高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件

Englishlexicologyreview1-8Englishlexicologyreview1-81Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyInthischapter,youwillstudy…TherelationbetweensoundandmeaningTherelationbetweensoundandformTherelationbetweenwordsandvocabularyVocabularyclaasificationChapter1

Basicconceptsofw2Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Word---Awordisaminimalf3relationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaningThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning.Therelationshipbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.relationshipbetweenthesound4relationshipbetweenthesoundandformIntheearlieststageofEnglish,thewrittenformagreedwiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundwassimilartotheform.relationshipbetweenthesound5Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.(printingfreezedthespellingofwordsin1500)d).EnglishBorrowedwordsfromotherlanguages.Thedifferencebetweensounda6vocabularyVocabulary---allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.vocabularyVocabulary---allt7claassificationofwordsTheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.claassificationofwordsTheEn8

Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

byusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwords

by

notion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwords

byorigin.Wordsmayfall9basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularyTheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock:1)AllNationalcharacter（全民性mostimportant）2)Stability（稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（搭配性）basicwordstockandnonbasic10

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)T11contentwordsandfunctionalwordsBynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwords(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.contentwordsandfunctionalw12Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Languagefamily(语系),languagegroup(语族)thethreeperiodsofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary(英语词汇发展的三个阶段)ThreemodesofmodernEnglishvocabularydevelopment(现代英语词汇发展的三种模式)Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoft13TheIndo-Europeanfamily

ismadeupofmostofthelanguageofEurope,

theNearEast,andIndia.TheIndo-Europeanfamily14TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto8principalgroups，(语族）whichcanbegroupedinto

anEasternset,andaWesternset.TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefam15oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEngl16middleEnglish(1150-1500)MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledending.middleEnglish(1150-1500)Midd17modernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.modernEnglish(1500-uptonow18Englishhasevolvedfrom

asyntheticlanguage

[sin‘θetik]综合性语言(OldEnglish)tothepresent

analyticlanguage

[ænə’lɪtɪk]分析性语言.Englishhasevolvedfrom19summaryTheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.OldEnglishPeriodorTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(450-1100)

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage2MiddleEnglishPeriod(1150-1500)

English,LatinandFrenchexistedsidebyside.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.3ModernEnglishPeriod(1500-now):

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)Englishabsorbswordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.InModernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.summaryTheThreeStagesofDev20growthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyTherearethreemainsourcesofnewwords:1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology;2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.growthofpresent-dayEnglish21modes(模式)ofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:

creation,

semanticchange,

borrowing.modes(模式)ofvocabularydevel22Chapter3wordformationⅠ构词法Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Definitionofmorpheme,morph,allomorphTypesofmorphemeThedifferencebetweenrootandstemChapter3wordformationⅠ构词23Morpheme(词素)---theminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Morpheme(词素)---theminimalmea243.3typesofmorphemesFreemorphemes（自由词素）Boundmorphemes（粘附词素）3.3typesofmorphemesFreemor25afreemorphemereferstoamorphemethatcanstandalone.boundmorphemereferstoamorphemethataccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme.afreemorphemereferstoamo26Thetypesofmorphemesfreemorpheme=freerootMorphemeboundroot prefix boundmorpheme derivational affix suffix inflectional

Thetypesofmorphemes27高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件28Chapter4wordformationⅡTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon

word-formation.Chapter4wordformationⅡThe29affixationcompoundingconversionshorteningblendingBack-formationWordsfrompropernounsWord-formationprefixationsuffixationaffixationcompoundingconversio30Affixation词缀法Compounding复合法Conversion转类法Shortening缩略法Blending缩合法Back-formation逆生法Wordsfrompropernouns专有名词转化法Word-formation构词法Prefixation前缀法Suffixation后缀法Affixation词缀法Compounding复合法Con31Affixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingderivatonalaffixestostems.prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.Affixationistheformationof32Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.

Adj..N.FullyconvertedPartiallyconvertedConversionistheformatio33Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordpluspartofanotherword.Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains.Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjioningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.InitialismsarewordsprouncedletterbyletterAcronymsarewordsprouncedasanormalwordBack-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Blendingistheformationofn34NouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundscompoundingn.+n.(moonwalk)n.+v.(toothache)n.+v-ing(brainwashing)v.+n.(crybaby)a.+a.(deaf-mute)a.+v-ing(easy-going)Num.+n.(four-leg)Throughconversion(honeymoon)Throughbackformation(chain-smoke)NouncompoundsAdjectivecompou35

Conversiontonounsvn.(want/find)fullyconverted(white)an.partiallyconverted(poor)

conversionnv.(topocket)Conversiontoverbsa.v(wet/yellow)Conversionton36shorteningclippingacronymyInitialisms(VOA)Acronyms(NATO)Frontclipping(telephone)Backclipping(dormitory)Frontandback(influenza)Phraseclipping(popularmusic)shorteningclippingacronymyInit37

head+tail(motel---motor+hotel)haed+haed(telex—teleprinter+exchangeBlendinghead+word(medicare---medical+care)word+tail(workfare—work+welfare)head+tail(mot38Abstractnouns(emote---emotion)Humannouns(sculpt---sculptor)Back-formationCompoundnouns(babysit---babysitter)Adjectives(laze---lazy)

39Themostproductivewaysareaffixation,

compounding

andconversion.Themostproductivewaysare40Chapter5wordmeaningAwordisthecombinationofformandmeaning.Form---bothitspronunciationandspellingChapter5wordmeaningAwordi41Reference–istherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworldReference–istherelationshi42Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworld

inthehumanmind.Concept,43Sense–denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense.Sense–denotestherelations44高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件45Motivation理据onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声）morphologicalmotivation（形态）Motivationsemanticmotivation（词义）etymologicalmotivation（词源）Motivation理据465.3typesofmeaninggramaticalmeaningAssociativemeaningConnotativemeaningStylisticmeaning(formalneutralinformal)CollocativemeaningAffectivemeaning(appreciativepejorative)WordmeaningLexicalmeaningConceptualmeaning5.3typesofmeaninggramatical47Chapter6senserelationsandsemanticfield语义关系和语义场Inthischapter,youwilllearn:1.senserelations-----Polysemy([pə‘lɪsɪmi]多义关系)/poly’semant(多义词)Homonymy([ho‘mɑnəmi]

同音同形异义关系)/homonym(同音同形异义词)Synonymy

([sɪ‘nɑnəmi])同义关)/synonym(同义词)

Antonymy

([æn‘tɔnimi])反义关系)/antonym(反义词)

Hyponymy

([hai‘pɔnimi])上下义关系)/hyponym(下义词)2.semanticfieldChapter6senserelationsand48Polysemyisacommonfeature(共同特征)peculiartoallnaturallanguages.InmodernEnglish,anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous.Polysemyisacommonfeature(49Diachronicapproach

[‘daɪə’krɑnɪk]历时方法Synchronicapproach

[sɪŋ‘krɑnɪk]共时方法Diachronicapproach[‘daɪə’krɑ50高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件51twoprocessesofdevelopmentThedevelopmentofword-meaningfrommonosemy(['mɔnəu,si:mi])topolysemyfollowstwocourses:Radiation[,reidi‘eiʃən]辐射型concatenation[kənkætə‘neɪʃn]连锁型twoprocessesofdevelopmentTh52高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件53homonymy

[ho‘mɑnəmi]同形同音异义关系Homonyms

(['hɔmənim]同形同音异义词

)

--aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspelling

oridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

homonymy

[ho‘mɑnəmi]同形同音异义关系546.2.1typesofhomonyms

['hɔmənim]同形同音异义词

Basedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreeclasses:1.PerfectHomonyms同形同音异义词

2.Homographs同形异音异义词

3.Homophones同音异形异义词

Ofthethreetypes,

homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.6.2.1typesofhomonyms

['hɔm556.3synonymy[sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ]同义关系

thesemanticrelationthatholdsbetweentwowordsthatcan(inagivencontext)expressthesamemeaning.(fromthedictionaryinsteadofthetextbook)6.3synonymy[sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ]同义关系t566.3.2typesofsynonymsSynonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups:1.AbsoluteSynonyms(CompleteSynonyms)2.Relativesynonyms(Near-Synonyms)6.3.2typesofsynonymsSynonym576.4antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]反义关系

Antonymy--isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonyms—canbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.6.4antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]反义关系A586.4.1typesofantonyms

[‘æntənɪm]反义词Threemajorgroups:Contradictoryterms(矛盾反义词)Contraryterms(对立反义词)Relativeterms(关系反义词)6.4.1typesofantonyms

[‘ænt596.5hyponymy[hai'pɔnimi]上下义关系

Hyponymy--dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.

Eg.tulipandrosearehyponyms([‘haɪpənɪm]下义词)offlowerlionandelephantarehyponymsofanimal.

6.5hyponymy[hai'pɔnimi]上下义关系60tree-likegraphLivingthingsCreatureplantAnimalinsectvegetableflowertreeHorsedogpigcockroachcabbagerosepinetree-likegraph616.6semanticfield语义场

Anintegratedsystemoflexemes([‘leksiːm]语义)interrelatedinsense.Wordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedfields.Eg.Apple,peach,orangeandsoonmakeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’.red,yellow,green,black,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘colors’.6.6semanticfield语义场Anint62Chapter7changesinwordmeaningInthischapter,youwilllearn:Ertension[ɪk‘stenʃ(ə)n]词义的扩大Narrowing[‘nærəʊiŋ]词义的缩小Degradation[,degrə‘deɪʃ(ə)n]词义的降格elevation[,elɪ‘veɪʃ(ə)n]词义的升华transfer[træns‘fɜː]词义的转移Chapter7changesinwordmean63Changesinwordmeaning

ExtensionNarrowingTypesofchangesElevationDegradationTransferHistoricalreasonExtra-languageClassreasonPsychologicalreasoncausesofchangesShorteningLanguageBorrowinganalogyChangesinwordmeaning64Changesinwordmeaning

Extension(generalization)Narrowing(specialization)TypesofchangesElevation(amelioration)[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]

Degradation(pejoration)[pi:dʒə’reiʃən]

TransferHistoricalreasonExtra-languageClassreasonPsychologicalreasoncausesofchangesShorteningLanguageBorrowinganalogyChangesinwordmeaning65

词义的扩大词义的缩小变化种类词义的升华词义的降格词义的转移词义的演变历史原因非语言原因阶级原因心理原因变化原因缩略词语言原因借词类比

66Englishlexicologyreview1-8Englishlexicologyreview1-867Chapter1

BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyInthischapter,youwillstudy…TherelationbetweensoundandmeaningTherelationbetweensoundandformTherelationbetweenwordsandvocabularyVocabularyclaasificationChapter1

Basicconceptsofw68Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Word---Awordisaminimalf69relationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaningThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning.Therelationshipbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.relationshipbetweenthesound70relationshipbetweenthesoundandformIntheearlieststageofEnglish,thewrittenformagreedwiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundwassimilartotheform.relationshipbetweenthesound71Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Someofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.(printingfreezedthespellingofwordsin1500)d).EnglishBorrowedwordsfromotherlanguages.Thedifferencebetweensounda72vocabularyVocabulary---allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.vocabularyVocabulary---allt73claassificationofwordsTheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.claassificationofwordsTheEn74

Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

byusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwords

by

notion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwords

byorigin.Wordsmayfall75basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularyTheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock:1)AllNationalcharacter（全民性mostimportant）2)Stability（稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（搭配性）basicwordstockandnonbasic76

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）

Non-basicvocabulary--

(1)T77contentwordsandfunctionalwordsBynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwords(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.contentwordsandfunctionalw78Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Languagefamily(语系),languagegroup(语族)thethreeperiodsofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary(英语词汇发展的三个阶段)ThreemodesofmodernEnglishvocabularydevelopment(现代英语词汇发展的三种模式)Chapter2

TheDevelopmentoft79TheIndo-Europeanfamily

ismadeupofmostofthelanguageofEurope,

theNearEast,andIndia.TheIndo-Europeanfamily80TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto8principalgroups，(语族）whichcanbegroupedinto

anEasternset,andaWesternset.TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefam81oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.oldEnglish(450-1150)OldEngl82middleEnglish(1150-1500)MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledending.middleEnglish(1150-1500)Midd83modernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.modernEnglish(1500-uptonow84Englishhasevolvedfrom

asyntheticlanguage

[sin‘θetik]综合性语言(OldEnglish)tothepresent

analyticlanguage

[ænə’lɪtɪk]分析性语言.Englishhasevolvedfrom85summaryTheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.OldEnglishPeriodorTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(450-1100)

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage2MiddleEnglishPeriod(1150-1500)

English,LatinandFrenchexistedsidebyside.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.3ModernEnglishPeriod(1500-now):

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)Englishabsorbswordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.InModernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylost.summaryTheThreeStagesofDev86growthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyTherearethreemainsourcesofnewwords:1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology;2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.growthofpresent-dayEnglish87modes(模式)ofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:

creation,

semanticchange,

borrowing.modes(模式)ofvocabularydevel88Chapter3wordformationⅠ构词法Inthischapter,youwilllearn:Definitionofmorpheme,morph,allomorphTypesofmorphemeThedifferencebetweenrootandstemChapter3wordformationⅠ构词89Morpheme(词素)---theminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Morpheme(词素)---theminimalmea903.3typesofmorphemesFreemorphemes（自由词素）Boundmorphemes（粘附词素）3.3typesofmorphemesFreemor91afreemorphemereferstoamorphemethatcanstandalone.boundmorphemereferstoamorphemethataccurswithatleastoneothermorpheme.afreemorphemereferstoamo92Thetypesofmorphemesfreemorpheme=freerootMorphemeboundroot prefix boundmorpheme derivational affix suffix inflectional

Thetypesofmorphemes93高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点课件94Chapter4wordformationⅡTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon

word-formation.Chapter4wordformationⅡThe95affixationcompoundingconversionshorteningblendingBack-formationWordsfrompropernounsWord-formationprefixationsuffixationaffixationcompoundingconversio96Affixation词缀法Compounding复合法Conversion转类法Shortening缩略法Blending缩合法Back-formation逆生法Wordsfrompropernouns专有名词转化法Word-formation构词法Prefixation前缀法Suffixation后缀法Affixation词缀法Compounding复合法Con97Affixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingderivatonalaffixestostems.prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.Affixationistheformationof98Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.

Adj..N.FullyconvertedPartiallyconvertedConversionistheformatio99Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordpluspartofanotherword.Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains.Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjioningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.InitialismsarewordsprouncedletterbyletterAcronymsarewordsprouncedasanormalwordBack-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Blendingistheformationofn100NouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundscompoundingn.+n.(moonwalk)n.+v.(toothache)n.+v-ing(brainwashing)v.+n.(crybaby)a.+a.(deaf-mute)a.+v-ing(easy-going)Num.+n.(four-leg)Throughconversion(honeymoon)Throughbackformation(chain-smoke)NouncompoundsAdjectivecompou101

Conversiontonounsvn.(want/find)fullyconverted(white)an.partiallyconverted(poor)

conversionnv.(topocket)Conversiontoverbsa.v(wet/yellow)Conversionton102shorteningclippingacronymyInitialisms(VOA)Acronyms(NATO)Frontclipping(telephone)Backclipping(dormitory)Frontandback(influenza)Phraseclipping(popularmusic)shorteningclippingacronymyInit103

head+tail(motel---motor+hotel)haed+haed(telex—teleprinter+exchangeBlendinghead+word(medicare---medical+care)word+tail(workfare—work+welfare)head+tail(mot104Abstractnouns(emote---emotion)Humannouns(sculpt---sculptor)Back-formationCompo