英语写作课件

英语写作课件提要：本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从提高单句的写作能力着手，消灭各种类型的基本错误，从而提高整体的写作能力。1.标点错误2.用词混淆3.搭配问题4.漏词5.累赘6.不一致7.不平衡8.错位9.垂悬10. 应用定语从句时易犯的错误英语写作课件1虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出，其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别，所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。实践表明，多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力，必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出26.1标点错误英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。英语是形合的，而汉语是意合的，这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接词，如or，but，if，so，because，when，although，inorderthat，sothat等等，所要表达的意思就会支离破碎，而汉语有时即便没有连接词，只从句子本身的意思也可以把概念或关系表达清楚。6.1标点错误3例如，中文可以说“一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行”。而英文要说“AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina．”又比如：“他笑了，我哭了”。英文不能说“Helaughed,Icried.”而要说“Helaughed,butIcried.”这个例子是典型的标点错误，英语语法家称之为commasplices(接合)，翻译成中文就是“串句”。下面我们通过一些练习来提高英文标点符号的使用能力。例如，中文可以说“一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行4（1）

采用多种方法，例如增加and或but，使用主从句、分词短语、不定式等改正下面的串句。a.

考试推迟了，上课取消了。误：Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.正：Theexamwaspostponed,andtheclasswascancelled.

Astheexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.b.

雨下了整整一夜，天花板开始漏水。误：Itrainedallnight,theceilingbegantoleak.正：Itrainedallnight,andtheceilingbegantoleak.Theceilingbegantoleakbecauseithadrainedallnight.Thenight-longraincausedtheceilingtoleak.（1） 采用多种方法，例如增加and或but，使用主从句、分5c.

他举起一块石头，石头砸在他的脚上。误：Heliftedarock,itfellonhisfeet.正：Heliftedarock,butitfellonhisfeet.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisfeet.d.

售票处排起了长队，所有票子都已售完。误：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,alltheticketshadbeensoldout.正：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,butalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,thoughalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,despitethefactthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.c.

他举起一块石头，石头砸在他的脚上。6（2）同样一句话，用了逗号，或者多用了一个逗号，或者逗号的位置不同，意思会完全改变。a.

作者原来的意思是：Thereweretenchairsintheroom.Threeofthemwerebroken.Theotherswerefine.下面哪一句最符合原意：(i)

Thechairs,whichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.(ii)

Thechairswhichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iii)

Thechairs,whichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iv)

Thechairswhichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.正确选择应为(ii)。如果选(i)，则意味着所有椅子都坏了。(iii)和(iv)在语法上都不成立。（2）同样一句话，用了逗号，或者多用了一个逗号，或者逗号的位7b.

请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。(i)

Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lectures,andspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的唱片、讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。(ii)

Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lecturesandspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的资料，即讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。b.

请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。8（3）去掉多余的逗号。a.误：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuse,andorganizedrobbery.正：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuseandorganizedrobbery.b.

误：Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcar,andtosellhisoldone.正：Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcarandtosellhisoldone.c.误：Hisstudents,listenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.正：Hisstudentslistenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.d.

误：Aletter,thatiswritteninpencil,isdifficulttoread.正：Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.（3）去掉多余的逗号。9e.误：Indeed,overpopulation(人口过剩),aproblem,mostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecological(生态学)difficulties.

正：Indeed,overpopulation,aproblemmostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecologicaldifficulties.f.误：Americans,whogotoothercountries,expectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebaths,foundinhotelsintheUnitedStates,areoftenverypoorambassadors.正：Americanswhogotoothercountriesexpectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebathsfoundinhotelsintheUnitedStatesareoftenverypoorambassadors.e.误：Indeed,overpopulation(10（4）增添必要的逗号，使句子变得完整。误：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbreadsomelocalbuttersomecheesealargeonionandapintofbeer.正：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbread,somelocalbutter,somecheese,alargeonion,andapintofbeer.b.误：Heshouldorrathermustattendbettertohisstudies.正：Heshould,orrathermust,attendbettertohisstudies.（4）增添必要的逗号，使句子变得完整。11c.

误：Theladywasdressedingraythecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.正：Theladywasdressedingray,thecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.d.误：“Idonotknowwhenhewillcomehowhewillcomewithwhomhewillcomeorwhetherhewillcomeatall.”正：“Idonotknowwhenhewillcome,howhewillcome,withwhomhewillcome,orwhetherhewillcomeatall.”e.误：Wedonothavetellyouthetrueaverygoodopinionofhim.正：Wedonothave,tellyouthetrue,averygoodopinionofhim.c.误：Theladywasdresseding12（5）分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常常可以通过使用分号来代替串句中的逗号，就可以改正串句的错误。a.

误：Onemomenthewasfriendlythenexthewasindifferent(漠不关心).正：Onemomenthewasfriendly;thenexthewasindifferent.b.

误：Heknewwhathewantedhoweverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.正：Heknewwhathewanted;howeverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.（5）分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常13c.误：Youmustworkhardotherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.正：Youmustworkhard;otherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.d.误：Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreementthereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.正：Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreement;thereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.c.误：Youmustworkhardotherw14（6）引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号，美国英文一般用双引号。请给序列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号，如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、惊叹号等。a.

误：HowdoyouspellthewordRenaissance(复兴)正：Howdoyouspelltheword“Renaissance”?b.

误：IknowhesaidbutIcan’twait正：“Iknow,”hesaid,“butIcan’twait.”（6）引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注15c.

误：AfterthelecturehehadbutonecommentUseless正：Afterthelecturehehadbutonecomment:“Useless.”d.误：Thenaddressing(招呼)meshesaidwithenforcedcalmnessMysonisill正：Thenaddressingme,shesaid,withenforcedcalmness:“Mysonisill.”c.

误：Afterthelecturehehad16（7）请给下列句子添上撇号（省字号）。a.

Toomanyandssuggestimmaturityofstyle.Toomanyand’ssuggestimmaturityofstyle.b.

HowmanyAshaveyougotintheterminalexams?HowmanyA’shaveyougotintheterminalexams?c.

DoyouseeMr.Jonescaroverthere?DoyouseeMr.Jones’caroverthere?d.

Congreveseldomcrossedhists,his7slookedlike9s,andhisandswereusually£s.Congreveseldomcrossedhist’s,his7’slookedlike9’s,andhisand’swereusually£’s.（7）请给下列句子添上撇号（省字号）。176.2用词混淆英文一些单词极易混淆。有的发音相似，甚至相同，但意义却完全不同；有的拼写大同小异，意思却大相径庭；有的貌似反义词，却是同义词。（1）英文里有3对词（只有3对），表面上看绝对是反义词，意义上却是同义词。你能从下面6对词中找出这3对词吗？flammable/inflammable 易燃的(同义词)hinge/unhinge 装上铰链/取下铰链(反义词)valuable/invaluable 宝贵的(同义词)integrate/disintegrate 集成/分解(反义词)furl/unfurl 卷起/铺开(反义词)ravel/unravel 解开(同义词)6.2用词混淆18（2）下面是一些中国学生经常混淆的单词。请你指出下列各对单词在词义或用法上的差别。thediseased/thedeceased 病人/死人illusion/delusion 幻想/错觉attribute/contribute (把某结果)归因于/是(某结果的)部分原因complement/compliment 补充/恭维council/counsel 委员会/忠告credible/credulous 可信的/轻信的（2）下面是一些中国学生经常混淆的单词。请你指出下列各对单词19human/humane 人的/人道的moral/morale 道德/士气proceed/precede 着手；继续进行/领先于principle/principal 原则；原理/校长；主要的incident/incidence 事件/死亡率；影响范围capital/capitol 首都；资金/国会大厦model/module 模型；模特儿/模块；登月舱drive/driver 驱动(动词)；驱动器/驱动器；驱动程序assemble/assembly 组装；汇编(动词)/组件；汇编(名词)human/humane 人的/人道的20（3）下面每个句子中都有一个词用错了，请加以纠正U.S.lawsconcerningthesell(sale)andconsumptionofalcoholmayseemveryliberalorveryconstrainingtoyou,dependingonyournationality.IntheUnitedStates,itisillegible(illegal)topurchasealcoholicdrinks,includingbeerandwine,untilyoureachtheageof21.Lawsgoverningalcoholcanvariable(vary)fromstatetostate.Forexample,itisillegalinsomestatestowalkalongthestreetwithanopencontain(container)ofbeer.Insomestates,alcoholicbeveragescanbepurchasedonlyinspecial,state-runned(run)stores.Collegesanduniversitiesoftenhavepoliciesthatrefrain(restrict)theconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesoncampus.（3）下面每个句子中都有一个词用错了，请加以纠正216.3搭配问题英文中有许多动词需要与介词或副词搭配使用，例如come，break，give，take，put等等，如果要列出它们所有的搭配情况，那么可以构成一本厚厚的字典。这里，我们只是希望通过一些练习，引起学生对这种搭配问题的重视。当我们强调注意动词与介词或副词搭配使用的时候，不要错误地认为所有动词都必须与介词或副词搭配使用。请做下面练习，每句话里都有4个动词，指出哪些动词不需要与介词或副词搭配，哪些动词需要搭配，并把介词或副词写出来。6.3搭配问题22a.

Manypassengers(criticize;condemn;complainabout;findfaultwith)theirregularbusservicesinthecity.b.

Ourteacher(apologizedfor;referredto;regretted;explained)hisabsenceyesterday.c.

Nobodyis(objectingto;opposing;resisting;interferingwith)theschemetoclosedownthefactory.d.

Themannextdooris(payingfor;purchasing;disposingof;savingupfor)asecond-handcar.a.

Manypassengers(criticiz23e.

Myroom-mate(insistson;enjoys;persistsin;hates)gettingupearly.f.

Hiscollectionofrecords(includes;consistsof;comprises;covers)jazz,blues,andraps.g.Theoppositionintendsto(accept;agreeto;dissentfrom;modify)thenewproposal.h.

Mary’sauntwas(warnedabout;punishedfor;advisedagainst;caught)exceedingthespeedlimit.i.

Theman(dependedon;confessedto;considered;specializedin)stealingforaliving.e.

Myroom-mate(insistson;246.4漏词该搭配使用的动词没有使用介词或副词，可以看作是一种漏词现象。除此之外，还表现在许多地方。有的学生写的英文句子，甚至连主语都没有。例如，“讲座后开了个讨论会”被翻译成“Afterthelectureheldadiscussion.”正确的说法应该是“Afterthelectureadiscussionwasheld.”下面的句子都有漏词现象，请你加以改正。Itissaidthataperson’schildhoodyearsarethemostimportantyearsinaperson’slife.Idaresaymostpeopleagreewiththeabovestatement.6.4漏词25Inmyopinionthemostimportantyearsinaperson’slifearethoseofearlyadulthood.Inthisperiod,apersonexperiencesthemostimportantstagesinhislife:highereducation,love,andmarriage.Manythingswilldependonhiseducationbackground---whatoccupationhecantakeup,howmuchmoneyhecanearn,whatkindoflifehewillleadandsoon.Onlywhentheycomeofage(成年)willtheyunderstandthetruemeaningoflife,experiencerealjoysandsorrows,andbegintoassumetheirresponsibilitiesinfamilyandsociety.Modernsciencehasmadeitpossibleforbabiestogrowhealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.Inmyopinionthemostimport266.5 累赘中文有时为了表达强调或情感等意思，常常将一些句子或字加以重复，或者稍作改变。而英文则比较简洁。请将下面的中英文句子作一个对比：中文：年轻人应该向老年人学习，老年人也应该向年轻人学习。英文：Theyoungshouldlearnfromtheoldandviceversa.中文：我们要学习，学习，再学习。英文：Wemustkeepstudying.或

Wemuststudypersistently.下面划线的部分表示用词重复，请改进这些句子，使它们变得简洁明了。6.5 累赘27a.原句：ThespeakerwasthechairmanoftheDepartmentofPhysicsofTulaneUniversity.改为：ThespeakerwasthechairmanofTulaneUniversity’sDepartmentofPhysics.b.

原句：IofferedtheticketstotheconcerttothestudentstouseonSaturday.改为：IofferedthestudentsticketstoSaturday’sconcert.c.原句：Speechissilver,andsilenceisgold.改为：Speechissilverandsilencegold.d.

原句：Herhairislightbrown,andhereyesarebluishgreen.改为：Herhairislightbrownandhereyesbluishgreen.a.原句：Thespeakerwasthechai28e.

原句：Somelawyersarearrogant(傲慢的),andsomelawyersaresimplyreserved(沉默寡言的).改为：Somelawyersarearrogantandotherssimplyreserved.原句：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeawayoflife,andotherstudentsdrinkbeerinordertoescape.改为：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeawayoflife,andforothersameansofescape.g.原句：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddon’tgoaheadifyoudon’tthinkthejobsuitsyou.改为：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddon’tifnot.h.原句：Dogsoftenchase(追赶)catsandcatsnotusuallychasedogs.改为：Dogsoftenchasecatsandnotusuallyviceversa.e.

原句：Somelawyersarearrogan29原句：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandthemachineisnotworkingwhentheredlightisoff.

改为：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandnototherwise.j.原句：Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.改为：Thediligentandkindpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.k.原句：Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.改为：Inspiteofhislaziness,Ilikehim.原句：Themachineisworkingwh306.6不一致英文句子的前后呼应是一个重要的问题，表现在主语和谓语、主格和宾格、单数和复数、时态一致等方面。如果出了差错，不仅仅是语法问题，而且很容易造成意思上的误解。例如，people后面跟have是指“人民”，后面跟has，则指的是“民族”。“Eachpeoplehaveitsownculture.”由于不注意这个问题，这个句子就让人无法理解。下面的句子都是用词前后不一致的病句，请加以改正。a.

Onceonehave(has)money,hecandowhathewant(wants)(todo).b.

Ridingthehorsewas(were)thetwogirls,ValerieandTherese.6.6不一致31c.

Shetookadvantageofanyoneoranythingwhoorwhich(that)couldfurtherhercareer.d.

Decidingthattheycouldreachnodecisionthatnight,thejuryretiredtoits(their)roomstogetsomesleep.e.

Theforeman(工头)shoutedatbothofus,PeterandI(me),beforewehadachancetoexplain.f.

Ittookthemoneandahalfday(days)tocompletethework.g.

Hehurriedbecauseheknewhisfamilywas(were)waitingforhimanxiously.c.

Shetookadvantageofanyon32h.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculturesupervise(supervises)thequality,cleanness,andpurityofmeat.i.

Theterm“technology”referstothediscoveriesandinventionsthathelppeopleimproveits(their)wayoflife.j.

Theabilitytoretainamentalrecordofearlierexperiencesare(is)referredtoasmemory.k.

EveryyearColoradoisvisitedbymillionsoftouristswhocomeforavarietyofreason(reasons).h.TheUnitedStatesDepartmen33l.

Countriestendtospecializeintheproductionandexportofthosegoodsandservicesthatit(they)canproducerelativelycheaply.m.

Turkeyanddressingare(is)apopulardishatThanks-giving.n.

Inthenewbuildingthereare(is)alibrary,whichhasnobooks,andamusicpracticeroom,whichhasnomusicalinstruments.o.

Royistheonlyoneofourathleteswhohave(has)wonagoldmedal.p.

Thishabit,whichinitselfare(is)harmless,are(is)likelytoleadtoothersthatis(are)decidedlyharmful.l.

Countriestendtospecializ346.7不平衡如果在英文句子中有两个或两个以上的平行成分，那么这些成分应该保持平衡。例如，你想表达下述意思：“她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。”在中文中“漂亮”和“温柔”是形容词，而“勤俭持家”却是动词短语。写成英文，最好使用三个平行的形容词：Sheispretty,tender,andthrifty(节约的)，而不要像中文那样写成：Sheispretty,tender,andmanagesthehouseholdthriftily。6.7不平衡35请修改下面的句子，使它们的结构保持平衡。a.原句：Toswiminapoolisnotasmuchfunasswimminginariver.改为：Swimminginapoolisnotasmuchfunas(swimming)inariver.b.原句：Knowinghowtostudyandlearntobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestudents.改为：Knowinghowtostudyandlearninghowtobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestudentsc.原句：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandtoavoidsugarinyourdiet.改为：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandavoidingsugarinyourdiet.请修改下面的句子，使它们的结构保持平衡。36d.原句：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.改为：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandthatIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.e.原句：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazil,butheknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.改为：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazilbutwhoknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.f.原句：Ourinstructorsuggestedseveralbooksforsupplementaryreadingandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.改为：Ourinstructorsuggestedthatwereadseveralsupplementarybooksandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.d.原句：MyorderssaidthatIwa376.8错位英文句子的每个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语合状语，应在句子中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这个句子不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。中文则不同，词序有较大的灵活性。例如，我不吃羊肉/羊肉我不吃/我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都是正确的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表达，恐怕只能说Idon’teatmutton，绝对不能说Imuttondon’teat。a.误：RalphNaderhasthroughoutourcountrybecomeawellknownname.正：RalphNaderhasbecomeawellknownnamethroughoutourcountry.6.8错位38b.误：Heisprone(倾向于)towheneverhesensesadangertothepublicspeakout(大胆地说)

onconsumergoods.正：Heispronetospeakoutonconsumergoodswheneverhesensesadangertothepublic.c.误：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisbothunsafetotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegeneralpublic.正：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisunsafebothtotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegeneralpublic.d.误：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydeviceswareinstalledincarssuchasseatbelts.正：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydevicessuchasseatbeltswareinstalledincars.b.误：Heisprone(倾向于)towhene39e.误：Nader’sconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluterlately.正：Nader’sconcernhaslatelybeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.或者Nader’srecentconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.f.误：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablefortheproductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-freenow.正：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablenowfortheproductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-free.e.误：Nader’sconcernhasbeen40g.误：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingautomobilesbytheindustryandbythegovernment.正：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedbytheindustryandbythegovernmentaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingautomobiles.h.误：Nadersaysthattoday’sgasolineproducefivemajorpollutantswhicharelabeled“clean”.正：Nadersaysthattoday’sgasolineswhicharelabeled“clean”producefivemajorpollutants.i.误：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.正：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillknowtheworldoutsidethecampusbetter.g.误：Naderclaimsthatfactsa416.9垂悬中国人可以这样说：“打了一小时篮球，胳膊都酸了。”英文却不能说：Havingplayedbasketballforanhour,myarmsbegantoache，因为按照英文语法，这个句子会被误解为打篮球的是胳膊，而不是你这个人。这种错误称为悬垂，它是指句首的分词短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清，找不到行为者，只好“晃来晃去”。请改正下列句子的垂悬错误。a.误：Attheageofsixmonths,herfathertaughthertoswim.正：Whenshewassixmonthsold,herfathertaughthertoswim.b.误：Goingthroughtheredlight,thetrafficpoliceondutystoppedhim.正：Goingthroughtheredlight,hewasstoppedbythetrafficpoliceonduty.6.9垂悬42c.误：Afterthreehoursofpractice,adrinkwaswhatthethirstydancerswanted.正：Havingpracticedforthreehours,thethirstydancerswantedadrink.d.误：Onceoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.正：Oncehegotoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.e.误：Afterfourweeksatsea,mywifewashappytoseemeback.正：Afterfourweeksatsea,Iwasaffectionately(亲切地)receivedbymywife.f.误：Examiningtheshoppingreceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.正：AfterIexaminedtheshoppingreceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.c.误：Afterthreehoursofprac43g.误：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thebusdroveonwithoutstopping.正：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thedriverdrovethebusonwithoutstopping.h.误：Approachingthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.正：Asweapproachedthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.i.误：Todowellinthecollege,goodgradesareessential.正：Todowellinthecollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.g.误：Findingnobodywaitingat446.10 应用定语从句时易犯的错误由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：（1）在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。如：a.误：SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.正：SomeoftheboysIinviteddidn’tcome.b.误：Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.正：Thebookthatyouneedisinthelibrary.6.10 应用定语从句时易犯的错误45（2）把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：a.误：Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.正：Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.b.误：Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.正：Thosewhohavefinishedmaygohome.c.误：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.正：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.d.误：Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.正：Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.（2）把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：46（3）误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。如：a.误：Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.正：Childrenwho/thateatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.b.误：Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.正：Thekeythat/whichopensthebikeismissing.（4）定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：a.误：Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.正：Thehousewherehelivesneedsrepairing.或者Thehousehelivesinneedsrepairing.b.误：IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.正：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.或者IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.（3）误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。如：47（5）错用了关系代词或关系副词，使得从句中的及物动词缺少宾语或介词缺少对象。a.误：Istillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.正：Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.b.误：Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.正：Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.（6）在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：a.误：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?正：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonthat/whichmayexplainherabsence?b.误：Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.正：Idon’tbelievethereasonthat/whichhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.（5）错用了关系代词或关系副词，使得从句中的及物动词缺少宾语48（7）误将强调句型当定语从句。如：a.误：Itwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.正：Itwasinthekitchenthatthefirebrokeout.b.误：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidn’tcome?正：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightthatyoudidn’tcome?（7）误将强调句型当定语从句。如：49练习六一、下面的句子都有意思模糊的错误。作者本人可能并没有意识到犯了错误，可是读者却看不明白他究竟要表达什么。请你把每句话的多种意思写出来。a.Thelambwastoohottoeat.1.Thelambwastoohot.Wecouldn’teatit.2.Thelambfeltsohot.Itcouldn’teatanything.练习六50b.Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkinginthepark.1.Thepolicedrankinthepark.Theywereorderedtostopdrinking.2.Visitorsdrankinthepark.Thepolicewereorderedtostopthemfromdrinking.c.Flyingplanescanbeverydangerous.1.Someplanesareflying(飞翔).Theycanbeverydangerous.2.Somepeopleareflying(驾驶)planes.Itcanbeverydangerous.b.Thepolicewereorderedto51d.Ihavealwaysenjoyedentertaininggirls.1.Ihavealwayslikedtoentertain(款待)otherpeople.Thesepeoplearegirls.2.Ihavealwayslikedgirls.Thesegirlsentertain(接待客人).e.Hetoldhisfatherhehadbeentalkingtoomuch.1.Hecriticizedhisfatherfortalkingtoomuch.2.Headmittedtohisfatherthathehadbeentalkingtoomuch.d.Ihavealwaysenjoyedenter52f.Hesaidhewouldn’ttakeitifhegaveittohim.1.Hesaid,“Iwon’ttakeitifhegivesittome.”2.Hesaid,“Hewon’ttakeitifIgiveittohim.”g.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbetabled.1.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbeplacedontheagendaforconsideration.(英式英文:table把…列入议程)2.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionberemovedfromconsideration.(美式英文:table搁置)f.Hesaidhewouldn’ttakeit53二、将下列术语或短语翻译成中文。1.fixedpartitionmemorymanagement2.bitstransmittedinparallel 3.asetofconsecutivesectors4.carriersignal 5.dataflowdiagram 6.multiprogrammingOS 7.remotedatacommunication8.transactionprocessing9.Mnemonic(memory-aiding)instruction 10.object-orienteddatabase 二、将下列术语或短语翻译成中文。5411.accumulatorregister 12.concurrentoperating13.agridofpixels14.redundantdata15.wide-bandchannels16.randomordirectaccess17.1000revolutionsperminute18.virtualmemoryaddress 19.cylindersofafixeddisk20.transmissioncontrolunit 11.accumulatorregister 5521.addressingmemory22.ASCII(theAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)23.capitalletter(uppercase)24.smallletter(lowercase) 25.casesensitive 26.binarynumber 27.randomaccessmemory 28.read-onlymemory 29.aROM-basedprogram 30.aprogrambasedonROM21.addressingmemory5631.instructiontime32.executiontime33.seektime 34.punchedcards 35.multimediatechnology 36.channelsandcontrolunits37.atouchscreen 38.computeroutputmicrofilm(COM)39.magneticstripecard40.aperipheraldevice 31.instructiontime5741.device-dependent42.magneticcassette 43.secondarystoragemedia 44.nonvolatilememory 45.drivemechanism 46.concentriccircles 47.rotationaldelay48.vacuumencapsulation49.adiskpack 50.alaserbeam41.device-dependent58英语写作课件提要：本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从提高单句的写作能力着手，消灭各种类型的基本错误，从而提高整体的写作能力。1.标点错误2.用词混淆3.搭配问题4.漏词5.累赘6.不一致7.不平衡8.错位9.垂悬10. 应用定语从句时易犯的错误英语写作课件59虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出，其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别，所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。实践表明，多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力，必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出606.1标点错误英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。英语是形合的，而汉语是意合的，这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接