组织学与胚胎学男性生殖系统

男性生殖themalereproductive杨志文themalereproductivesystemIntroductionThemalereproductivesystemiscomposedofthetestes〔睾丸〕*,genitalducts〔生殖管道〕,accessorygland〔附属腺〕,andpenis〔阴茎〕.Thedualfunctionofthetestisistoproducehormoneandspermatozoa.testisandepididymistestisFunction：1.producethemalegermcells——gametes〔sperm〕2.producesexualhormone——androgen〔testosterone〕testicularinterstitium：间质细胞〔Leydigcell〕1.鞘膜脏层〔viscerallayeroftunicavaginalis〕2.白膜〔tunicaalbuginea〕睾丸纵隔〔mediastinumtestis〕睾丸小隔〔septulumtestis〕3.血管膜〔tunicavasculosa〕〔LCT&Cap.〕parenchyma：睾丸小叶〔testicularlobule〕生精小管〔seminiferoustubule〕直精小管〔tubulusrectus〕睾丸网〔retetestis〕testisGeneralstructuretesticularcapsuleseminiferoustubule生精上皮〔spermatogenicepithelium〕*basementmembrane：明显collagenousfiber类肌细胞〔myoidcell〕-whichhavecharacteristicsofsmoothmuscle.seminiferoustubule1.Spermatozoidsareproducedintheseminiferoustubules.2.Eachseminiferoustubuleislinedwithacomplexstratifiedepithelium,itisabout150-250µmindiameterand30-70cmlong.生精上皮〔spermatogenicepithelium〕*生精细胞〔spermatogeniccell〕*精原细胞〔spermatogonium〕初级精母细胞〔primaryspermatocyte〕次级精母细胞〔secondaryspermatocyte〕精子细胞〔spermatid〕精子〔spermatozoon〕支持细胞〔sustentacularcell,Sertolicell〕*seminiferoustubule*精子发生〔spermatogenesis〕Spermatogeniccell&Spermatogenesis1.Atpuberty2.FSHstimulating3.SpermatogeniccellsdifferentiatetospermatozoaSpermatogenesis:Theprocessfromspermatogoniatospermatozoa.seminiferoustubuleSpermatogoniumisarelativelysmallcell,about12µmindiameter,situatednexttothebasallaminaoftheepithelium.Atsexualmaturity,spermatogoniabegindividingbymitosis,producingsuccessivegenerationsofcells.TypeA：darktypeA〔Ad〕——ovoid,deep-stainednucleuspaletypeA〔Ap〕——ovoid,pale-stainednucleusTypeBspermatogoniumTypeA——stemcellTypeB——progenitorcellspermatogonium{46，XY〔2nDNA〕}primaryspermatocyteAd

nAdAdApBmitosisprimaryspermatocyteprimaryspermatocyte1.Inmiddlezoneoftheepithelium.2.Theprimaryspermatocytesarethelargestcellsofthespermatogeniclineage〔d=18µm〕andarecharacterizedbythepresenceofchromosomesinvariousstagesofthecoilingprocesswithintheirnuclei.3.Sincetheprophaseoffirstmeioticdivisiontakesabout22days,themajorityofspermatocytesseeninsectionwillbeinthisphase.primaryspermatocytefirstmeiosis2secondaryspermatocyte{23，X或23，Y〔2nDNA〕}duplicateDNA{46，XY〔4nDNA〕}1.nearlumen,d=12µm2.Secondaryspermatocytesaredifficulttoobserveinsectionsofthetestisbecausetheyareshort-livedcellsthatremainininterphaseverybrieflyandquicklyenterintothesecondmeioticdivision.2spermatid{23，X或23，Y〔1nDNA〕}secondaryspermatocytenoDNAsynthesis{23，X或23，Y〔2nDNA〕}secondarymeiosissecondaryspermatocyte成熟分裂：又称减数分裂〔meiosis〕1、成熟分裂后，生殖细胞由二倍体→单倍体。2、第一次成熟分裂前期，同源染色体联会、交叉，进行遗传基因的交换。Closetolumen,d=8µm精子形成(spermiogenesis):spermatidbecomeintospermatozoaspermatidspermiogenesisspermiogenesisAcomplexprocessthataroundspermatidtransformsintoatadpole-likespermatozoon〔nofurtherdivisionoccurs〕.Spermiogenesisincludesformationoftheacrosome,condensationandelongationofthenucleus,developmentoftheflagellum,formationofmitochondrialsheath,andthelossofmuchofthecytoplasm.theprocessesofspermiogenesis：1.Thenucleusbecomesmorecondensedandelongated.2.Golgicomplextransformstheacrosomalvesicle,thelatterwillfurtherbecomeintotheacrosomewhichislikeacapwithtwolayermembrane.3.Oneofthecentriolesmovestotheoppositesideofnucleusandformtheflagellum〔axoneme〕.4.Mitochondriaaggregatearoundtheproximalpartoftheflagellum,formingmitochondrialsheath.5.ResidualcytoplasmisshedandphagocytizedbySertolicells.spermiogenesisspermatozoonspermatozoonspermatozoonspermatozoonspermatozoonspermatozoonSpermatozoon:60µmlongHead:condensationandelongationofnucleusacrosomecovers2/3ofthenucleusanteriorlyandcontainshydrolyticenzymeforfertilization尾部〔tailorflagellum〕---formotility颈段〔neck〕：短，中心粒→轴丝中段〔middlepiece〕：轴丝+9根纵行外周致密纤维+线粒体鞘〔provideenergy〕主段〔principalpiece〕：最长，轴丝+9根外周致密纤维+纤维鞘〔fibroussheath〕〔调整精子尾摆动平面〕末段〔endpiece〕：轴丝生精过程中，由一个精原细胞增殖分化所产生的各级生精细胞，细胞质并未完全分开，细胞间有胞质桥〔intercellularcytoplasmicbridge〕相连，形成一个同步发育的细胞群。spermatogenesis定义：精原细胞→精子〔64天〕including3phases：(1)精原细胞增生---mitosisAd→Ap→B→初级精母细胞〔44+XY，4nDNA〕(2)精母细胞减数分裂meiosisⅠ→22+X和22+Y，2nDNA;meiosisⅡ→22+X和22+Y，1nDNA(3)精子形成无分裂，变态→精子〔22+X和22+Y;1nDNA〕spermatogenesisspermiogenesisSustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕sustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕1.columnarorpyramidalcell2.restonbasallamina3.thefreesurfacereachestolumen4.noclearboundary5.elongatednucleus:triangular,ovoid,paler-stained,withprominentnucleolus6.spermatogeniccellslocateb/wadjacentcellssustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕EM：sER、Golgi、rER、线粒体、溶酶体、微管、微丝。相邻支持细胞侧面近基部的胞膜形成紧密连接。1.基底室〔basalcompartment〕2.近腔室〔abluminalcompartment〕sustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕血-睾屏障〔blood-testisbarrier〕components：endotheliumofcapillarybasallaminaofcapillaryconnectivetissuebasallaminaofseminiferoustubule

tightjunctionbetweenthesertolicell

※function：1.separategermcellsfromimmunesystem&preventauto-immunereaction.

2.preventsomephysical&chemicalfactorsfromdamaginggermcells,e.g.radiation,bodytemperature,infectionLocatedbetweentheseminiferoustubuleandblood.blood-testisbarrier1.support,protect,&nourishspermatogeniccells2.phagocytize&digesttheresidualbodies3.secretefluidtohelpthespermmoving4.synthesize&secreteABP←FSH〔AndrogenBindingProtein〕ABPcombinesandrogeninseminiferoustubuletostimulatespermatogenesisfunctionsustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕5.secreteinhibinandactivinsuppressessynthesisandreleaseofFSHintheanteriorpituitarygland6.secretetheantimüllerianhormonewhichpromotesregressionofthemüllerian(paramesonephric)

ductduringembryonicdevelopment7.tightjunction---blood-testisbarrier8.gapjunction---provideionicandchemicalcouplingofthecellsfunctionsustentacularcell〔Sertolicell〕tubulusrectusandretetestistubulusrectus：生精小管近睾丸纵隔处变成短而细的直行管道，管壁上皮为单层立方或矮柱状，无生精细胞。retetestis：直精小管进入睾丸纵隔内分支吻合成网状的管道，由单层立方上皮组成，管腔大而不规那么。精子附睾interstitialcells〔Leydigcells〕睾丸间质〔testicularinterstitium〕Thespacesbetweentheseminiferoustubulesinthetestisarefilledwithconnectivetissue,nerves,blood,andlymphaticvessels.睾丸间质细胞〔testicularinterstitialcells,Leydigcells〕LM：ingroups&nearBVlarge,roundorpolygonal-shapedacidophiliccytoplasmroundnucleuswithprominentnucleolusEM：Havethecharacteristicsofsteroid-secretingcellsabundantsER,tubularcristaeMit.,lipiddroplets,rod-shapedcrystalloids.Structure：testicularinterstitialcell,LeydigcellWhichisresponsibleforspermatogenesis,thedevelopmentanddifferentiationofthemalereproductiveorgans,maintenanceofthesecondarysexcharacteristicsandthesexualfunction.LH〔ICSH〕secreteandrogen〔testosterone〕Function：Regulationoftesticularfunction下丘脑GnRH↓腺垂体远侧部FSHLH〔ICSH〕↓↓支持细胞间质细胞

抑制素激活素ABP雄激素睾丸功能的内分泌调节〔＋〕精子发生〔－〕〔－〕〔－〕〔－〕与抑制素相反生殖管道〔genitalducts〕附睾〔epididymis〕：暂存、营养精子，促进精子成熟head→输出小管〔efferentduct〕bodytail输精管〔ductusdeferens〕射精管〔ejaculatoryduct〕尿道〔urethra〕genitalductstransportandnourishthesperm附睾管〔epididymalduct〕efferentductandepididymalduct高柱状纤毛细胞：分泌功能、游离面纤毛→推动精子移动低柱状无纤毛细胞：胞质中含大量溶酶体及吞饮小泡——消化、吸收腔内物质efferentduct：管腔不规那么，单层纤毛柱状上皮epididymalduct：管腔规那么，腔内充满精子和分泌物假复层静纤毛〔stereocilium〕柱状上皮---吸收、分泌主细胞、基细胞、顶细胞、窄细胞、亮细胞、晕细胞基膜薄层平滑肌：收缩有助于精子移动疏松结缔组织：富含血管epididymis共同点：精子在附睾内停留8-17天，获得运动能力，到达功能上成熟。1、雄激素2、附睾上皮细胞：分泌肉毒碱、甘油磷酸胆碱和唾液酸等。3、血-附睾屏障〔blood-epididymisbarrier〕以主细胞近腔面的紧密连接为主要结构(1)保护成熟中的精子不受外界的干扰(2)防止精子抗原物质逸出附睾管外而引发自身免疫反响。为壁厚腔小的肌性管道mucosa：上皮：假复层柱状〔静纤毛〕固有层muscularlayer：内纵、中环、外纵射精时，肌层强力收缩，将精子快速排出adventitia：LCTductusdeferens附属腺和生殖管道的分泌物→精浆精浆+精子→精液〔semen〕每次射精射出3~5ml精液，含1亿~2亿个精子/ml精液假设<400万个精子/ml精液精液量<1ml→男性不育精子活力低下前列腺〔prostate〕精囊〔seminalvesicle〕尿道球腺〔bulbourethralgland〕附属腺〔accessorygenitalglands〕呈栗形，环绕于尿道起始段。prostate腺实质：黏膜腺〔mucosalglands〕黏膜下腺〔submucosalglands〕主腺〔mainglands〕间质：结缔组织被膜：富含弹性纤维和平滑肌实质：腺泡：Glandularepitheliumiscolumnar,cuboidalorpseudostratified.前列腺凝固体〔prostaticconcretion〕：腔内分泌物浓缩形成的圆形嗜酸性板层状小体，随年龄的增长而增多，甚至钙化为前列腺结石。导管prostateConsistofcompoundglandsaroun