Whilefewintoday’sworldliveinhunter-gatherersocieties,“thepoliticaldynamicatworkinthesenovels,thebasicoppositionbetweencommunitarianismanddominancebehaviour,isauniversaltheme”,saysCarroll.ChristopherBoehm,aculturalanthropologistwhoseworkCarrollacknowledgeswasanimportantinfluenceonthestudy,agrees.“Modemdemocracies,withtheirformalchecksandbalances,arecarryingforwardanegalitarianideal”.

Afewcharacterswerejudgedtobebothgoodandbad,suchasHeathcliffinEmilyBronte’sWutheringHeightsorAusten’sMr.Darcy.“Theyrevealthepressurebeingexercisedonmaintainingthetotalsocialorder,”saysCarroll.

BoehmandCarrollbelievenovelshavethesameeffectasthecautionarytalestoldinoldersocieties.“Novelshaveafunctionthatcontinuestocontributetothequalityandstructureofgrouplife,”saysBoehm.“Maybestorytelling—fromTVtofolktales—actuallyservessomespecificevolutionaryadaptation,”saysGottschall.They’renotjustproductsofevolutionaryadaptation.

1.Accordingtothestudymentionedinthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingbestdefinesthefunctionofliteratureinhumansociety?

2.Whatweretherespondentsintheresearchaskedtodo?

3.Whatissaidaboutthebadguysandgirlsinnovels?

4.Inthepoliticaldynamicofliterature,towhatisdominantbehaviorsetopposed?

问题1选项

A.Ithelpswiththeevolutionaryprogress.

B.Ithelpsadvocatepeople’sbaseimpulseandconscientiousness.

C.Itreinforcesthetypesofbehaviorthebenefitacooperativesociety.

D.Itsuppressesbaseimpulsesandsetsregulationsforsociety.

问题2选项

A.Toidentifyprotagonistsandantagonistsinsomenovelsanddescribethem.

B.Togroupcharactersinnovelswhomirrortheegalitariandynamicofasociety.

C.Togivescorestoliterarycharacterinregardtosocialdominance.

D.Totellthebadguysfromthegoodonesinsomenovels.

问题3选项

A.Theyareprotagoniststhatarepowerfullystigmatized.

B.Theyarealwaysafraidofgettingaheadofothers.

C.Theyrarelyhavebehaviorsthatprotectthesociety.

D.Theyalwaysseekdominantstatusinsociety.

问题4选项

A.Theuniversalthemeofpower.

B.Theegalitarianideal.

C.Modemdemocracies.

D.Formalchecksandbalancesofatraditionalsociety.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.断推理题。题干：根据文中提到的研究，下列哪一项最能定义文学在人类社会中的作用？第一段第二句提到“Astudy…hintsthatnovelsactasasocialglue,reinforcingthetypesofbehaviourthatbenefitsociety”，说明小说扮演着社会粘合剂，可以加强有益社会的行为。因此C选项符合题意。A选项中的“有助进化”，文中未提及；B选项错在动词“advocate”，文中说的是“fightagainst”；D选项中错在“setregulations”

2.细节题。题干：调查中的受访者被要求做什么？由题干定位到第二段最后一句“herespondentswereaskedtodefinecharactersasprotagonistsorantagonistsandthentodescribetheirpersonalityandmotives…”，要求受访者将小说人物分为主角和反面角色，然后说明各自的性格和动机。选项A符合题意。

3.细节题。题干：小说里关于坏男孩和坏女孩的说了些什么？文章第三段最后一句说到“Badguysandgirlsarejustdominancemachines;theyareobsessedwithgettingahead,theyrarelyhavepro-socialbehaviours”，可知坏人想要出人头地，很少做有益社会的活动。因此D选项符合题意。

4.细节题。题干：在文学的政治动态中，统治行为与什么相对立？由题干定位到第四段第一句“…thepoliticaldynamicatworkinthesenovels,thebasicoppositionbetweencommunitarianismanddominancebehavior…”，可知共有社会主义与统治行为的本质对抗是永恒的主题。因此B选项符合题意。

9.单选题

（）elephantsaredifferentfromwildelephantsinmanyaspects,includingtheirtempers.

问题1选项

A.Cultivated

B.Regulated

C.Civil

D.Tame

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。cultivated“有教养的，栽培的”；regulated“约束，调节”；civil“有礼貌的”；tame“驯服的，乏味的”。句意：被驯服的大象与野生大象在许多方面有差异，包括性格。由wild可知此空应填与之意思相反的单词，故D项正确。

10.单选题

Amywaselectedchairmanofthecommitteebya（

）vote.

问题1选项

A.ambiguous

B.synonymous

C.simultaneous

D.unanimous

【答案】D

【解析】ambiguous模糊不清的；synonymous同义的；simultaneous同时发生的；unanimous全体一致的。句意:艾米经全体一致投票当选为委员会主席。选项D符合句意。

11.翻译题

在中国较大的城市中，自行车流——曾一度是中国城市最生动的形象之一，已经被挤满汽车的街道取代了，可怕的是，驾驶者大多是新手。通过禁止或严格限制在这些城市使用摩托车，中国跳过了它的亚洲邻国的发展模式，在这些国家中，摩托车通常使新富们初次尝到了不需费力就可四处移动的滋味。拥有大约九百万辆普通自行车的上海，去年因禁止自行车在市中心的主要街道上行驶，引起了媒体的一阵批评。但是近来自行车用得是越来越少了。

【答案】

InChina'sbiggercities,theriversofbicycles—onceoneofthemostvividimagesofurbanChina—havebeenreplacedwithstreetsjammedwithcars,mostofthem,terrifyingly,areinthehandsofnovicedrivers.Bybanningorseverelyrestrictingmotorcycleuseinthesecities,ChinahasleapfroggedthedevelopmentpatternofitsAsianneighbors,wherethemotorbikehasusuallyprovidedthenewlyaffluentwiththeirfirsttasteofeffortlessmobility.Shanghai,hometoabout9millionordinarybikes,arousedaflurryofmediacriticismlastyearbybanningthemfrommainroadsinthecenter.Buttheyarelessandlessusedthesedays.

12.翻译题

正是因为不停地追求进取，我们才感到生活幸福。一件事完成后，另一件随之而来，如此连绵不绝，永无止境。对于往前看的人来说，眼前总有一番新天地。虽然我们蜗居于这颗小行星上，整日忙于琐事且生命短暂，但我们生来就有不尽的希望，如天上繁星，遥不可及。只要生命犹在，希望便会不止。真正的幸福在于怎样开始，而不是如何结束，在于我们的希冀。

【答案】Itisbecauseofthecontinuouspursuitofprogressthatwefeelhappyinourlife.Onethingalwaysleadstoanotherinanendlessseries.Forthosewholookahead,thereisalwaysanewworldinfront.Thoughwedwellonasmallplanet,engagedinchoresandashortlife,wearesoconstitutedthatourhopesareinaccessible,likestars,andthetermofhopingisprolongeduntilthetermoflife.Whilethereislife,thereishope.Truehappinessliesinhowwebegin,nothowweend,inwhatwewantandnotwhatwehave.

13.单选题

Itwasobviousthatsheandherhusbandwere（）andshewishedshe’dnevermarriedhim.

问题1选项

A.incompatible

B.insensible

C.inseparable

D.insolvable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。incompatible“不相容的；矛盾的”;insensible“昏迷的；无知觉的”；inseparable“不可分的”；insolvable“不能解决的”。根据后半句“她希望没跟他结过婚”可知他们两人是有着不可调和的矛盾，因此选项A符合题意。

14.单选题

Billisanexampleofaseverelydisabledpersonwhohasbecome（）atmanysurvivalskills.

问题1选项

A.proficient

B.persistent

C.consistent

D.sufficient

【答案】A

【解析】proficient精通的,熟练的;persistent持续的;consistent连续的,一致的;sufficient足够的。句意：严重残疾的人也能够掌握很多生存证明,比尔就是其中的例证。

15.单选题

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParagraphI?

3.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparalleltothatof（

）.

问题1选项

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress.

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

问题2选项

A.Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

问题3选项

A.althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotdisturbed

B.datafromexperimentsindicatethatovercrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathology

C.thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowding

D.Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeople

问题4选项

A.Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.

B.Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.

C.Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.

D.Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.

问题5选项

A.cruel,powerfulpeople

B.peoplewhoabandonedtheirchildren

C.hyperactivepeople

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词stabilizedtheratpopulation定位至第一段:...stabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers(抛弃幼崽，让其失去母亲的照顾，以此来稳定种群数量)，因此B项正确。

2.推断题。第一段：Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.卡尔霍恩能得出结论：过度拥挤导致鼠群中正常的社会关系断裂，这是一种社会疾病。因此B与C都是正确的。B:种群数量过多导致鼠群出现病态行为。C:在过度拥挤的情况下，鼠群就会出现压力。第一段：...experimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologists,JohnCalhoun.：心理学家约翰•卡尔霍恩用老鼠作实验，研究老鼠种群数量过剩对整个群体的影响,因此推断D:卡尔霍恩曾经用老鼠作实验，正确。故选择A:卡尔霍恩的实验仍旧重要，无从推断。

3.主旨题。B项:实验数据表明过度拥挤是导致社会疾病的一个重要原因,符合文章主旨。

4.细节题。第三段：Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.处于统治地位的雄性老鼠几乎不会受到种群数量过多的影响。因为每一只强壮的雄性老鼠都霸占了属于它自己的封闭空间。...thedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace：统治地位的雄性老鼠有足够的生活空间。故A:统治地位的雄性老鼠有合适的生活空间，正确。第三段：...theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.这些个体不曾尝到其他个体所经历的过度拥挤。故B:统治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻体会到其他老鼠所尝到的过度拥挤的滋味，正确第三段：Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale：它们的反社会行为包括攻击弱势雄性老鼠。故C:统治地位的雄性老鼠攻击弱势老鼠，正确。所以选择D:强壮的雄性老鼠总能适应恶劣环境，文章未提及。

5.推断题。最后一段指出：Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.鼠群的行为与人类的行为相似。PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.人口密度大的地区的人也会出现反常行为，而这些行为与卡尔霍恩实验中老鼠的反常行为是相似的。因此推断A项(残忍且强有力的人)正确。

16.单选题

Helicobacterpyloriisoneofhumanity’soldestandclosestcompanions,andyetittookscientistsmorethanacenturytorecognizeit.Asearlyas1875,Germananatomistsfoundspiralbacteriacolonizingthemucuslayerofthehumanstomach,butbecausetheorganismscouldnotbegrowninapureculture,theresultswereignoredandthenforgotten.Itwasnotuntil1982thatAustraliandoctorsBarryJ.MarshallandJ.RobinWarrenisolatedthebacteria,allowinginvestigationsofHpylori’sroleinthestomachtobegininearnest.Overthenextdecaderesearchersdiscoveredthatpeoplecarryingtheorganismshadanincreasedriskofdevelopingpepticulcers—breaksintheliningofthestomachorduodenum—andthatHpyloricouldalsotriggertheonsetofthemostcommonformofstomachcancer.

JustasscientistswerelearningtheimportanceofHpylori,however,theydiscoveredthatthebacteriaarelosingtheirfootholdinthehumandigestivetract.Whereasnearlyalladultsinthedevelopingwouldstillcarrytheorganism,itsprevalenceismuchlowerindevelopedcountriessuchastheU.S.EpidemiologistsbelievethatHpylorihasbeendisappearingfromdevelopednationsforthepast100yearsthankstoimprovedhygiene,whichblocksthetransmissionofthebacteria,andtothewidespreaduseofantibiotics.AsHpylorihasretreated,theratesofpepticulcersandstomachcancerhavedropped.Butatthesametime,diseasesoftheesophagus—includingacidrefluxdiseaseandaparticularlydeadlytypeofesophagealcancer—haveincreaseddramatically,andawidebodyofevidenceindicatesthattheriseoftheseillnessesisalsorelatedtothedisappearanceofHpylori.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeinwritingthispassageisto().

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

3.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablyfollowthelastsentenceofthispassage?

问题1选项

A.alterpeopletotheharmofHpyloricolonizationofthestomach

B.makepeopleawareoftheharmoferadicatingHpylorifromthestomach

C.suggestthatthebenefitsoferadicatingHpylorifromthestomacharenotoutweighedbythepotentialharm.

D.callattentiontotheconsequencesoferadicatingHpylorifromthestomach.

问题2选项

A.Improvementsinsanitationareavitalelementinhelpingwardoffpepticulcers.

B.Peopleinthedevelopingcountriesarenotlikelytocontractesophagealdiseases.

C.Nowadaysfewpeopleinthedevelopedcountriessufferfromstomachcancer.

D.ScientistshavelongrecognizedHpylori’simportantroleinthestomach,butcoulddonothingabout.

问题3选项

A.Furthermore,thedisappearanceofHpylorimaybeasentinelindicatingthepossibilityofothermicrobialextinctionsaswell.

B.Thepossibilitythatthisbacteriummayactuallyprotectpeopleagainstdiseaseoftheesophagushassignificantimplications.

C.However,therehasbeenanunexpectedriseintheincidenceofanewclassofdiseasesinvolvingtheesophagus.

D.TheriseofthesediseaseshasoccurredjustasHpylorihasbeendisappearing,anditistemptingtoassociatethetwophenomena.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

【解析】1.主旨题。题干：作者写这篇文章的主要目的是为了______。文章第一段主要介绍了幽门螺旋杆菌的发现以及幽门螺旋杆菌与消化性溃疡的关系。第二段介绍研究发现食道疾病的增加与幽门螺旋杆菌的小时有关。作者旨在唤起人们对这种细菌的认识，因此D选项符合题意。

2.判断推理题。题干：从文章中可以推断出下列哪个陈述？第二段第二句中提到“Hpylorihasbeendisappearingfromdevelopednationsforthepast100yearsthankstoimprovedhygiene,whichblocksthetransmissionofthebacteria”，说明由于卫生条件改善，幽门螺旋杆菌已从发达国家消失，因此A选项符合题意；在发达国家，幽门螺旋杆菌的携带率低，导致发达国家的食道癌患病率增加，但并没有提到发