四级2021年12月真题

40classification,therearcmorecomplexfactorssuchasrelationalcloseness,gender,age,andcontextthatcanaffecthowsomeoneviewsphysicalcontact.OnecommonFrenchcustomofgreetingsischeek-kissing,butitismostlyrestrictedtofriends,closeacquaintancesandfamilymembers.Whilecheek-kissingfbrLatinAmericansisalsoauniversalgreetingform,itdocsnotrequiresuchahighdegreeofrelationalcloseness.However,gendermattersmorefbrthembecausecheek-kissingoftenonlyhappensbetweenwomenoramanandawomanbutnottwomen.Incontrast,incertainArabian,African,andAsiancountries,mencanpubliclyholdhandsorshowphysicalaffectionassignsofbrotherhoodorfriendshipwhilethesebehaviorsmaysuggestaromanticrelationshipinotherpartsoftheworld.Althoughmen'stouchingismorenormalinthesecultures,physicalcontactbetweenpersonsofoppositesexeswhoarenotfemilymembersisnegativelyperceivedinArabiancountries.Thesefactorscoulddefinitelyaffectthedegreetowhichsomeoneiscomfortablewithtactile(触觉白勺)communicationandphysicalintimacy.Therefore,ifyouaresomeonewholovestoshowphysicalaffection,youshouldnotbeafraidtoshowitordrasticallychangeyourbehaviors—ustaskforconsentbeforehand!Whatdoestheauthorsayinthefirstparagraphaboutphysicalcontact?Itsroleininterpersonalrelationshipsisgettingincreasinglyimportant.Itisbecomingmoreacceptabletomanywhousedtothinkitoffensive.Itsabsencemightsuggestalackofwarmthininterpersonalrelationships.Itmightpromptdifferentresponsesfrompeopleofdifferentsocialbackgrounds.Whatdocsphysicalcontactincommunicationsuggest?Whatsocialclasspeoplebelongto.C)Whatfamilybackgroundpeoplecomefrom.Howcivilizedthecommunicatorsarc.D)Howclosethecommunicators'relationshipsare.Whatdowclearnaboutpeopleinhigh-contactcultures?Theyaresensitivetothewaypeopleexpresstheiremotions.Theytaketouchingasaculturalnorminsocialinteractions.Theyattachgreatimportancetocloseticsamongpeople.Theytendtobemoreopenininterpersonalrelationships.WhatdowelearnaboutsocialcustomsinArabiancountries?Mencanshowfriendshipinpublicthroughphysicalaffection.Non-traditionalromanticrelationshipsaresimplyunacceptable.Physicalcontactbetweenunfamiliarpeopleisnegativelyperceived.Peopleofdifferentagesandgendersshowaffectionindifferentways.Whatdoestheauthortellustodoconcerningtactilecommunication?Layemphasisonnonverbalcommunication.C)Payattentiontothedifferencesbetweengenders.Learntouseappropriatebodylanguagefirst.D)Takeotherpeople'spreferenceintoconsideration.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arcbasedonthefollowingpassage.Fromclimatechangetotheongoingpandemic(大流彳亍病)andbeyond,theissuesfacingtoday'sworldareincreasinglycomplexanddynamic.Yetsolvingproblemsliketheserequiresnewapproachesthatextendbeyondtraditionalwaysofthinking.AstudyledbyYaleProfessorofPsychology,PaulO'Keefe,foundthathavingagrowthmindset(思、维｛顷向)ofinterestmaysparkthistypeofinnovation.ProfessorO'Keefeestablishedinearlierstudiesthatpeopleholddifferentbeliefsaboutthenatureofinterest.Thosewithagrowthmindsetofinteresttendtobelievethatinterestscanbedevelopedandcultivated,whilethosewithafixedmindsetofinteresttendtobelievethatinterestsareinherent(与生俱有的)andsimplyneedtobe1found.'Buildingonthesefindings,thelatestresearchexaminedhowagrowthmindsetofinterestcanboostintegrativethinkingacrossthetraditionaldisciplinaryboundariesofartsandsciences.Forexample,inonetask,researchparticipantswereinstructedtocreatenewcollegemajorsbycombiningtwoormoreexistingacademicArtsorScienceprogramsattheiruniversity.Aftercodingandanalyzingtheideastheygenerated,theteamfoundthatpeoplewithagrowthmindsetofinterestweremorelikelytobridgeprogramsacrosstheartsandsciencestocreatenewmajorslikecomputationaleconomicsratherthancreatingmajorsthatdrewfromonlyoneofthoseareas,likecomputationalchemistry.AsProfessorO'Keefepointedout,“Thisresearchprovidesausefuldirectionfororganizationswhoseproductsandservicescallfbrintegratedandcreativesolutions.Takesmartphonesfbrexample.Youneednotonlycomputerscienceandengineeringknowledge,butalsoanunderstandingofpsychologyandvisualdesigntocreateabetterproduct.Employeeswithagrowthmindsetmaybemorelikelytodeviseinnovativeideasthatbridgemultipleareasofknowledgetoachievebettersolutions."Thebenefitsofagrowthmindsetofinterestmayalsoextendtothoseseekingemployment.ThisisapressingissuebecausemanypeoplearcbecomingunemployedduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.Havingagrowthmindsetofinterestcanhelpjobseekersexpandtheirinterestsandbecomemoreadaptabletodifferentfields,andtaketheinitiativetolearnnewskills.Whatdocstheauthorsayabouttheworldtoday?Itfacesproblemsthataregettingmorevariedandcomplicated.Ithasdoneawaywithmanyofthetraditionalwaysofthinking.Itisundergoingradicalandprofoundchanges.Itiswitnessingvarioustypesofinnovations.WhatdidProfessorO'Keefefindinhisearlierstudies?People'sintereststendtochangewithage.C)Peoplearedividedaboutthenatureofinterest.People'sinterestsdetemiinetheirmindsets.D)Peopleofdifferentageshavedifferentmindsets.WhatisthefocusofProfessorO'Keefe'srecentresearch?Howboundariescanberemovedbetweenartsandsciencedisciplines.Howfeasibleitistocreatenewdisciplineslikecomputationaleconomics.Howstudentsinartsandsciencesviewthetwotypesofmindsetofinterest.Howagrowthmindsetofinterestcancontributetocross-disciplinarythinking.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeexampleofsmartphones?Hi-techproductsarcneededininterdisciplinaryresearch.Improvedtechnologygivesbirthtohighlypopularproducts.Makinginnovati