语言学概论期末考试范围

语言学概论期末考试范围语言学概论期末考试范围语言学概论期末考试范围xxx公司语言学概论期末考试范围文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度语言学概论期末复习2014.11.diachroniclinguisticsLinguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.2.arbitrarinessLanguageisarbitraryfortheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthelinguisticsignsandtheirmeaningsisamatterofconvention,andconventionsdifferradicallyacrosslanguages.3.langueAccordingtoSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemssharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.IpetenceChomskydefinescompetenceastheabstractidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Accordingtohim,anyonewhoknowsalanguagehasinternalizedasetofrulesaboutthesequencespermittedinhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesistermedasaperson’scompetence.5.morphemeThemostbasicelementofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.The“morpheme’isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.6.MorphologyMorphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed7.SemantictriangleAccordingtoOgdenandRichard’ssemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtheworld,orbetweenthesymbol(thelinguisticelements,theword,thesentence)andreferent(theobjectintheworldofexperience).Thelinkisviathoughtorreference,theconceptsofourminds.8.LinguafrancaLponentialanalysisComponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning,anditdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.10.CooperativePrinciple

CooperativePrinciple(CP)wasproposedbyPaulGrice,underwhichtherearefourmaxims:themaximofquantity,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.Itmeansincommunication,bothpartiesinvolvedwillnormallyseektocooperatewitheachothertoestablishagreedmeaning.11.acquisitionTheterm“acquisition”isusedtorefertopickingupalanguagethroughexposure.Itreferstothesubconsciousorconsciousprocesses.IerlanguageItreferstothelearner’sindependentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.Studentsshouldbeabletoanswerthefollowingquestions:1)Explainthethreekindsofintersententialsematicrelations:entailment,presuppositionandimplicature.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion,IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.e.g.X:IhavebeentoShanghai.Y:IhavebeentoChina

ifxistrue,thenyisalsotrue,IfYisfalse,thenXisalsofalse.ThenXentailsY.XpresupposesY.(Yisapre-requisiteofX).

X:John’sbrotherhasgotmarried.Y:Johnhasabrother.

Implicature:Thespeakermayuseimpliedmeaningbutnottheliteralmeaning.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance

Giveanexample.AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking.Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords.“you”,“have”,“door”,“open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatby,askingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking,thatis,askingsomeonetoclosethedoor,ormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Ifthethenhearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,thenthespeakergoestoclosethedoorforthespeaker.3)Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenacquisitionandlanguagelearning?Rod(1985)andKrashen(1981)regardacquisitionasthespontaneousinternalizationofrulesandformulas.Thetermacquisitionisoftenusedtorefertofirstlanguageacquisitionandsecondlanguageacquisition.Firstlanguageacquisitionisalsocalledmothertongueacquisition.Acquisitiontakesplaceinthespeechcommunitywhereone'sfirstlanguageorsecondlanguageisspoken.Itisoftennatural,withoutmuchfocusonform.ThelearningofEnglishbyspeakersofotherlanguagesintheUnitedStatesisanexampleofsecondlanguageacquisition.Foreignlanguagelearningusuallytakesplaceinthespeechcommunitywhereone'sfirstlanguageisspoken.Itisaconsciousprocessthroughformalschool-likesettingsandrequirestimeforprocessing,withfocusonlinguisticforminadditiontoknowledgeoftherulesoflanguageuse.Forexample,thelearningofEnglishinChina.4)WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenSemanticsandPragmatics?Semanticsfocusesonthemeaningthatcomesfromlinguisticknowledgewithoutconsideringthecontext.Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaninginacertaincontexttakingourknowledgeaboutthephysicalandsocialworldintoaccount.Semanticanalysislookforruleswhichareblackandwhite,i.e.youareeitherrightorwrong.Pragmaticanalysislookforprinciples.Youcanobeythemtosomeextentandviolatethemtosomeextent.5)WhydowesayLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationExplainitindetails.

a.Languageissystematic.Languagemustbeasystemsinceelementsinthelanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Eachhumanlanguageisorganizedintotwobasicsystems:asystemofsoundsandasystemofmeanings.b.Languageissymbolic.Peopleusesignstocommunicate,whichmeansthatlanguageinvolvessigns.

c.Languageisarbitrary.Languageisarbitraryfortheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.d.Languageisprimarilyvocal.Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystems.

e.Languageishumanspecific.Therearecertaincharacteristicsofhumanlanguagethatarenotfoundinthecommunicationsystemsofanyotherspecies.

f.Languageisusedforcommunication.6)WhatistheSapir–Whorfhypothesis?

Thehypothesisassumesthatpeople’shabitualthoughtpatternsandwaysofperceivingtheworldareconditionedtoacertainextentbythecategoriesanddistinctionsthatareavailabletothemintheirnativelanguage.Speakersofdifferentlanguagesmaythereforehaveratherdifferentworld-views,dependingonhowdifferentthelanguagesarefromoneanothersemanticallyandgrammatically.Sapir-Whorfhypothesiscanbebrokendownintotwobasicprinciples:LinguisticDeterminismandLinguisticRelativity.Studentsshouldbeabletodrawthetreediagramsforcommonsimplesentencesandcomplexsentences.Studentsshouldbeabletoanalyzetheformationofwords.Students