考研考博-英语-北京科技大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京科技大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Marysatatthetable,lookedattheplateand（

）herlips.

问题1选项

A.smacked

B.opened

C.parted

D.separated

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。句意:玛丽坐在桌旁，盯着盘子里的美食垂涎三尺。

Smackone’slips“舔（或砸）嘴唇（表示赞赏、满意或垂涎）；发谗”。

2.单选题

Theactresswasvery（）attheinsultingquestionraisedbyheropponentatthe

conference.

问题1选项

A.extraterrestrial

B.explicit

C.indignant

D.innovative

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。extraterrestrial地球外的，宇宙的；explicit外在的，清楚的；indignant愤怒的，愤慨的；innovative创新的，革新的。根据句中insultingquestionraisedbyheropponent(对手提出的侮辱性问题)可知，她应该是非常愤怒。选项C符合句意。

3.单选题

[A]Amilk[B]canprovideprotein[C]foracheap,[D]nutritionallybalanceddiet.

问题1选项

A.A

B.canprovide

C.foracheap

D.nutritionally

【答案】A

【解析】【考查点】冠词的使用。

【解题思路】Milk（牛奶）是不可数名词，因此不能用不定冠词a修饰，故去掉a。该题选择A项。

【句意】牛奶可以提供蛋白质，提供便宜、营养均衡的饮食。

4.单选题

Thenewconvergenceofbiologyandeconomyhasbeenhelpedbyacommonmethodology—gametheory.JohnMaynardSmith,aprofessorofbiologyattheUniversityofSussex,inBritain,wasthefirsttoeffectivelyapplytheeconomist’shabitofplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.

Adramatizedversionofthegamerunsasfollows:twoguiltyaccomplicesareheldinseparatecellsandinterrogatedbythepolice.Eachisfacedwithadilemma.Iftheybothconfess(or“defect”),theywillbothgotojailforthreeyears.Iftheybothstaysilent(or“cooperate”),theywillbothgotojailforayearonalesserchargethatthepolicecanprove.Butifoneconfessesandtheotherdoesnot,theformerwillwalkfreeonanagreement,whilethecooperator,whostayedsilent,willgetafive-yearsentence.

Assumingthattheyhavenotdiscussedthedilemmabeforetheywerearrested,caneachtrusthisaccomplicetostaysilent?Ifnot,heshoulddefectandreducehissentencefromfivetothreeyears.Butevenifhecanrelyonhispartnertocooperate,heisstillbetteroffifhedefects,becausethatreduceshissentencefromthreeyearstononeatall.Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.Inthelanguageofgametheorists,individuallyrationalstrategiesresultinacollectivelyirrationaloutcome.

Biologistswereinterestedintheprisoner’sdilemmaasamodelfortheevolutionofcooperation.Underwhatconditions,theywantedtoknow,woulditpayananimaltoevolveastrategybasedoncooperationratherthandefection?Theydiscoveredthatthebleakmessageoftheprisoner’sdilemmaneednotobtainifthegameisonlyoneinalongseries—playedbystudents,researchers,orcomputers,forpointsratherthanyearsinjail.Underthesecircumstancesthebeststrategyistocooperateonthefirsttrialandthendowhatevertheotherguydidlasttime.Thisstrategybecameknownastit-for-tat.Thethreatofretaliationmakesdefectionmuchlesslikelytopay.

RobertAlfred,apoliticalscientist,andWilliamHamilton,abiologist,bothattheUniversityofMichigan,discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.Tit-for-two-tats—thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice—comesclosetobeatingit,butofhundredsofstrategiesthathavebeentried,noneworksbetter.

1.Whatisgametheory?

2.ThetwoguiltyaccomplicesmentionedinPara.2are（）.

3.Fortheworstsituation,whatisthetotalyearofthetwoaccomplices’sentence?

4.Whatarethebiologists’findingsforthecooperationstrategy?

5.Whatdoestit-for-two-tatsmean?

问题1选项

A.Thetheorytoplaygames.

B.Itmeansplayinga“game”withcompetingstrategiestoevolutionarymysteries.

C.Itisamethodologyappliedtobotheconomyandevolution.

D.Ithelpspeopletosurvive.

问题2选项

A.partofadrama

B.usedtofindasimplerwaytoexplainthegametheory

C.toexplainhowthepolicepunishthecrime

D.toexplainhowthegametheorycomeintobeing

问题3选项

A.Threeyears.

B.Fiveyears.

C.Sixyears.

D.Zero

问题4选项

A.Thereisnoresultsincethegameisinalongseries.

B.Peoplewouldliketocooperate.

C.Peoplewouldliketocooperateandwhattheydonexttimedepends.

D.Peoplewouldlikenottocooperate.

问题5选项

A.Whenonegivestit,theotherwillgivetwotatsinresponse.

B.Whenonegivestwotats,theotherwillgivetitinresponse.

C.Tit-for-two-tatsdevelopsfromtit-for-tat.

D.Whencooperationfailsthefirsttime,therewillbeanotherchance.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段“Theonlydifferenceisthattheeconomicgamesrewardwinnerswithmoneywhileevolutionarygamesrewardwinnerswithchancetosurviveandbreed.”中文翻译为：而这里的唯一差异是，经济博弈会奖励赢家金钱，而进化博弈却奖励胜者生存和繁殖的机会。因此答案为C选项：一种应用在经济和进化上的方法论。

2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“Onegameinparticularhasprovedespeciallyinformativeinbothdisciplines:theprisoner’sdilemma.”中文翻译为：一种游戏，即囚犯的进退两难，尤其在这两门学科上被证明能增长见闻的。知B项“被用来去发现一个更简单的方式来解释博弈论”符合题意。

3.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段“Soeachwillreasonthattherightthingtodoistodefect,whichresultsinthreeyearsforeachofthem.”中文翻译为：因此，每个人将推断，失信是正确的选择，这导致他们中每个人被判3年监禁。因此，C选项“6年”最符合题意。

4.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第五段“discoveredbypublictournamentthatthereseemstobenostrategythatbeatstit-for-tat.”中文翻译为：通过公开锦标赛发现，似乎没有打败针锋相对的策略。故D选项“人们不愿意去合作”最符合题意。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位第五段“thatis,cooperateeveniftheotherdefectsonce,butnotifhedefectstwice.”中文翻译为：就是说，即使另外一个人失信了一次也合作，但是如果他失信了两次，那么就不会进行合作。可以得知D项“当第一次合作失败后，还有另外一次机会”最为符合。

5.单选题

Herinterestingrowingflowerskepther（

）forthewholeweek.

问题1选项

A.occupational

B.occupant

C.preoccupied

D.occupied

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项occupational“职业的”；B选项occupant“居住者”；C选项preoccupied“全神贯注的”；D选项occupied“忙碌的；已占用的”。由题干“对种花很感兴趣”才会使得她忙碌整个星期，occupied“忙碌的；已占用的”符合题意。句意为：她对种花很有兴趣，这使她整整忙碌了一个星期。故正确答案选D。

6.单选题

IfIseethetwinbrothersapartIdon’tknow______.

问题1选项

A.whoiswho

B.whoiswhom

C.whichiswhich

D.whoiswhich

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.whoiswho谁是谁B.whoiswhom谁是谁

C.whichiswhich哪个是哪个D.whoiswhich谁是哪个

【考查点】习语用法。

【解题思路】由if条件句的意思“如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看”，可知Idon’tknow______应该表示“我分不清谁是谁”，而whichiswhich通常用于区分两个十分相似的人或事物。故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项表示人们的情况，如姓名、工作、身份等，如WhenIgotothosefamilyreunions,Icanneverrememberwho’swho.（我去参加那些家庭团圆聚会时，从来记不住谁是谁。）；

B、D选项没有这个用法。

【句意】如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看，我分不清谁是谁。

7.单选题

TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economy,accordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstitute,apublicpolicyresearchorganization.Currently,manyolderexperiencedworkersretireatanearlyage.Accordingtotherecentlyissuedstatistics,79percentofqualifiedworkersbegincollectingretirementbenefitsatage62;ifthattrendcontinues,therewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury.

OlderAmericansconstituteanincreasingproportionofthepopulation,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,andthepopulationofthoseoverage65willgrowby60%between2001and2020.Duringthesameperiod,thegroupaged18to44willincreasebyonly4%.Keepingolderskilledworkersemployed,evenparttime,wouldincreaseU.S.economicoutputandstrengthenthetaxbase;butwithoutsignificantpolicyreforms,massiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely.

Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.SocialSecurityandMedicaidearningslimitsandtaxpenaltiessubjectourmostexperiencedworkerstomarginaltaxratesashighas67%.SocialSecurityformulasencourageearlyretirement.Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofwork,anypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits.

HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401(k)andKeoghretirementplans,theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet,andthelikelihoodoflargeinheritances,thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.

TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavings,especiallyforolderworkers.Amongthereport’srecommendations:taxhalfofallSocialSecuritybenefits,regardlessofotherincome;provide8%largerbenefitsforeachyearbeyond65;andpermitworkersnearingretirementtonegotiatecompensationpackagesthatmayincludealowersalarybutwithgreaterhealthcarebenefits.However,itmaytakerealandfruitfulplanningtofindtherightsolutiontotheearlyretirementofolderexperiencedworkers;anymeasurestakenmustbeallowedtoprolongtheserviceabilityofolderexperiencedworkers.

1.AccordingtoHudsonInstituteresearcher,theeffectoftheearlyretirementofqualifiedworkersintheU.S.economyis________.

2.TheoldexperiencedworkersinAmericatendtoretireearlybecausetheirprolongedservicemay________.

3.Thesecondparagraphiswrittenchieflytoshowthat________.

4.Whenmentioning“theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet”thewriter________.

5.Towardstheissue,whatthewriterismostconcernedaboutwillbe________.

问题1选项

A.constructive

B.significant

C.inconclusive

D.disadvantageous

问题2选项

A.doharmtoyoungergenerations

B.endupwithfewornobenefits

C.giveplaytotheirpotentials

D.shedlightonsocialtrends

问题3选项

A.therewillbeanacutelaborshortageinthenearfutures

B.baby-boomerscontributemuchtotheUSeconomic

C.governmentpoliciesconcerningolderpeopleareout-dated

D.olderworkersareenthusiasticaboutcollectingsocialbenefits

问题4选项

A.iscallingattentiontotheprivilegestowhichbaby-boomersareentitled

B.iscallingforthegovernmenttotakecountermeasuresagainstlaborshortage

C.isrefutinganotionaboutexperiencedworkers’earlyretirement

D.isjustifyingtheineffectivenessoffederaltaxandbenefitpolicies

问题5选项

A.toadvocateradicallyreforminggovernmentpolicies

B.totakeintoaccountthebenefitsuponretirement

C.toputinpracticewhatHudsonresearchersbelievein

D.toprolongthepracticabilityofolderexperiencedemployees

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economy,accordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstitute,apublicpolicyresearchorganization.（公共政策研究机构哈德逊研究所的一份新报告显示，有经验的工人提前退休正严重损害美国经济。），可知有经验的工人提前退休具有弊端，D选项“不利的”正确。A选项“建设性的”，B选项“意义重大的”和C选项“无定论的”属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.（在今天，62岁退休在经济上是一个理性的决定。）和最后一句Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofwork,anypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits.（尽管收入通常会随着工作年限的增加而增加，但35年之后的任何工资增长都会导致社会保障税的增加，而福利只会小幅增加。），可知许多人希望尽早退休的原因是好处不够，B选项“最终得到很少的好处或得不到好处”正确。A选项“对年轻一代有害”和C选项“发挥他们的潜力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“阐明社会趋势”：根据第一段最后一句ifthattrendcontinues,therewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury.（如果这种趋势继续下去，劳动力短缺将会阻碍21世纪的经济增长。），社会趋势指的是许多有经验的老工人很早就退休了，但这不是他们退休的原因，属于出处错位。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。第二段第一句指出人口老龄化会加剧，第二句指出年轻人群的增长很少，第三句建议让年长的技术工人继续就业以维持劳动力数量，如果不改革，劳动力缺乏的情况会更严重，综合可知，A选项“在不久的将来，将会严重劳动力短缺”正确。B选项“婴儿潮一代对美国经济贡献很大”：根据第二段最后一句butwithoutsignificantpolicyreforms,massiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely.（但如果不进行重大政策改革，婴儿潮一代大规模提前退休的可能性似乎更大。），这里没有讲婴儿潮一代对美国经济贡献很大，属于曲解原文。C选项“政府有关老年人的政策已经过时了”：文中没有提到关于老年人的政策，属于无中生有。D选项“年长的工人热衷于将社会福利收入囊中”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。文章在第四段第一句提出HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetowork（哈德逊研究所的研究人员认为，联邦税收和福利政策是错误的，改革迫在眉睫，但他们不同意一项广受欢迎的提议，即美国老年人必须工作。），可知作者赞同美国老年人必须工作的观点，随后在第四段最后一句提出Accordingto…theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet…thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.（根据华尔街股市的持续上涨……有证据表明，婴儿潮一代将工作到65岁，比前几代人拥有更多的金融资产。），可知华尔街股市持续上涨的例子是为了支持上面美国老年人必须工作的观点，C选项“反驳有经验的工人提前退休的观点”正确。A选项“正在呼吁人们关注婴儿潮一代所享有的特权”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。B选项“要求政府采取对策解决劳动力短缺问题”：这里没有提到解决劳动力短缺的问题，属于出处错位。D选项“为联邦税收和福利政策的无效辩护”：作者和哈德逊研究所一样认为联邦税收和福利政策是错误，不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。

5.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。文章第一段提出有经验的工人提前退休具有危害，第二段提出需要用政策使他们延长就业，第三段指出他们为什么会提前退休，第四段强调老员工必须工作，第五段阐述了哈德逊研究所对有经验的老员工提前退休的建议后总结必须延长有经验的老员工的工作时间。文章在各个方面阐述为什么需要延长有经验的老员工的工作时间，也给出了建议，D选项“给有经验的老员工延长工作时间的可行性”正确。A选项“主张彻底改革政府政策”：文章只涉及到老员工提前退休的政策，没有提出让政府彻底改革，属于偷换概念。B选项“考虑退休后的福利”：这只是文章的部分内容，属于以偏概全。C选项“将哈德逊研究人员所相信的付诸实践”：作者引用哈德逊研究人员的研究内容只是为了佐证自己的观点，不是想表达的重点，属于曲解原文。因此D选项正确。

8.问答题

Peoplearoundtheworldareconcernedthatchlorofluoromethanesreleasedfromaerosolsprayscanposeaseriousthreattotheirhealththroughdepletionoftheozonelayer.TheprimaryconcernabouttheozonelayerdepletionisthattheultravioletrayintensityatthesurfaceoftheEarthwouldincrease,bringingaboutmoreskincancerfatalitiesamongCaucasians.AccordingtotheIMOSreport,FluorocarbonsandtheEnvironment,issuedearlierthisyear,thereispersuasive,althoughnotabsolutelyconclusive,clinicalandepidemiologicalevidenceofadirectlinkbetweensolarradiationandthehistoricallyobservedincidenceofseveral,generallynon-fatal,typesofskincancerinhumans.Icertainlydonotfindthisevidenceconclusive,andbelieveanalternativecasecanbemade.

Itisalongknownfactthatultravioletintensityatthelandsurfaceincreaseswithaltitudeabovesealevel.IngoingfromsealeveltothealtitudeofDenver,Colorado(1mile,1.61km.),theultravioletintensityat295nmincreasesby125percent.TheresidentsofColorado(meanelevation2.1km.)havealwaysbeensubjectedtoUVintensitiesseveraltimesgreaterthanthosethatmightresult,ontheaverage,fromthehypothesizedozonelayerdepletionof16percent(33percentincreaseinUV)by2000AD.InadditiontothehigherUVcontentofColoradosunshine,thepercentageofcleardays(70percent)isabovethenationalaverage.

PublicationsbytheAmericanCancerSocietyshowthatColoradohasoneofthelowestskincancerfatalityratesofallofthestates,1.69deathsper100,000populationcomparedwithanationalaverageof2.40per100,000.Theentiredesertsouthwesthasabout125percentgreaterUYintensityinsunshine,duetoaltitude,thandoesNewEngland,yetthedeathratefromskincancerinNewEnglandis24percenthigherthanitisinthesouthwest.

Ontheworldbasis,manyfactorsappeartoplayamoreimportantroleinskincancerfatalitiesthanUVintensity.Intheequatorialregions,UVintensityatthelandsurfaceishigherbecausetheSun’srayspassthroughtheozonelayermoreperpendicularlythaninmorenortherlyorsoutherlylatitudes.Inspiteofthis,thelowestreportedskincancerdeathratesintheworldcomefromMauritius(0.2per100,000)andNicaragua(0.2per100,000),eventhoughtheyarelocatedinnear-equatorialregions.Ontheotherhand,Ireland(2.64per100,000)hastheworld’sthirdhighestratewhileEnglandandWales(1.50per100,000)is27th.Mexico(0.65per100,000)is38th.

EvidenceisstrongthatUVintensityisnottheprincipalfactorindeterminingtheskincancerdeathrate.Geneticfactors,skinpigmentation,behavioralcharacteristics,medicalfacilities,broadstrawhats,andsuntanlotionallhavesomeinfluenceonskincancerfatalities.Anadditional4,000-12,000deathsperyearfromskincancerintheU.S.havebeenpredictedfora16percentdepletionoftheozonelayer.ItshouldberememberedthatpresentannualdeathsintheU.S.fromthiscauseare5,000.

Someauthorshaverecommendedanimmediatebanontheuseoffluorocarbonswithoutanydirectevidencethattheyaffecttheozonelayer.TometheindirectevidencestronglysuggeststhatthesecompoundsareunlikelytohaveasignificanteffectontheEarth’sozonelayerandeveniftheydid,anincreaseinskincancerdeathswouldnotnecessarilyresult.

1.WhatisoneconsequencefortheinhabitantsofDenverofthefactthatthetownissituatedatanaltitudeof1mileabovesea-level?

2.Fromthepassage,whatdoyouknowaboutthenumberofcloudydaysperyearinDenver?

3.WhatistherelationshipbetweenskincancerandUVintensityaccordingtothispassage?

4.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheskincancerdeathrateinIreland?

5.ApproximatelywhatpercentageincreaseinskincancerdeathshasbeenpredictedfortheU.S.witha16percentreductionintheozonelayer?

【答案】1.由题干的关键词Denver可定位到文章第二段中“IngoingfromsealeveltothealtitudeofDenver,Colorado(1mile,1.61km.),theultravioletintensity（紫外线强度）at295nmincreasesby125percent.”可知丹佛居民的后果。

试题答案：

OneconsequenceistheinhabitantsofDenveraresubjectedtotheultravioletintensityat295nmincreasesby125percent.

2.由文章第二段中“thepercentageofcleardays(70percent)isabovethenationalaverage”晴天的百分比(70%)高于全国平均水平，可推知丹佛晴天占70%，阴天占30%。

试题答案：

ThenumberofcloudydaysperyearinDenveris30percentofdaysinayear.

3.由文章倒数第二段中“EvidenceisstrongthatUVintensityisnottheprincipalfactorindeterminingtheskincancerdeathrate.”有证据表明紫外线强度不是决定皮肤癌死亡率的主要因素，以及最后一段中“TometheindirectevidencestronglysuggeststhatthesecompoundsareunlikelytohaveasignificanteffectontheEarth’sozonelayerandeveniftheydid,anincreaseinskincancerdeathswouldnotnecessarilyresult.”对我来说，间接证据强烈表明，这些化合物不太可能对地球臭氧层有重大影响，即使他们产生了重大影响，皮肤癌的死亡人数也不一定会增加。因此可推测皮肤癌与紫外线强度之间没有什么联系关系。

试题答案：

TherelationshipbetweenskincancerandUVintensityisunlikelytoexist.

4.由文章第四段中“Ontheworldbasis,manyfactorsappeartoplayamoreimportantroleinskincancerfatalitiesthanUVintensity.”从世界范围来看，许多因素似乎比紫外线强度在皮肤癌死亡中起着更重要的作用，可知有其他很多因素在皮肤癌死亡中占主要原因。

试题答案：

ManyfactorsappeartoplayamoreimportantroleinskincancerfatalitiesthanUVintensity.

5.由文章倒数第二段中“Anadditional4,000-12,000deathsperyearfromskincancerintheU.S.havebeenpredictedfora16percentdepletionoftheozonelayer.ItshouldberememberedthatpresentannualdeathsintheU.S.fromthiscauseare5,000.”据预测，美国每年死于皮肤癌的人数将增加4，000至12，000人由于臭氧损耗16%。应该记住，目前美国每年因这一原因而死亡的人数为5，000人。（4000+5000）÷5000=0.8，12000÷5000=2.4，故皮肤癌死亡的百分比大约增加了80%至240%。

试题答案：

Approximately80%to240%.

9.单选题

Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencouraginginteraction.Mostofushavenoticedhowimportantphysicalsettingistoefficiencyandcomfortinourwork.Today'scorporationshirehumanengineeringspecialistsandspendaconsiderableamountoftimeandmoneytomakesurethatthephysicalenvironmentofbuildingsarefitfortheactivitiesoftheirinhabitants.

Similarly,collegeclassroomspaceshouldbedesignedtoencouragetheactivityofcriticalthinking.Wearealreadyinthetwenty-firstcentury,butstepintoalmostanycollegeclassroomandyoustepbackintimeatleastahundredyears.Desksarenormallyinstraightrows,sostudentscanclearlyseeteacherbutnotalltheirclassmates.Theassumptionbehindsuchanarrangementisobvious:Everythingofimportancecomesfromtheteacher.

Withalittleimaginationandeffort,unlessdesksarefixedtothefloor,theteachercancorrectthesituationandcreatespacethatencouragesinterchangeamongstudents.Insmallandstandardclasses,chairs,desksandtablescanbearrangedinavarietyofways:circles,U-shapes,orsemicircles.Theprimarygoalshouldbeforeveryonetobeabletoseeeveryoneelse.Largerclassesparticularlythoseheldinlecturehalls,unfortunately,allowmuchlessflexibility.

Arrangementofclassroomshouldalsomakeiteasytodividestudentsintosmallgroupsfordiscussionorproblem-solvingexercises.Smallclasseswithmovabledesksandtablespresentnoproblem.Eveninlargelecturehallsitispossibleforstudentstoturnaroundandformgroupsoffourtosix.Breakingaclassintosmallgroupsprovidemoreopportunitiesforstudentstointeractwitheachother,thinkoutloud,andseehowotherstudentsthinkingprocessesoperate——allessentialelementsindevelopingnewmodesofcriticalthinking.

Incoursesthatregularlyuseasmallgroupformat,studentsmightbeaskedtostayinthesamesmallgroupsthroughoutthecourse.Acolleagueofmineallowsstudentstomovearoundduringthefirsttwoweeks,untiltheyfindagrouptheyarecomfortablewith.Hethenasksthemtostayinthesamescat,withthesamegroup,fromthattimeon.Thisnotonlycreatesacomfortablesettingforinteractionbuthelpshimlearnstudents'namesandfaces.

1.Deskanangementinatraditionalclassroomisassociatedwiththeideathat（

）.

2.Theexpression"stepbackintimeatleastahundredyears"(inParagraph2)isintendedtoconvey

theideathat（

）.

3.Theprimarypurposeofdeskarrangementis（

）.

4.Thegreatestadvantageinallowingeachstudenttofindhisowngroupmightbethat（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.studentsshouldnotbeactivelearnersintheclassroom

B.itisuselessforstudentstoparticipateinclassactivity

C.theteacheristhechiefknowledgesource

D.itisimportantforstudentstoseetheblackboardclearly

问题2选项

A.collegeclassroomsoftenremindyouofyourcollegelife

B.criticalthinkingwasencouragedevenacenturyago

C.ahundredyearsago,deskarrangementinaclassroomwasquitedifferent

D.thereisnotmuchchangeinthecollegeeducationalideasoverthepasthundredyears

问题3选项

A.fortheteachertodividestudentsintosmallgroups

B.tomakeitpossibleforthestudentstointeractwitheachother

C.fortheteachertofindouthowstudentsthink

D.togivestudentsopportunitiestopracticespeaking

问题4选项

A.theteachersavesthetroubleindoingthat

B.learningismadecomfortableinthisway

C.theteachercaneasilyrememberthestudents'namesandfaces

D.brighterstudentscanhelptheslowerones

问题5选项

A.Newkindsofdesksandchairsshouldbemade.

B.Manycompaniesaretryingtoimprovetheworkingsettingsfortheiremployees.

C.Interactionbetweenstudentsisessentialinthetrainingofcriticalthinking.

D.Acomfortableenvironmentleadstohigherworkingefficiency.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段指出:Theassumptionbehindsuchanarrangementisobvious:Everythingofimportancecomesfromtheteacher(这种安排下的假设是很明显的：所有重要信息都来自于老师)。故选C“老师是知识的主要来源”。

2.判断推理题。根据"stepbackintimeatleastahundredyears”定位至第二段:Wearealreadyinthetwenty-firstcentury,butstepintoalmostanycollegeclassroomandyoustepbackintimeatleastahundredyears(我们己经进入21世纪，但是踏入任何大学教室，你都会感觉至少回到100年之前),也就是大学教室和以前相比都没有多大改变。故选D“100年来，大学教育的想法都没有太多改变”。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段中“Theprimarygoalshouldbeforeveryonetobeabletoseeeveryoneelse(主要目的是让每个人都能见到彼此)”以及第四段中“Breakingaclassintosmallgroupsprovidemoreopportunitiesforstudentstointeractwitheachother(将班级分成小团队，可以为学生提供更多的交流机会)”可知B项“使学生能够相互交流”正确。

4.判断推理题。最后一段指出:Acolleagueofmineallowsstudentstomovearoundduringthefirsttwoweeks,untiltheyfindagrouptheyarecomfortablewith.Hethenasksthemtostayinthesameseat,withthesamegroup,fromthattimeon.Thisnotonlycreatesacomfortablesettingforinteractionbuthelpshimlearnstudents'namesandfaces(:我同事允许学生在前两周的时候移动座位，直到他们发现相处融洽的团体。之后他便要求他们和同样的团队呆在同样的位置上。这不仅能创造舒适的相互交流的环境，而且能帮助他熟悉学生的名字和面孔),因此B项“这样能创造舒适的学习交流环境”正确。

5.判断推理题。题目问的是下列哪个选项不正确。文章谈论的是教室中桌椅的位置排放或者说是教室空间的恰当安排，因此A项“应该制作新类型的桌椅”不符合原文所述