考研考博-英语-兰州文理学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州文理学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Itwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial（）willbeconductedbycomputer.

问题1选项

A.transmissions

B.transitions

C.transactions

D.transformations

【答案】C

【解析】句意:事实上，所有的资金交易都将由计算机来处理，人们将不需要携带大量的现金，所以在街上闲逛将会更安全。

考查名词辨析。transmission传送，传递，传达，传播，传染；transition过渡，转变，转换；transaction交易，事务；transformation转化，转换，改革，变形。由句意“人们将不需要携带大量的现金”可知C正确。

2.单选题

Awell-writtencomposition______goodchoiceofwordsandclearorganizationamongotherthings.

问题1选项

A.callson

B.callsfor

C.callsup

D.callsoff

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项callon“访问，拜访；号召，请求”；B选项callfor“要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为……叫喊；前往接某人”；C选项callup“打电话给；使想起；提出”；D选项calloff“取消；叫走；放弃；宣告终止”。句意：一篇写得好的作文，除其他外，还要求选词得当，条理清晰。因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s（）policies.

问题1选项

A.economic

B.economical

C.economy

D.economics

【答案】A

【解析】形近词辨析。economic经济学的，经济的；economical节约的，节俭的；economy经济；economics经济学。句意：虽然Smith博士本人不是经济学家，但他长期以来一直是政府经济政策的严厉批评者。选项A符合句意。

4.单选题

Basedonthe（

）thateverybusinessisnowfreetoformulateitsownstrategyinlightofthechangingmarket,IwouldpredictamarketimprovementintheefficiencyofChinaseconomy.

问题1选项

A.guidance

B.instruction

C.premise

D.eminence

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。guidance“指导”；instruction“指令，指示”；premise“前提”；eminence“卓越，著名”。句意：基于任何企业都可以根据市场变化自由确定发展战略这一点，我估计中国经济市场的效率会提高。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

A(n)______ofemploymentopportunities_____prospectiveemployeesenteringthejobmarket.

问题1选项

A.excess;impedes

B.surfeit;hinder

C.lack;inspires

D.dearth;discourages

【答案】D

【解析】考查词汇辨析。A选项excess“超过，超额；过度，过量；无节制”；impede“阻碍；妨碍；阻止”；B选项surfeit“过度；饮食过度；恶心（由于饮食过度所引起）”；hinder“成为阻碍；阻碍；打扰”；C选项lack“缺乏，不足”；inspire“激发；鼓舞；启示；产生；使生灵感”；D选项dearth“缺乏；饥馑；粮食不足”，较lack更正式；discourage“阻止；使气馁”。句意：就业机会的缺乏阻碍了未来的雇员进入就业市场。因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

1EtienneKlein,acelebratedFrenchphysicistandpopularizerofscience,seemssettolosehispostaspresidentoftheInstituteforAdvancedStudiesinScienceandTechnology(IHEST)inParisafterallegationsthatheplagiarizedtheworkofmorethanadozenscientists,philosophersandwritersinvariousbooksandarticles.AsourceatFrance’sMinistryofScienceandEducationyesterdayconfirmedthatadecreeendingKlein'stenurehasbeensignedbythecurrentministerandisnowawaitingthesignatureofFrenchPresidentFrancoisHollande.

2ButKleinsaysherefusestoleave.Inanopenletterpublishedlastweek,hewrotethataninvestigativepanelthatlookedintothematterhasfoundnoevidenceofmisconductandthatheseesnoreasontostepdown.“Myscientificintegrityisabsolute,”Kleinwrotetosciencejournalistsinanemail.Thereporthasnotbeenmadepublic.

3KleinleadsasmallgroupstudyingscienceitselfattheAlternativeEnergiesandAtomicfameEnergyCommission(CEA)nearParis,butseldompublishesinthescientificliterature;hisfamestemsfrombooksandarticlesinpopularmagazines,mostlyaboutphysics.Healsohostsaweeklyradioshowaboutscience.PresidentHollandeappointedKleinpresidentofIHEST—whichseekstobuildtrustinscienceandtoreflectonitssocialeconomicandpoliticalaspects—inSeptember2016.

4InNovember,theweeklymagazineL’ExpressreportedthatKleinhadcopiedpassagesfromFrenchandforeignauthorsinarecentbiographyofAlbertEinsteinandinseveralotherpublications.Kleindefendedsomeoftheinstancesbutadmittedhehadmade“mistakes”inothers;afewdayslater,L'Expresspublishedsevenmoreexamplesofallegedplagiarism,towhichKleinhasnotresponded.

5CEAhasnotinvestigatedthematter.AspokespersonsaysKleinwrotethedisputedpublicationsonhisowntime,notasaCEAresearcher.“Thisisaprivatematter,”thespokespersonsays.Thisiswhygovernmentofficialsaskedanindependentfour-memberpaneltoinvestigatethecharges.ThecommissionfinisheditsworkinlateJanuary,butwhenitpresenteditsreporttothegovernment,nothinghappenedforalmost2months.ThenKleinpublishedhisopenletteron29March.

6Intheletter,hequotedafewparagraphsfromthereportinwhichthecommissionsaidithadnotfoundethicalbreachesinKleinsworkforCEAandthatitwasneither“competent”nortaskedtojudgewhetherKleincommittedplagiarisminthelegalsense.Nonetheless,thecommissionrecommendedthathestepdownfromIHEST,Kleinwrote,“soasnottocausedifficultiesfortheinstituteanditsimportantmissions.”Kleinsayshehasnointentionofdoingso.“Idon’twanttobejudgedbythepress,butaccordingtothecriteriaofFrenchlaw,”hewroteinanemail.

7Theleaderofthefour-memberpanelsayshecan'tdiscussthereport;hesayshehopesitwillbemadepublicbytheauthorities.ButheconfirmsthatthepaneldidnotconsidertheissueofwhetherKleinsreuseofotherwriters’wordsbrokeanylaws.“Kleincametothecommissionwithhislawyer,”hesays,“we’renotjudges,werenotthepolice,we'rejustfouracademics.”

8KleinsaysthathisbookaboutEinsteincontainsmorethan120attributedquotesaswell,which“provesthatIhavenoproblemwithquotingsomeone.WhatIambeingblamedforisduetocarelessnessornegligence,especiallyinmyfilemanagement,nottoaconsciousdesiretoplagiarize.”

9Inastorypublishedlastweek,L*ExpressspeculatesthatKlein’sopenlettermayhavebeenalast-ditchefforttoaverthisdismissalordelayadecisionuntilaftertheupcomingelections,inthehopethatanewpresidentmightsavehim.ButKleinsaysheisnotawareofanydecisiontofirehim.Hesayshewentpublicbecausehehadexpectedthecommissiontopubliclyreaffirmhisscientificintegrity.“Thatwasakeyissueforme,Kleinsays.“Whennothinghappenedinthatregard,Idecidedtospeakoutmyself.”

1.Basedonthisveryrecentarticle,wemayassumethatEtienneKleinis（

）.

2.TheinformationinthisarticleseemstoindicatethatKlein（

）.

3.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,Kleinappearedtobeonthevergeofgettingfiredfromatleastoneofhispositions.Hisreactionhasbeento（

）.

4.InhisworkatIHESTKlein（

）.

问题1选项

A.wellknownprimarilytohisfellowphysicists

B.bestknowntoFrenchtelevisionviewerswhowatchhisshow

C.wellknowntomostFrenchpeoplecuriousaboutscience

D.wellknownprimarilytohighofficialsofthecurrentFrenchgovernment

问题2选项

A.occasionallyneglectedtostatethatbitsoftextinhispublishedworkcomefromotherwritersandresearchers

B.falsifiedscientificdatatoincreasehischancesofgettinghisarticlesacceptedforpublication

C.presentedtheresearchfindingsofotherscientistsashisownwork

D.publishedalifeofAlbertEinsteinputtogetherfronbitsandpiecestakenfromtheworkofotherbiographers,withoutattributionandwithlittleofhisownwriting

问题3选项

A.darehisdetractorstoremovehimthroughcourtaction,accordingtoFrenchlaw

B.arguethathecannotberemovedbyFrenchpoliticiansunlesshisfellowphysicistsagree

C.announcethathewillstepdownquietlyifthepresidentsowishes

D.appealtotheFrenchpublictosupporthiminhisstrugglewithjealousscientificrivalsandhostilepoliticians

问题4选项

A.doesresearchintheoreticalphysics

B.studiestheneedsofFrenchscientistsandreportsthemtothegovernment

C.leadshiscolleaguesinthinkingaboutnon-scientificaspectsofscience

D.studiesscienceitself

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。文章指出:EtienneKlein一位著名的法国物理学家和科学普及者。本题四个选项:A“主要被同行物理学家中熟知”；B“在看他的节目的法国电视观众中最有名气"；C“被大多数对科学好奇的法国民众熟知”；D“主要被现任法国政府高级官员所熟知”,其中C项最为合适。

2.推理判断题。关于Klein的抄袭问题,他自己的说法是:关于爱因斯坦的书中包含了超过120个引语，这证明了我在引用某人时没有问题。我被指责的原因应该是粗心或疏忽，尤其是在我的文件管理中，而不是不是有意抄袭。因此选A:偶尔忽略了他所发表的作品中的一些文字来自其他作家和研究人员。

3.细节事实题。第二段指出Klein拒绝离开。在上周发表的一封公开信中，他写道，一个调查小组没有发现任何不当行为的证据，而且他认为没有理由下台。“我的科学诚信是绝对的，”Klein在一封电子邮件中给科学记者写道。该报道尚未公开。因此选A:根据法国法律，通过法律手段，挑战诋毁他的人。

4.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第三段:PresidentHollandeappointedKleinpresidentofIHEST-whichseekstobuildtrustinscienceandtoreflectonitssocialeconomicandpoliticalaspects~inSeptember2016(奥朗德总统任命克莱恩为IHEST的主席,希望建立对科学的信任并对社会经济和政治方面进行反思)。故选C:带领同事思考科学的非科学方面。

7.单选题

Bringingupchildrenishardwork,andyouareoftentoblameforanybadbehaviorofyourchildren.Ifso,JudithRichHarrishasgoodnewsforyou.Parents,sheargues,havenoimportantlong-termeffectsonthedevelopmentofthepersonalityoftheirchildren.Farmoreimportantaretheirplaygroundfriendsandneighborhoodcompanions.Ms.Harristakestobeattheassumptionwhichhasdominateddevelopmentalpsychologyforalmosthalfacentury.

Ms.Harris'sattackonthedevelopmentalists,“nurture”argumentlookslikelytoreinforcedoubtsthattheprofessionwasalreadyhaving.Ifparentsmatter,whyisitthattwoadoptedchildren,rearedinthesamehome,arenomoresimilarinpersonalitythantwoadoptedchildrenrearedinseparatehomesorthatapairofidenticaltwins,rearedinthesamehome,arcnomorealikethanapairofidenticaltwinsrearedindifferenthomes?

Difficultasitistotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringing,itmaybehardertomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildhoodandadolescence.Ms.Harrispointstohowchildrenfromimmigranthomessoonlearnnottospeakatschoolinthewaytheirparentsspeak.Butacquiringalanguageissurelyaskill,ratherthanacharacteristicofthesortdevelopmentalpsychologistshuntfor.Certainlyitisdifferentfromgrowinguptenseorrelaxed,orfromlearningtobehonestorhard-workingorgenerous.Easythoughasitmaybetoprovethatparentshavelittleimpactonthosequalities,itwillbehardtoprovethatpeershavevastlymore.

Moreover,mumanddadsurelycannotbeditchedcompletely.Youngadultsmay,asMs.Hamsargues,bekeentoappearliketheircontemporaries.Buteveninthoseearlyyears,parentshavethepowertoopendoor:Theymayinitiallychoosethepeerswithwhomtheirchildrenassociate,andpickthatinfluentialneighborhood.Moreover,mostpeoplesuspectthattheycometoresembletheirparentsmoreinmiddleage,andthatpeople'schild-rearinghabitsmaybeformedpartlybywhattheirparentsdid.Sothebalanceofinfluencesisprobablycomplicated,asmostparentsalreadysuspectedwithoutbeingabletodemonstrateitscientifically.Evenifitturnsoutthatthegenestheypassonandthefriendstheirchildrenplaywithmatterasmuchasaffection,disciplineandgoodexample,parentsarenotcompletelyoffthehook.

1.AccordingtoMs.Harris,（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingviewswouldthedevelopmentalistsagreewith?

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementssummarizesthemainpointofParagraphthree?

4.Theword"ditched"(Para4)couldbestbereplacedby（）.

5.Whatistheauthor'smainpurpose?

问题1选项

A.parentshavenotinvestedenoughtimeandenergyintheirchildren

B.children'spersonalityisshapedbypeopletheymixwithoutsidethehome

C.inthelongrun,parentswillaffecttheirchildren'spersonality

D.natureratherthannurturehasasignificanteffectonchildren'spersonalitydevelopment

问题2选项

A.Childrentendtoassumetheirparents'personality

B.Childrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirpeersthanbytheirparents.

C.Identicaltwinsrearedinthesamehomearesimilarinpersonality.

D.Identicaltwinsunderthesameparentdevelopseparatepersonalities.

问题3选项

A.Parentalinfluenceismoreimportantthantheinfluenceofthepeergroups.

B.Tomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildhoodandadolescenceishard.

C.Childrensubjecttopeergroupinfluenceoftenlearnhowtobehonest,hard-working,orgenerous.

D.Peersandparentshavesimilarinfluenceonachild’spersonalitydevelopment.

问题4选项

A.proved

B.emphasized

C.compared

D.ignored

问题5选项

A.TohighlypraiseMs.Harris'swork.

B.TocounterMs.Harris'swork.

C.ToobjectivelyreportonMs.Harris'swork.

D.TocriticallycommentonMs.Harris'swork.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。A项“父母没有为他们的孩子投入足够的时间和精力”，D项“先天而非后天培养对儿童的个性发展有显著影响”文中没有提及；C项“从长远来看，父母会影响孩子的个性”，原文第一段提到“Parents,sheargues,havenoimportantlong-termeffectsonthedevelopmentofthepersonalityoftheirchildren.她（即Harris女士）称，父母对孩子的个性发展没有重要的长期影响”可推断C项错误；B项“孩子的性格受家庭外他们交往的人的影响”，文章第一段提到“Farmoreimportantaretheirplaygroundfriendsandneighborhoodcompanions（在小孩的性格形成上）有更重要影响的是孩子在操场上的朋友和街坊伙伴”可推断B项正确。

2.判断推理题。A项“孩子往往里呈现父母的性格”，文章只说影响，并未提及呈现父母的性格，不是心理学家的观点。B项“孩子更多受同龄人的影响，而不是父母的影响”是HarrisHairis女士的观点。D项“同一家庭的双胞胎性格不一样”为Harris的观点。C项“同一家庭抚养的相同双胞胎在性格上相似”正确。题干提问“发展心理学家”所认同的观点。文章第二段中提到Ms.Harris'’sattackonthedevelopmentalists,’“nurture”argumentlookslikelytoreinforcedoubtsthattheprofessionwasalreadyhaving.Harris女士对发展心理学家认为的养育论的攻击很可能强化了心理学家已有的怀疑”，接着提出疑问：:“如果父母对孩子性格的形成有影响，为什么同一家庭抚养的两个收养的小孩的性格不相似，不同家庭分别抚养的两个收养的孩子性格也不相似？或者为什么同一个家庭的双胞胎性格不相似，不同家庭抚养的一对双胞胎在性格上也不相似呢？”，反之可推断，发展心理学家所认为的观点是：同一家庭抚养的孩子在性格上是相似的，故选C项。

3.事实细节题。A项“父母的影响比同龄人群体的影响更重要。”与原文相反，C项“受同龄人影响的儿童经常学习如何诚实、努力工作或慷慨”文中没有提及。D项“同龄人和父母对孩子的个性发展也有类似的影响。”与原文不符。文章第三段提到“Difficultasitistotrackthepreciseeffectsofparentalupbringing,itmaybehardertomeasuretheexactinfluenceofthepeergroupinchildhoodandadolescence.虽然很难衡量父母教养的确切影响，但衡量同龄人群体在童年和青春期的确切影响更难。”可推断出B项“衡量同龄人群体在童年和青春期的确切影响是很困难的”正确；故选B。

4.词汇题。文章最后一段提到父母对小孩的影响如“选择孩子交往的对象和小孩生活的环境，及大多数人认为自己在中年时开始像自己的父母，育儿习惯可能部分受父母影响”可推知“父母对小孩性格的形成的影响是不可忽视的”，由此知“ditched”的意思最可能为“被忽视的”，故D项正确。A项“被证实的”；B项“被强调的”；C项“被比较的”。

5.观点态度题。A项“高度赞扬Harris女士的工作”；B项“反驳了Harris女士的工作”；C项“客观地报道了Harris女士的工作”。文章第三段中提到“Butacquiringalanguageissurelyaskill,ratherthanacharacteristicofthesortdevelopmentalpsychologistshuntfor.但获得一门语言肯定是一种技能，而不是发展心理学家所寻找的性格”，最后一段中“Buteveninthoseearlyyears,parentshavethepowertoopendoor:Theymayinitiallychoosethepeerswithwhomtheirchildrenassociate,andpickthatinfluentialneighborhood.但即使在早期，父母也有能力打开大门：他们可能首先会选择与孩子交往的同龄人，并选择有影响力的邻居。可推断“作者对Harris女士的工作进行了批评性地的评论”，故选D。

8.单选题

Formostthinkerssince（theGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexiststhatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.

Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology（人类学）.Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate（天生的）humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.

Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablytiesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.

1.Thetraditionalviewof"humannature"wasstronglychallengedby（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings

（

）.

3.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinkerinorderto

（

）.

4.Theword“untenable”inthelastparagraph（Line3）ofthepassagemostprobablymeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheory

B.thehistoricalapproachtoman

C.newinsightintohumanbehavior

D.thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery

问题2选项

A.havesometraitsincommon

B.arebornwithdiversecultures

C.arebornwithoutafixednature

D.changetheircharactersastheygrowup

问题3选项

A.Emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof“humannature’’

B.showthattheconceptofhumannaturewasusedtojustifysocialevils

C.provethatliehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof"humannature"

D.supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired

问题4选项

A.invaluable

B.imaginable

C.changeable

D.indefensible

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由文章第二段“Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.最近人们开始对人性本质的传统观点产生质疑。其中一个理由就是人们越来越重视人类历史研究方法与途径。”可知人性本质的传统观点遭到历史研究方法的挑战。故答案B

第2题:细节理解题。根据第二段“Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled‘humannature’.一项对人类历史的研究表明，我们这个时代的人与以前的人是如此不同，以至于认为每个时代的人都有可以称为‘共同的人性之处’似乎是不现实的。”可知C项正确，答案C

第3题:推理判断题。由题干的Aristotle定位到文章第二段“Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.另一个促使人们倾向于否定固定人性假设的因素是，这一概念经常被滥用，被用作大多数不人道行为的挡箭牌。”可知答案B

第4题:词义题。invaluable“无价的”；imaginable“可以想象的”；changeable“易变的”；indefensible“站不住脚的”。由“Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.一旦人类开始被看作是在进化过程中发展起来的，那么包含在人类本质中的一种物质的观点就似乎站不住脚了。答案D

9.单选题

Signswarnedthatthetrailwas（）eveningoodweatherconditions,soonlyexperiencedandwell-equippedhikersshouldattemptit.

问题1选项

A.affluent

B.wholesome

C.treacherous

D.incurable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项affluent“丰富的”；B选项wholesome“健全的”；C选项treacherous“危险的”；D选项incurable“不能治愈的”。句意：指示牌上写着，即使在天气条件好的情况下，这条小路也是危险的，所以只有经验丰富、装备精良的徒步旅行者才能尝试。本句表示小路很危险。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Thetrainis________atthedestinationstationat11o’clockthisevening.

问题1选项

A.due

B.vital

C.instant

D.available

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.due预期的，预计的B.vital必不可少的，极其重要的

C.instant立即的，立刻的D.available可获得的，可找到的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处做表语来说明火车的性质，后半句说到“今晚11点（at11o’clockthisevening）到达终点站”，通常来说，火车的时刻表是固定的，所以火车到达终点站的时间是可以预计到的。due指预计在特定的时间或地点发生，因此A选项due“预期的，预计的”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项vital“必不可少的，极其重要的”指为了某事物的成功或存在所必需的或必要的，不能和“11o’clockthisevening（今晚11点）”相对应；

C选项instant“立即的，立刻的”指某事迅速发生，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

D选项available“可获得的，可找到的”指容易得到或使用，不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】火车预计于今晚11点到达终点站。

11.单选题

Hesaidtherewasagreatgapbetweentheviewsexpressedinthemediaandwhat（

）peoplewerethinking

问题1选项

A.usual

B.general

C.normal

D.ordinary

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他说媒体表达出来的观点与普通大众所想之间存在巨大的差距。usual“普通的”;general“一般的”；normal“正常的；正规的”；ordinary“普通的，平凡的”。ordinarypeople“普通人，一般人”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat______.

问题1选项

A.loss

B.stake

C.danger

D.threat

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项loss“损失”；B选项stake“（在公司、计划等中的）重大利害关系”，atstake“得失都可能；有风险”；C选项danger“危险”；D选项threat“威胁，恐吓；凶兆”。句意：农民比城市里的人更渴望雨水，因为他们面临着更多______。根据语境，这里指的是没有下雨的话，农民比城市里的人面临更多不确定因素，结合短语atstake“得失都可能；有风险”，B选项stake“（在公司、计划等中的）重大利害关系”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

13.翻译题

在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不好，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。数学能训练人的逻辑思维。其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。

Thefirstbeginningsofthetheorymaybepromptedbycasualobservationandexperience.Inthesefirstprobestowardtheory,descriptionoffactsmakesupmostshareoftheeffort.Increasingsophisticationandrigorleadstoagrowingconcernwithtestingtentativetheoriesusingcarefullyselecteddataandavarietyofstatisticaltechniques.Intheselaterdevelopments,thesubjectmatterofadisciplinebecomesincreasinglytheoreticalanddeductive,ratherthanempiricalanddescriptive.

【答案】Layingasolidfoundationforstudywillworkforallyourlife.Intherudimentarystageoflearning,themostimportantsubjectsinschooleducationarelanguageandMathematics.Languageisatoolforreadingandcommunication.Ifyouarepoorinyourmotherlanguage,youcannotexpressyourselfwell.Andyouwillfindit’sdifficulttoabsorbnewknowledgefromothercountrieswithoutmasteringaforeignlanguage.Mathematicscantrainpeople’slogicalthinking.It’shardtotellwhichsubjectismoreimportant,forothersubjectsalsohavetheirownadvantages.Forinstance,physicalandmusiceducationmakecontributiontoourintelligencedevelopment.

不经意的观察和经历可能会促进理论的开始。在探究理论之初，描述事实构成了这种探索努力的最大部分。随着理论不断变得复杂和严谨，人们开始使用精心挑选的数据和各式各样的统计方法来测试尝试性的理论。在随后的发展中，学科的主题变得理论化，并且具有推导性，不再是经验和描述的。

14.单选题

Fortune-tellersaregoodatmaking___statementssuchas“Yoursorrowswillchange”.

问题1选项

A.philosophical

B.ambiguous

C.literal

D.invalid

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项philosophical“哲学的（等于philosophic）；冷静的”；B选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；C选项literal“文字的；逐字的；无夸张的”；D选项invalid“无效的；有病的；残疾的”。句意：算命的人擅长说一些模棱两可的话，比如“你的悲伤会变的”。根据句意，B选项正确。

15.单选题

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffaloreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.

21.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

22.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctorsfact,theauthorimpliesthat______.

23.Paragraph3and4arewrittento______.

24.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat______.

25.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness

B.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder

C.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep

D.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep

问题2选项

A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic

B.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents

C.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblem

D.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicate

问题3选项

A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes

B.discussthecauseofdoctorssleepproblems

C.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatients

D.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep

问题4选项

A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations

B.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch

C.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific

D.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan

问题5选项

A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.

B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequatelyrested.

D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorfromtheirpositions.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】21.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（这可能是一种潜在的紊乱导致他们无法熟睡的结果。），说明潜在的紊乱可能导致人们睡眠质量不高，虽然睡眠时间长，但仍然感到疲惫。因此B选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的表现”正确。A选项“每天睡眠时间少于8小时的人更容易患病”，原文说的是每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A选