语法精讲2连俊霞

总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结 主语从句完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分 翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒 二、英语句则：一个句子中有且只能有一个动词。㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多三、长难句分析六步走(2010Text4)These(changes)gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassets(非流动资产)andmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir estatements(损益计算).（2001完形）TheernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewsprsseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasessuchasthetrialofRosemaryWest.（2005Text1）Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(2005-25)WhatcanweinferfromthelastMonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialHumanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainAnimalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansCooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthe(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.四、基本知识补充例：WhenitcomestoEnglishtesthewhoisacollegestudentconsidersgrammarmost由词到句的除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。例Lastyearthehard-workingstudentconsideredtheNETEMmostimportant.（词In2011,mostofcollegestudents,agroupofhard-workingpeopleconsideredpassingtheNETEMmostWhenitwas2011,whatwasconsideredtobethemostimportantformostofcollegestudents,whowerehard-workingpeople,waspassingtheNETEM.（句）简单句基本句型 Ilike Helooks I Hetoldmea “ 第二 名词性语法内例：Thereasonsareclearnow. Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthe HehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneItisthequestion. ItiswhetherIshoulddisgracefullysurviveorsmartlydisappear.Wefoundoutthefact,themurder. Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.AmericanselectedBarackObamatheir二、名词性结构：动名词动名词与不定式做主语(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulation eincreasingly(2005.49)CreatingaEuropeanIdentity‖thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.动名词与不定式做宾(1994语法)I theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsA.havingbeen B.having C.tohavebeen D.tohave(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn‘tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen‘s动名词与不定式检测(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternetfindingpromisingopenings（空缺）canbetime-consumingandinefficient.…Workingwithrsonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.(2004完形Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminal(2001Text5)Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlife‖,andmakingthealternativemoveintodownshifting‖bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocial(1998Text4)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelomoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充(2006Text3)Thattheseseasarebeinerfishedhasbeenknownfor(1993.74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses(thescientists‘mindprocesses),andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(2000.72)Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry‘seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.(2008.46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience.(1994.75)Whetherthe ernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistargued(that)smokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn‘tknowforsure?(2004.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.lieshowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude.‖(1997Text2)AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.(2006Text3)Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.同位语从句 引导（陈述句、疑问词引导（疑问句a.名词+(2005Text3)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.(2011.46)Allen‘scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealsitserroneousnature.(2009Text1)Theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Whathewantedtoconveywasthathewasinnocent,butthepublicconsideredthatthefactthattheaffairhadastronginfluenceonthefemalestarswastheprominentevidenceforhisfault.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichanizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.(2012Text2)Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.(2010Text2)TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase(Bilski)wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt‘sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshouldreconsider‖itsStateStreetBankruling.（2010-27）WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalItmaychangethelegalpracticesinthe第三 形容词性语法内一、语能：定语、表语、补语、状语例：SheisWefindtheexamThegirlstoodthere,fullofHeisahandsomeboy. Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.二、形容词性从句：定语从 31.（2005.47）Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogetherevision,radio,newsp rs,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(1999Text2)Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany‘sprivateintranet.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributedalottohissuccessinhisMostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates模式intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday‘sevents.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichanizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.作文常用句型：AsisshowninthepicturesAsisseenfromthechartAsisvividlybetrayedinthecartoon定语从句和同位语从句区分：例：TheconclusionthattheyhavedrawnisTheconclusionthattheywon‘tacceptourconditionsis定语从句检测(2012Text3)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.(2006翻译)Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyinlectualsearntheirliving.(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.who B.as C.which D.what(2006Text2)Hiltonisbuildingitsownhothere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbevery(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill. moralfinancial(2010Text1)OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewsprsduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.(2010Text1)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderunderoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewsprs.三、分词：现在分词、过去分 时态与语能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语定语WeareoftenattractedbyenchantingWemustadapt适应ourthinkingtothechangedTheAmericanvisitingChinanowwillreturnon(2006Text4)Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompleydedicated(用于)todepictinghappiness.(1996年语法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIread whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericanA. B. C.to D.(1995年语法)Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion.AattendedBattendingC.toattendD.haveattended(1999年语法)It‘seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevague(不明确的)changesplaceinourever-changingworld.A. B.to C. D.鼎尖学府考研 15/A.to B. C. D.was (1999Text3)But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.(1997年语法)Justasthevalueofaephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphone tothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.A. B.tohave C.to D.(1993年语法)Asforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostof 料）isallowedsavedforthedawn.A. B. C. D.YouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtoA. B. C. D.(2006-7)Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million. thefiguremayvary, ystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.Now C. D.Except时间状语从句：正 as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,thethemoment,thesecond,nosooner…than,hardly...when;之前------before;之 after,since,例：ThebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisNosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy（困倦的76.（2002年翻译）Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched（确定的）.not…until‖Until（1994Text2）Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo. tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedA.Hardlyhadhe B.NosoonerhadheC.Notuntilhe D.Scarcelydidhe（1998年语法）ngyour isasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrueitcomestoclassroomtests.A. B. C. D.（2002.22）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotthe19thcenturythatthenewsprbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).A. B. C. D.(2001-6)Inasignificanttighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroduceadraftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnessesillegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountofpublicitythatcanbegiventoacase6_atrialbegins.A. B. C. D.（1998Text2）EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporate)ifonly：只要；onlyif注：83.（1996年语法）Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookfor shecouldrememberwholastborrowedA.ever B.much C.even D.if（2004年完形42）Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfanhis heproducesaA.only B.much C.long D.ever, 例：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,can layfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.aslong（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.（1993语法）YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting youdon‘tmindtakingthenightA. B. C. D.(2010-7)Itdidnotproductivityrose.

whatwasdoneinthe somethingwasA.asfar B.forfear C.incase D.solong原因状语从句：assinceinthatconsidering;nowthatas(solongasonthegrounds（2003.37）theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewinlectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheir plishmentareadmiredbyothers.A. C. D.（1995语法）Hydrogen（氢元素）isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseitprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.so B.but C.in D.provided（1996.46）Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon（碳元素,hydrogen,oxyge（氧元素,andsometimesnitroge（氮元素.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.in B.so C.such D.except（2004.22）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活动)withothers.A. B. C. D.目的状语从句：lestincaseforfeartheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway‖sothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.（2000Text5）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing（爱出风头的）acquisitive（贪婪的）andvulgar(2000-29)Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambition theythinkofitastheirpursuitsarenotfameorambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialtheydonotwanttoappeargreedyand（2003.35）Intheseactivties,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeanized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.if B.now C.so D.even（2003Text2）They（scientists）shouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.(2003.49)Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientists A.communicatemorewiththe B.employhi-teeansinC.feelsnoshamefortheir D.strivetodevelopnew方式状语从句：asasif/though;inthesame例 （2000Text1）Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(牺牲品)。易懂类 （2002.29&31）Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit(集成电路)duringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediayapparent.[29].A.indeed B.hence C.however [31].A. B. C.lest D.（1996.50）Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessvitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthesafeside‖andthustakeextravitamins.A. B. C. D.（1997.44）44itseconomyconditionstorecover,theUSisincreasingly inganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.Even B.Now C.If D.Provided（1998语法）Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatterhedoes.A. B. C. D.（2000Text2）ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.none(C)ofhisstudentseven(D)objectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeand（2004.40）Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminal adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenA. B. C. D.（2005：1.5.6）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,unlikeanimals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesarelimitedtoperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheairmissingthemajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearediluted(稀释)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.[1].A.B.C.D.[5].A.B.C.D.[6].A.evenB.ifC.onlyD.as（2000Text4）Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(机械的)learninercreativityandself-expression.(2000Text4)WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheJapaneseeducationispraisedforheltheyoungclimbthesocialJapaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellasMorestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofDropoutleadstofrustrationagainsttest(2005Text4)Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.(2005.39)ThedescriptionofRussians‘loveofmemorizingpoetryshowsthe interestintheirappreciationoftheiradmirationfortheir(2008Text4)WhileWashingtonandJeffersonpriva yexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.(2008.38)WhatdowelearnaboutThomasHispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsHisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildHisattitudetowardsslaverywasHisaffairwithaslavestainedhis难点类 例：YoungasheisJimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.MuchasIhavetraveled,IhaveneverseensuchabeautifulTryashewill,nomanbreakswhollyloosefromhis love,nomatterwhoshebe…We‘veonlyonevirginity（）tolose,andwherewelostitthereourheartswillbe! ,hedoesgetannoyed