2017年12月英语六级英语考试真题（卷二）

2017年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第2套）PartI Writing (30minutes) （请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying"Seektounderstandothers,andyouwillbeunderstood"Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourviews.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200.PartII Listeningcomprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Sayafewwordstothankthespeaker.B)Introducethespeakertotheaudience.C)Givealectureonthehistoryofthetown.D)Hostatalkonhowtogiveagoodspeech.2.A)Hewasthefounderofthelocalhistorysociety.B)HehasworkedwithMissBlighfor20years.C)Hehaspublishedabookonpublicspeaking.D)Hejoinedthelocalhistorysocietywhenyoung.3.A)Shewasobviouslybetterattalkingthanwriting.B)Shehadagoodknowledgeofthetown’shistory.C).Herspeechwassofunnyastoamusetheaudience.D).Herancestorscametothetowninthe18thcentury4.A)Hereadexactlywhatwaswritteninhisnotes.B)Hekeptforgettingwhathewasgoingtosay.C)Hemadeanembarrassingremark.D)Hewastoonervoustospeakup.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Whattheirretailersdemand.B)Whattheirrivalsaredoing.C)Howtheyaregoingtobeattheirrivals.D)Howdramaticallythemarketischanging.6.A)Theyshouldbetakenseriously.B)Theyarerapidlycatchingup.C)Howtheyaregoingtobeattheirrivals.D)Howdramaticallythemarketischanging.7.A)ShehadgivenittoTom.B)Itsimplymadehergofrantic.C)Shehadnotseenityet.D)Itwasnotmuchofabigconcern.8.A)Restructuringthewholecompany.B)Employingmoreforwardingagents.C)PromotingcooperationwithJayalMotors.D)ExportingtheirmotorbikestoIndonesia.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Itmakesclaimsinconflictwiththeexistingresearch.B)Itfocusesonthelinkbetweenbedtimeandnutrition.C)Itcautionsagainsttheoveruseofcoffeeandalcohol.D)Itshowsthat“nightowls”workmuchlessefficiently.10.A)Theypaygreaterattentiontofoodchoice.B)Theytendtoachievelessthantheirpeers.C)Theyrunahigherriskofgainingweight.D)Theystandagreaterchancetofallsick.11.A)Getuplate.B)Sleep8hoursaday.C)Exercisemore.D)Gotobedearlier.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Alloftheactingnomineesarewhite.B)IthasgottoomuchpublicityonTV.C)Itisprejudicedagainstforeignfilms.D)Only7%ofthenomineesarefemale.13.A)22percentofmoviedirectorswerepeopleofcolor.B)HalfoftheTVprogramswereethnicallybalanced.C)Onlyone-fifthofTVshowshadblackcharacters.D)Only3.4percentoffilmdirectorswerewomen.14.A)Non-whitemales.B)Programcreators.C)Femalesofcolorover40.D)Asianspeakingcharacters.15.A)Theyconstitute17%ofHollywoodmoviecharacters.B)TheyaremostunderrepresentedacrossTVandfilm.C)TheycontributelittletotheU.S.filmindustry.D)Theyaccountfor8.5%oftheU.S.population.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughcentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Onethatcanprovideforemergencyneeds.B)Onethatcanpayfortheirmedicalexpenses.C)Onethatcoverstheirdebtsandburialexpenses.D)Onethatensuresahealthylifefortheirlateryears.17.A)Purchaseinsurancefortheirchildren.B)Savesufficientmoneyforarainyday.C)Buyahomewithasmalldownpayment.D)Addmoreinsuranceonthebreadwinner.18.A)Whentheirchildrengrowupandleavehome.B)Whentheyhavesavedenoughforretirement.C)Whentheirfamilymovetoadifferentplace.D)Whentheyhavefoundbetter-payingjobs.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Theydomoreharmthangood.B)Theyhaveoftenbeenignored.C)Theydonothelpbuildfriendship.D)Theymaynotalwaysbenegative.20.A)Biasedsourcesofinformation.B)Ignoranceofculturaldifferences.C)MisinterpretationofShakespeare.D)Tendencytojumptoconclusions.21.A)Theyarehardtodismissonceattachedtoacertaingroup.B)Theymayhaveanegativeimpactonpeopletheyapplyto.C)Theypersistevenwhencircumstanceshavechanged.D)Theyareoftenappliedtominoritiesandethnicpeople.22.A)Theyimpactpeoplemoreorlessinthesameway.B)Somepeoplearemoresensitivetothemthanothers.C)Apositivestereotypemayhelponeachievebetterresults.D)Anegativestereotypestickswhileapositiveonedoesnot.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.23.A)Usesomeover-the-countermedicineinstead.B)Quittakingthemedicineimmediately.C)Takesomedrugtorelievethesideeffect.D)Askyourpharmacisttoexplainwhyitoccurs.24.A)Itmayhelppatientsfallasleep.B)Itmayleadtomentalproblems.C)Itmaycauseseriousharmtoone’sliver.D)Itmayincreasetheeffectofcertaindrugs.25.A)Telltheirchildrentotreatmedicineswithrespect.B)Keepmedicinesoutofthereachoftheirchildren.C)Makesuretheirchildrenusequalitymedicines.D)Asktheirchildrentouselegitimatemedicines.PartIII ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThePacificislandnationofPalauhasbecomehometothesixthlargestmarineworld.Thenewmarinereserve,nowthelargestinthePacific,will--26--nofishingormining.Palaualsoestablishedtheworld’sfirstsharksanctuaryin2009.Thetinyislandnationhassetaside500,000squarekilometres-80percent-ofitsmaritime--27--,forfullprotection,That’sthehighestpercentageofan--28--economiczonedevotedtomarineconservationbyanycountryintheworld.Theremaining20percentofthePalauseaswillbereservedforlocalfishingbyindividualsandsmall-scale--29--fishingbusinesseswithlimitedexports.“Island--30--havebeenamongthehardesthitbythethreatsfacingtheocean,”saidPresident.TommyRemengesauJr.inastatement.“CreatingthissanctuaryisaboldmovethatthepeopleofPalaurecogniseas31tooursurvival.Wewanttoleadthewayinrestoringthehealthoftheoceanforfuturegeneration.”Palauhasonlybeenan_32nationfortwentyyearsandhasastronghistoryofenvironmentalprotection.Itishometooneoftheworld’sfinestmarineecosystems,withmorethan1,300speciesoffishand700speciesofcoral.SenatorHokkonsBaules,lead33ofthePalauNationalMarineSanctuaryAct,saidthesanctuarywill“helpbuilda34futureforthePalauanpeoplebyhonoringtheconservationtraditionsofourpast”.Theseincludethecenturies-oldcustomof“bul”,whereleaderswouldcallatemporarystoptofishingforkeyspeciesinordertogivefish35anopportunitytoreplenish(补充).A)allocateI)permitB)celebritiesJ)secureC)commercialK)solitaryD)communitiesL)spectacleE）essentialM)sponsorF）exclusiveN)stocksG)independentO)territoryH)indulgeSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Datasharing:Anopenmindonopendate[A]Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomakeresearchdata,softwarecodeandexperimentalmethodspubliclyavailableandtransparent.Aspiritofopennessisgainingacceptanceinthesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddressa'crisis'insciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.Furthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends.[B]Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.Ontheonehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficialsteam.Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpoliticsthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.Ontheotherhand,scientistsdisagreeabouthowmuchandwhentheyshouldsharedate,andtheydebatewhethersharingit

ismorelikelytoacceleratescienceandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroducevulnerabilitiesandproblems.Asmorejournalsandfundersadoptdata-sharingrequirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscallformoreopenness,juniorresearchersmustfindtheirplacebetweenadoptersandthosewhocontinuetoholdout,evenastheystrivetolaunchtheirowncareers.[C]Onekeychallengefacingyoungscientistsishowtobeopenwithoutbecomingscientificallyvulnerable.Theymustdeterminetheriskofjeopardizingajobofferoracollaborationproposalfromthosewhoarewaryof-orunfamiliarwith-openscience.Andtheymustlearnhowtocapitalizeonthemovement'sbenefits,suchasopportunitiesformorecitationsandawaytobuildareputationwithouttheneedforconventionalmetrics,suchaspublicationinhigh-impactjournals.[D]Somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.Researchersinpsychology,afieldrockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityinthepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocalsup-portersofthedriveformore-openscience.Afewpsychologyjournalshavecreatedincentivestoincreaseinterestinreproduciblescience—forexample,byaffixingan‘open-data’badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataareavailable.AccordingtosocialpsychologistBrianNosek,executivedirectoroftheCenterforOpenScience,theaveragedata-sharingrateforthejournalPsychologicalScience,whichusesthebadges,increasedtenfoldto38%from2013to2015.[E]Funders,too,areincreasinglyadoptinganopen-datapolicy.Severalstronglyencourage,andsomerequire,adate-management

planthatmakesdataavailable.TheUSNationalScienceFoundation

isamongthese,Somephilanthropic(慈善的)funders,includingtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationinSeattle,Washington,andtheWellcomeTrustinLondon,alsodatamandateopendatafromtheirgrantrecipients.[F]

Butmanyyoungresearchers,especiallythosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience,areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.Graduatestudentsandpostdocs,whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead'sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanothersenioropposessharing.[G]

Somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,especiallyattheearlystagesofacareer."Everybodyhasascarystoryaboutsomeonegettingscooped(被抢先),”saysNewYorkUniversityastronomerDavidHogg.Thosefearsmaybeafactorinalingeringhesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandateit.[H]

Researchersatsmalllabsoratinstitutionsfocusedonteachingarguablyhavethemosttolosewhensharinghard-wondata.""Withmyinstitutionandteachingload,Idon'thavepostdocsandgradstudents",saysTerryMcGlynn,atropicalbiologistatCaliforniaStateUniversity,DominguezHills.“Thestakesarehighertosharedatabecauseit'sabiggerfractionofwhat’shappeninginmylab.”[I]

Researchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedinpreparingdataforotherstoview.Oncethedataandassociatedmaterialsappearinarepository(存储库),answeringquestionsandhandlingcomplaintscantakemanyhours.[J]

Thetimeinvestmentcanpresentotherproblems.Insomecases,saysdatascientistKarthikRam,itmaybedifficultforjuniorresearcherstoembraceopennesswhenseniorcolleagues—manyofwhomheadselectionandpromotioncommittees—mightridiculewhattheymayviewasmisplacedenergies."I'veheardthisrecently-thatembracingtheideaofopendataandcodemakestraditionalacademicsuncomfortable,"saysRam."Theconcernseemstobethatopenadvocatesdon'tspendtheirtimebeingasproductiveaspossible."[K]Anopen-sciencestancecanalsoaddcomplexitytoacollaboration.KateRatliff,whostudiessocialattitudesattheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,saysthatitcanseemasiftherearetwocampsinafield-thosewhocareaboutopenscienceandthosewhodon't."There’sanew

areatonavigate-‘AreyoucoolwiththefactthatI'llwanttomakethedataopen?'-whentalkingwithsomebodyaboutaninterestingresearchidea,"shesays.[L]

Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignificant.Forexample,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)isassigned.ScientistscanuseaDOItopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinalpaper.Insodoing,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitations-oneeachforthedataandsoftware.inadditiontothepaperitself.Andalthoughsomesaythatcitationsforsoftwareordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.[M]Manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswithadateandtimestampwillprotectscientistsfrombeingscooped."Thisisthesweetspotbetweensharingandgettingcreditforit.whilediscouragingplagiarism(剽窃)."saysIvoGrigorov,aprojectcoordinatorattheNationalInstituteofAquaticResourcesResearchSecretariatinCharlottenlund,Denmark.Hoggsaysthatscoopingislessofaproblemthanmanythink."ThetwocasesI'mfamiliarwithdidn'tinvolveopendataorcode,"hesays.[N]Opensciencealsooffersjuniorresearchersthechancetoleveltheplayingfieldbygainingbetteraccesstocrucialdate.RossMounce,apostdocstudyingevolutionarybiologyattheUniversityof

Cambridge,UK,isavocalchampionofopenscience,partlybecausehisfossilbasedresearchonaccesstoothers'data.Hesaysthatmoreopennessinsciencecouldhelptodiscouragewhatsomeperceiveasacommonpracticeofshuttingoutearly-careerscientists'requestsfordata.[O]Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays,Concernsaboutopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.“Wheneveryoustartaprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsforwhoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhatwiththem,”hesays.[P]Intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleaguescanhelpanearly-careerresearchertogainrecognition--acrucialcomponentofsuccess."Thethingyouaresearchingforreputation"saysTitusBrown,agenomics(基因组学)researcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis."Togetgrantsandjobsyouhavetoberelevantandachievesomelevelofpublicrecognition.Anythingyoudothatadvancesyourpresence-especiallyinalargersphere,outsidethecommunitiesyouknow-isanetwin."36.AstronomerDavidHoggdoesn'tthinkscoopingisasseriousaproblemasgenerallythought.37.Someresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfearthatothersmightpublishsomethingsimilarbeforethem.38.Somepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheirdata.39.Thereisagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythatresearchdatabeopentothepublic.40.Sharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofreputation.41.Datasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingtomorecitations.42.Scientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdatasharing.43.Potentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject.44.Sharingdataandhandlingdata-relatedissuescanbetime-consuming.45.Juniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharingdata.

SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthebeginningofthemoviel,Robot,arobothastodecidewhomtosaveaftertwocarsplungeintothewater-DelSpoonerorachild.EventhoughSpoonerscreams“SaveherSaveher!”therobotrescueshimbecauseitcalculatesthathehasa45percentchanceofsurvivalcomparedtoSarah's11percent.Therobot'sdecisionanditscalculatedapproachraiseanimportantquestion:wouldhumansmakethesamechoice?Andwhichchoicewouldwewantourroboticcounterpartsto

make?

IsaacAsimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghisthreelawsofrobotics,whichholdthat1.Robotscannotharmhumansorallowhumanstocometoharm;2.Robotsmustobeyhumans,exceptwheretheorderwouldconflictwithlaw1;and3.Robotsmustactinself-preservation,unlessdoingsoconflictswithlaws1or2.TheselawsareprogrammedintoAsimov'srobots-theydon'thavetothink,judge,orvalue.Theydon'thavetolikehumansorbelievethathurtingthemiswrongorbad.Theysimplydon'tdoit.TherobotwhorescuesSpooner’slifeinI,RobotfollowsAsimov'szerothlaw:robotscannotharmhumanity(asopposedtoindividualhumans)orallowhumanitytocometoharm--anexpansionofthefirstlawthatallowsrobotstodeterminewhat'sinthegreatergood.Underthefirstlaw,arobotcouldnotharmadangerousgunman,butunderthezerothlaw,arobotcouldkillthegunmantosaveothers.Whetherit'spossibletoprogramarobotwithsafeguardssuchasAsimov'slawsisdebatableAwordsuchas"harm"isvague(whataboutemotionalharm?Isreplacingahumanemployharm?),andabstractconceptspresentcodingproblems.TherobotsinAsimov'sfictionexposecomplicationsandloopholesinthethreelaws,andevenwhenthelawswork,robotsstillhavetoassesssituations.Assessingsituationscanbecomplicated.Arobothastoidentifytheplayers,conditions,andpossibleoutcomesforvariousscenarios,It’sdoubtfulthatacomputerprogramcandothat-atleast,notwithoutsomeundesirableresults.AroboticistattheBristolRoboticsLaboratoryprogrammedarobottosavehumanproxies(替身)called"H-bots"fromdanger.WhenoneH-botheadedfordanger,therobotsuccessfullypusheditoutoftheway.ButwhentwoH-botsbecameimperiled,therobotchoked42percentofthetime,unabletodecidewhichtosaveandlettingthemboth"die."Theexperimenthighlightstheimportanceofmorality:withoutit,howcanarobotdecidewhomtosaveorwhat'sbestforhumanity,especiallyifitcan'tcalculatesurvivalodds?46.Whatquestiondoestheexampleinthemovieraise?A)Whetherrobotscanreachbetterdecisions.B)WhetherrobotsfollowAsimov'szero"law.C)Howrobotsmaymakebadjudgments.D)Howrobotsshouldbeprogrammed.47.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAsimov’sthreelawsofrobotics?A)Theyareapparentlydivorcedfromreality.B)Theydidnotfollowthecodingsystemofrobotics.C)Theylaidasolidfoundationforrobotics.D)Theydidnottakemoralissuesintoconsideration.48.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAsimov'srobots?A)Theyknowwhatisgoodorbadforhumanbeings.B)Theyareprogrammednottohurthumanbeings.C)Theyperformdutiesintheirowners'bestinterest.D)Theystopworkingwhenamoralissueisinvolved.49.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheword"harm"inAsimov'slaws?A)Abstractconceptsarehardtoprogram.B)Itishardforrobotstomakedecisions.C)Robotsmaydoharmincertai