英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析

英语专业ハ级考试阅读理解模拟题成都理工大学工程技术学院外语系关英森编辑TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"GRE阅读方法——教师笔记 4\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析ー 12\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析二 14\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析三 16\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析四 18\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析五 20\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析六 22\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析七 24\o"CurrentDocument"Text1 24\o"CurrentDocument"Test2 25\o"CurrentDocument"Text3 26\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析ハ 28\o"CurrentDocument"PartA 28\o"CurrentDocument"Text1 28\o"CurrentDocument"Text2 29\o"CurrentDocument"Text3 30\o"CurrentDocument"Text4 31\o"CurrentDocument"PartB 32\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析九 34\o"CurrentDocument"Textl 34\o"CurrentDocument"Text2 35\o"CurrentDocument"Text3 36\o"CurrentDocument"Text4 37\o"CurrentDocument"英语ハ级阅读理解真题及名师解析十 39\o"CurrentDocument"Text1 39\o"CurrentDocument"Text3 41\o"CurrentDocument"Text4 42\o"CurrentDocument"Text5 43\o"CurrentDocument"Text6 45\o"CurrentDocument"考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析H— 47\o"CurrentDocument"Text2 49\o"CurrentDocument"Text4 51\o"CurrentDocument"第一套题答案与考点解析 53\o"CurrentDocument"第二套题答案与考点解析 54\o"CurrentDocument"第三套题答案与考点解析 55\o"CurrentDocument"第四套题答案及考点解析 56\o"CurrentDocument"第五套题考点解析 57\o"CurrentDocument"第六套题答案及考点解析 58\o"CurrentDocument"第七套题目答案 59\o"CurrentDocument"第八套题目参考答案 59\o"CurrentDocument"第九套题目答案及考点解析 66\o"CurrentDocument"第十套题目答案及考点解析 72\o"CurrentDocument"第十一套题目答案 82GRE阅读方法一教师笔记第一部分:基本知识※阅读习惯:ー、先读题目还是先读文章?一定要先读文章!二、切忌读文章时查词典三、不要逐字读阅读黄金法则:文章中读到什么就是什么,不需要结合其他进行推理。六先六后:1、先词汇,后阅读（一般剩余13分钟阅读,5分钟小文章,长文章保证简单题・定做对）。2,先短文章,后长文章。3、先读较熟悉的内容的文章，后读陌生的。4、先读较易的,后读难的。较易题包括：主题题,态度题，结构题（・般总分式较多），简单的细节题（题干、答案均较短，且好定位。较难题包括：难细节题（特别是罗马数字题），逻辑题，类比题。5、先框架，后细节。6、先排除再猜选（不得已而猜之时）。※解题六大原则：1、有无之辩：文中没提到的不选.2、正反之辩:一般是顺序错误。或是发生时间先后顺序错误，或是逻辑顺序错误。3,主次之辩4、全偏之辩：不要以偏盖全。5、宽窄之辩：不要拿范围小的答案去对应较大的概念。6、强弱之辩：态度题中特别需要注意,如：intense（强，表过度紧张）。XGRE文章阅读的三大语言关系：1、moreover 顺接关系furthermore,further,thus,inaddition等2、转折关系however,but,yet,nevertheless,nonetheless,indeed,infact,practically,actually,virtually等however表不:①转折②让步：与形容词和副词作插入语时表让步语气③递进：在句末时,看似是转折,其实是将话不说的绝对化,并进而将自己观点进行拓展。but/yet:①若在首段第二句或二段首句出现，则是在语气、态度上的大转折。②若在理论或现象刚刚说完之后，则对其的解释是持负评价。3、让步关系：（although,though不考）关键词：do/may/have做助动词，表强调;或表强调的词，如：nodoubt,noproblem,absolutely等;而一般文章在强调后均会有一个让步。第二部分:文章分类及各类文章易出题型分析文章一般出处:《大百科全书》等 长文章是缩写,短文章是节选。ー、按题材分类:.人文科学:包括文学评论,美术,音乐,雕塑,哲学,语言学,宗教学出题思路:94年以后以短文章为主，以人文艺术和综合为主，特别是以一人一文（ー个作者的一本书,或者ー个作者的ー篇文章）为主。注:在文学题材的文章中，出题者反对从意识形态的角度研究文学。他们认为文学问题就应该从文学角度研究。.社会科学:包括历史学，社会学，心理学，人类学，政治学，经济学（GRE中涉及还不是很多，GMAT中则每4篇中有2篇）出题角度:一般涉及民族（爱斯基摩热门考过两次），女权。但均为虚假关心，使得出题思路较为屮庸。出题思路：纯学术研究的文章大大减少,民族、女权的实际社会问题大大增加。注:①北美独立战争也经常考，但一般不会涉及两个国家之间的战争。明确反对：左派激进主张,革命思想,社会大变革，趋同进化论，达尔文的进化论。②社会科学题材中,作者从来不把ー个普通的社会现象赋予重大意义,倾向于就事论事。一般套路：提出ー个现象，阐释清楚;提出自己的观点对其评价优劣:最后把臼己的观点说圆满.生命科学：包括现代医学，现代农业，植物学，动物学出题思路:94年后微观生物学一般不考，只考宏观方面，包括动植物习性,生物群落，环境与人类活动，生物圈等。.自然科学:包括物理学,化学，天文学，地质学等。一般考空气污染，汽车尾气，002与温室效应,臭氧与气温升高,森林砍伐，城市噪声，厄尔尼诺。地质学较常考。出题思路：一般不涉及专业知识，如果涉及的问题较难理解，则一般考题为:1、学科发展。2、科学家生平。注:常考环保,新材料发明。对新材料,新成果,新发明均为正态度★二、按文体分类:说明文：模式一般为:现象ーー结论——可能原因陈述——排除议论文：Argument一般是就已提出的观点给出评价。如果不同意,或者是不完全同意，则作者需提出新主张。通常反驳或攻击性评价较多。Presentation:一般是就一个事物或者是ー个现象提出自己的观点、主张和解称。全文无对立面。即使在文章末尾稍做让步,也不影响文章的主态度。★三、按结构分类:1、新旧观点对比型:即新观点==旧观点（即+not）新旧观点是对同一事物的不同意见旧观点通常是在开始提出,而且通常是过去的观点，或传统的观点，或没有异议的观点。特征词如下：traditional,usually,manypeoplebelievethat,itisfrequentlyassumedthat..,ashadlongbeenthoughtthat...2、结论解释型特征:首句必须是判断句（不一定是判断句式），一般也是包含作者态度和评价的句子。从第二句开始,每段前两句即代表主要思想。、注:第二句或第二段首句不能对主句做出转折评价（即句式上可有转折连词,但意思不可转折）。3、现象解释型特征:作者在前两句会给出现象,下边也会给出解释。正评价的句子即为主题句。注:重点把握作者态度。4、问题回答型特征：文章前两句或苜段给出ー个设问句,答案所在之处即为文章的topicsentence。或者是若首句出现以下几个单词时:task,problem,difficulty若给出ー个solution,则为topicsentence若给出几个solutions,则给出正评价的solution所在即为topicsentence,.5、态度复杂型特征：围绕文章focus不断出现让步和转折现象,但从前不从后。靠前的态度为主态度。做题时要抓主态度。第三部分:文章阅读方法—•文章阅读顺序:.短文章读一遍.长文章:读两遍第一遍:读首末两段和各段的首尾句,明确以下内容1、文章主题（topicsentence）2,文章主态度3、全文的行文结构第二遍:有选择的阅读。阅读的部分包括以下内容：1、特殊的语言现象2、大写字母开头的部分（如:特定的时间、地点、人物等）二.文章微观阅读方法：1、关于下定义和做解释:做解释的关键词如下:（Dthatis②同位语（从句） ④括号③破折号 ⑤引号⑥平行结构:如AandB（同义）,AorB（反义）2、双重否定=肯定3、标点符号:⑴句号:要把握句号前后的句子关系。⑵如果ー个长句用两个逗号夹ー个句子，则其必为补充说明成分。通常现身于：①非限制性定语从句②同位语（经常用于考细节题）③独立主格结构（在作文中应用时非常有用）⑶冒号⑷括号:①解释说明②解释难词⑸引号:①强调作用②说反话③解释⑹破折号:两个之间或ー个之后,为解释说明成分⑺分号：①从语意上并列,分前后相同和前后相反两种。②结构上的分开:一般用来作提示，如表示列举、并列关系等。4、虚拟语气:虚拟语气只能表达与事实相反的情况，反过来即是作者的重点所在和事实GRE中需掌握:⑴在条件句中的应用①对过去的虚拟：表后悔及遗憾的态度②对现在或将来的虚拟：表期望的态度③错综时间句（2）表愿望、命令、建议等：wish,wouldrather,hadrather,suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等⑶表作者态度:should/would/could/might①表自己看法②表请求、邀请③表建议和劝告④表疑问：持恳切的态度5、比较的出现：有比较级出现,则答案中一定有与原文中语言现象相对应的说法。①最咼级的体现：primary,unparallel,most,best,all,none,any,first,last,never,always,uttermost,foremost等②唯一性的体现：sole,only,unique等③比较级的体现：as..as,more..than..,thesame…as…等注：有比较关系词时,如inclinedto,prefer,wouldrather等时,要选择有相同比较意义的。三.答案基本阅读方法:文字对应法将题干所问的事物（focus）回原文大致位置定位,然后看选项。如果某选项出现了和题干所问事物不在同一位置出现的词汇,那么该选项必然错误。四.答案阅读方法:一）、纵向看选项：若有共同之处，拿公共元素回文章定位。Iftheessaydoesn'thavethecommonelement,thechoiceiswrong.二）、明确六种题型：1、主题题型2、态度题3、类比题4,细节题5、逻辑题6,结构题三）、熟练运用各种基本方法定位之后选项以定位所在处无关的必错。四）、如果选项是主从夏合句,先处理主句,再处理从句。五）、如果选项含有明确的最高级、唯一性、比较级。则如果选项正确，原文就必定有其相对应的说法（但在否定句和疑问句中还要注意句子的意思）。第四部分:解题步骤、方法和技巧解题步骤:第一步:题目的定位一定要发现题目的focus；若focus关系到全文,则如下步骤：1、用特征词定位：特征词包括：时间、地点状语,定语。2、若无特征词,则找focus首次出现的地方。关键:先找到focus所在的一段（only）。第二步：进行答案的通用排除。在看一遍后即有2〜3个选项可排除。依靠：1、排除法:如排除不含关键词的选项,排除完全和主态度相反的选项等。2、做题的感觉。第三步：答案的定位而后将答案与文章中对应句作同义改写,选意思最相近的。注：所以在平时练习时要注意找出处。答案直选法：原文重现一同义修改ー-定状不变即找到对应的句子后，与答案ー起分析句子结构,主、谓、宾、补均可以变,只有定、状这些限制时间发生唯一性的标志不能变。a、列举原则:如果原文出现了列举现象，则不光要注意列举对象，更要把握列举对象背后的共性。注：这种共性一般出现在段落主题句中。b、列举形式:1、名词的列举：同性质2、句子的分散列举：肯定在同一段中共性：主语一致性，发生的同时性3、重复式列举：将A,B,C,D……列举后,将某条（如A）再说一遍，则为重复。此时,若问有谁不同,则肯定选A。第五部分：各种经典题型总汇（主题型题总汇）ー、分类1、主题与作者态度相关题干标志词:mainidea,besttitle,primarypurpose,primaryconcert关键：①寻找主题句，并做同义改写②选项的态度要与原文一致,尤其要注意原文的让步语气选项标志词:presentation:present,explain,pointout,describeargument:criticize,refute,correct,challenge,evaluate2、主题与作者态度无关题干标志词:maincontent,bestsummarize,focusprimarilyon作法：①对主题句进行同义改写②结合文章结构套路（如:设问句、现象、问题等）做题注意:在做题之前要用通用排除法先过一遍①若出现文章具体细节和例子,此答案必错②若选项为长句（并列、主从复合句、独立主格结构等）做缩读处理,先注意主句。③文章的focus一定出现在首段或第二段的首句，要从前不从后.文章题目:必须含有文章的focus而且限制范围必须包括文章各个段落.阅读对象：首先排除不可能被选的答案，然后再其余答案当中选择涉及范围比较广泛的，而且与文章内容联系最广泛二、找主题句1、结合文章套路找如果文章首段出现：puzzle,difficulty,question,problem 则肯定将在下文出现其solution。有一一个,则其为文章的主题。如有多个，则文章给出正评价的为主题。若文章开头给出ー个现象，则须有explanation,此即为主题。③若文章开头给出设问句,则答案即为主题句。④若文章开头给出结论，而且没有转折，则此结论为主题句。⑤如果是新旧对比型，则新观点为主题句。2、结合文章语言找:若在一段叙述之后出现了but,yet,however,actually,infact,indeed等，则在转折后的内容即为主题。②若文章开头给出ー段举例，则举例之后的归纳总结即为主题句。（细节题总汇）ー、替换法应用题步骤:1、排除直译的答案2、先做定位,看原文完整的句子。最主要的目的在于找到原句的主语，而后做答案的排除，即答案当中没有句子主语的一律排除。3,做答案定位，将本体找出，用所考词代替，翻译句子，即为答案。二、举例说明概述题1、形式:①用inorderto提问，要求用短语回答。一般用discuss,explain等回答。②用because,thereasonthat等提问，要求用句子回答。2、解法步骤:⑴给例子作定位⑵向前找观点：①若在例子前一句或两句话,则直接解题②若无,则在段落主题句找③若无,则找全文主题句注：一定要注意例子是支持还是反对句子的观点!三、强对比取非题题干标志：inferimply强对比题，指文中出现A、B两种事物逻辑上:关键词:unlike,incontrastto,sntraryto,bedistinguishedfrom等时间上:关键词:now,nowadays,present,currentday,new,past,once,untilrecently等。此时,问ー个东西怎样会更好,即是找这个东西的不好之处。四.罗马数字题（短文章中难，长文章中易）长文章中,选项一定要固定在一段之内。注意:1、定位;2、看答案的顺序;3、如果碰到文章中一个都没有或对不上的,则全选。五•except题1、符合列举原则2、若为不符合列举原则,即出处不明显的细节题，则与‘’能回答下列哪个问题”的题目类似，步骤如下;①先做一般疑问句,再做特殊疑问句顺序为;howmany,howmuch,who,what,why,how③如果发现答案正确，则不用将剩余答案看完3,常考题型:Whichofthefollowinginformationcanbefoundinthepassage?Allofthefollowinginformationcanbefoundinthepassageexcept ?4、解题步骤:①缩小范围，回原文定位；②若原文无明显信息，或作者持明显反对态度，则排除;③利用通用排除法排除。（态度题总汇）ー、表达作者态度的方式1、判断句式:linkword或者be+形容词2、主动词:表示负评价的有:fail,ignore,overestimate,underestimate,exaggerate,misrepresent等3、focus的定语修饰语4、单独的形容词、副词,尤其是当有括号标志时。5、在主题句中有如下词seem,perhaps,appear,probably,maybe等时，就会弱化作者的态度，特别是最咼级。二、让步语气does/do/may之后2、在ー个理论或现象后出现的绝对化的词语后，一般会跟让步语气。3、文章中特意强调“我本不想……”4、文章在ー个态度给出后,紧接着又给出一个相反的说法。三、一篇文章只有一个作者态度的，其态度一定在主题句当中1、把握文章结构，从前不从后2、末段的态度不是主题态度四、下面的词不可能用语表达GRE文章的意思,不能作为正确答案的主词。1、态度较过的①态度过轻或过弱的:lighthearted,indifference,jocular,facetious,resigned,ambiguous②态度过差的:offensive,insincere,condemnation,callous,derision,envious,indignation,defiance,spiteful,cynical,scornful③态度过好的:fervent,adulatory,fanatical语气绝对化的:complete,entire,total,unmitigated,unrestrained,unchecked,admittedly（类比题总汇）ー、特点:1、好定位;2、给出的现象容易理解;3、答案的区分度比较大二、做题方法;做模糊对应,把所给对象的逻辑关系弄清楚逻辑关系特征如下;1、正反比2、先后比3、虚拟语气4、让步语气5、特殊的语言现象6抽象的逻辑关系（结构题总汇）—全文结构题把握各段苜句看清末段尾句掌握全文态度通常情况;总分总（尾段有in8ndusion,insum,ingeneral）总分二段落内部结构只需把握段落句间关系通常是观点ー--例子（逻辑题总汇）题干iftrue/known/possible,wecanassume/support/weaken做法;1通过题干回原文定位找到现象而题下当中已经有了结论我们需要在现象和结论之间找到条件2排除之后的答案我们需要做带回的工作3是条件的就是假设题的答案加强条件的是支持题的答案拆除条件是削弱题的答案第六部分:特别之处总汇如果文章中给出两个相反的观点,A+和A一,而后紧接着给出了例甲和例乙。则例甲证明A+,例乙不会去证明Aー。例乙有两种情况;1、证明A的不完整性。2、证明A的特殊地方,如在某些情况下的特殊应用。argue表明陈述的观点本身存在争议assume表明陈述的观点没有争议定语从句中一般有考点如果原文中出现了例子,要绕过例子关注之前的概括或之后的总结。ー、内部细节例子;看段落主题句二、全文举例;看全文主题若文章出现类比、比喻等语言现象,则要把雨点放在本体（如果本体内容不清楚,则先看喻体）。在原文中若出现了一个问题，ー个困难,一个谜,那么主题题答案的第一个主动词要用解释的说法，如;explain等。在原文中出现ー个现象或者是一个事实,则主题题的主动词要用describe等。英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析一Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise；andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Isenberg*srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers*intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTtoSpeedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.Identifyaproblem.Bringtogetherdisparatefacts.Stipulatecleargoals.ThetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinlineI,paragraph2?IA|Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.[B]Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.|C|Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.[D]Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis4?ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts；ManagerYdoesnot.ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis；ManagerYdoesnot.ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem；ManagerYdoesnot.ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem；ManagerXdoesnot.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.Managers"intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.|D]Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven.Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.|C]Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.[D]Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析二RogerRosenblatt'sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle'srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackfictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt'sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackfictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackfiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthanthefacialidentityoftheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthors?Second,howdoesBlackfictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneous?RosenblattshowsthatBlackfictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlackoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlywhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt'sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworks?Dyethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaesthetic?Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomey'sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?Inspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesfbranastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson'sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith.Evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism.Comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubject.Discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticism.Summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism.TheauthorofthetextbelievesthatBlackFictionwouldhavebeenimprovedhadRosenblatt.EvaluatedmorecarefullytheideologicalandhistoricalaspectsofBlackfiction.AttemptedtobemoreobjectiveinhisapproachtonovelsandstoriesbyBlackauthors.|C]ExploredingreaterdetailtherecurrentthematicconcernsofBlackfictionthroughoutitshistory.[D]Assessedtherelativeliterarymeritofthenovelsheanalyzesthematically.Theauthor'sdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas.Pedanticandcontentious.|B|Criticalbutadmiring.Ironicanddeprecating.Argumentativebutunfocused..TheauthorofthetextemploysallofthefollowinginthediscussionofRosenblatt'sbookEXCEPT：Rhetoricalquestions.Specificexamples.Comparisonandcontrast.Definitionofterms..TheauthorofthetextreferstoJamesWeldonJohnson'sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredManmostprobablyinorderto.pointoutaffinitiesbetweenRosenblatt'smethodofthematicanalysisandearliercriticism.Clarifythepointaboutexpressionisticstylemadeearlierinthepassage.QualifytheassessmentofRosenblatt'sbookmadeinthefirstparagraphofthepassage.|D|giveaspecificexampleofoneoftheaccomplishmentsofRosenblatt'swork.英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析三BernardBailynhasrecentlyreinterpretedtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyapplyingnewsocialresearchfindingsontheexperiencesofEuropeanmigrants.Inhisreinterpretation,migrationbecomestheorganizingprincipleforrewritingthehistoryofpreindustrialNorthAmerica.Hisapproachrestsonfourseparatepropositions.ThefirstoftheseassertsthatresidentsofearlymodemEnglandmovedregularlyabouttheircountryside;migratingtotheNewWorldwassimplyanaturalspillover.AlthoughatfirstthecoloniesheldlittlepositiveattractionfortheEnglish,theywouldratherhavestayedhomebytheeighteenthcenturypeopleincreasinglymigratedtoAmericabecausetheyregardeditasthelandofopportunity.Secondly,Bailynholdsthat,contrarytothenotionthatusedtoflourishinAmericahistorytextbooks,therewasneveratypicalNewWorldcommunity.Forexample,theeconomicanddemographiccharacterofearlyNewEnglandtownsvariedconsiderably.Bailyn'sthirdpropositionsuggesttwogeneralpatternsprevailingamongthemanythousandsofmigrants:onegroupcameasindenturedservants,anothercametoacquireland.Surprisingly,Bailynsuggeststhatthosewhorecruitedindenturedservantswerethedrivingforcesoftransatlanticmigration.ThesecolonialentrepreneurshelpeddeterminethesocialcharacterofpeoplewhocametopreindustrialNorthAmerica.Atfirst,thousandsofunskilledlaborerswererecruited;bythe1730's,however,Americanemployersdemandedskilledartisans.Finally,Bailynarguesthatthecolonieswereahalf-civilizedhinterlandoftheEuropeanculturesystem.HeisundoubtedlycorrecttoinsistthatthecolonieswerepartofanAnglo-Americanempire.ButtodividetheempireintoEnglishcoreandcolonialperiphery,asBailyndoes,devaluestheachievementsofcolonialculture.Itistrue,asBailynclaims,thathighcultureinthecoloniesnevermatchedthatinEngland.Butwhatofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,wherethesettlerscreatedeffectivelaws,builtadistinguisheduniversity,andpublishedbooks?BailynmightrespondthatNewEnglandwasexceptional.However,theideasandinstitutionsdevelopedbyNewEnglandPuritanshadpowerfuleffectsonNorthAmericanculture.AlthoughBailyngoesontoapplyhisapproachtosomethousandsofindenturedservantswhomigratedjustpriortotherevolution,hefailstolinktheirexperiencewiththepoliticaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Evidencepresentedinhisworksuggestshowwemightmakesuchaconnection.TheseindenturedservantsweretreatedasslavesfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhadsoldtheirtimetoAmericanemployers.Itisnotsurprisingthatassoonastheyservedtheirtimetheypassedupgoodwagesinthecitiesandheadedwesttoensuretheirpersonalindependencebyacquiringland.Thus,itisinthewestthatapeculiarlyAmericanpoliticalculturebegan,amongcolonistswhoweresuspiciousofauthorityandintenselyanti-aristocratic.1WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaissupportedbyinformationinthetext?AlargerpercentageofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmericacameasindenturedservantsthanasfreeagentsinterestedinacquiringland.Migrantswhocametothecoloniesasindenturedservantsweremoresuccessfulatmakingalivelihoodthanwerefarmersandartisans.MigrantstocolonialNorthAmericaweremoresuccessfulatacquiringtheirownlandduringtheeighteenthcenturythanduringtheseventeenthcentury.Bythe1730's,migrantsalreadyskilledinatradewereinmoredemandbyAmericanemployersthanwereunskilledlaborers.2TheauthorofthetextstatesthatBailynfailedto[A]GivesufficientemphasistotheculturalandpoliticalinterdependenceofthecoloniesandEngland.[B|DescribecarefullyhowmigrantsofdifferentethnicbackgroundspreservedtheircultureintheUnitedStates.[C]TakeadvantageofsocialresearchontheexperiencesofcolonistswhomigratedtocolonialNorthAmericaspecificallytoacquireland.[DJRelatetheexperienceofthemigrantstothepoliticalvaluesthateventuallyshapedthecharacteroftheUnitedStates.3Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sevaluationofBailyn'sfourthproposition?Itistotallyimplausible.Itispartiallyacceptable.Itishighlyadmirable.Itiscontroversialthoughpersuasive.4Accordingtothetext,BailynandtheauthoragreeonwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecultureofcolonialNewEngland?HighcultureinNewEnglandneverequaledthehighcultureofEngland.TheculturalachievementsofcolonialNewEnglandhavegenerallybeenunrecognizedbyhistorians.ThecolonistsimitatedthehighcultureofEngland»anddidnotdevelopaculturethatwasuniquelytheirown.ThesoutherncoloniesweregreatlyinfluencedbythehighcultureofNewEngland.5TheauthorofthetextwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutBailyn'swork?BailynunderestimatestheeffectsofPuritanthoughtonNorthAmericanculture.BailynoveremphasizestheeconomicdependenceofthecoloniesonGreatBritain.Bailyn'sdescriptionofthecoloniesaspartofanAnglo-Americanempireismisleadingandincorrect.BailynfailedtotesthispropositionsonaspecificgroupofmigrantstocolonialNorthAmerica.英语ハ级阅读理解模拟试题及解析四AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult：somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear；othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity；stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters；thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents；theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaveragesjftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly)〇Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithde