跨文化商务沟通Diverse Cultural Patterns

DiverseCulturalPatterns1Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension

（Hofstede的5种价值维度）Kluckhohn

and

Strodtbeck’sValue

OrientationHall’sContextOrientation2GeertHofstede34Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5种价值维度）

Hofstedeidentifiedfivedimensionsofculturethathelptoexplainhowandwhypeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveastheydo.5Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5种价值维度）powerdistanceIndividualismMasculinity[,mæskju'liniti]–femininity[femi'niniti]uncertaintyavoidancelong-term/

short-termorientation.6PowerDistance(权力差距)

Thisreferstothedegreeofinequalitythatexists–andisaccepted–amongpeoplewithandwithoutpower.7HighpowerdistancecultureAhighpowerdistance

scoreindicatesthatsocietyacceptsanunequaldistributionofpowerandpeopleunderstand"theirplace"inthesystem.8inequality

isaccepted.Socialhierarchy（社会等级制）

isprevalent（普遍的）Powerandauthority

arefactsofpeople’slife.Theseculturesteachtheirmembers

that

peoplearenotequal

inthisworldandthateverybodyhasarightfulplace.Highpowerdistanceculture9High-power-distancecountries:India,Africa,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉

,MexicoandPhilippines['filəpi:nz].PDI=powerdistanceindex（权利差距指数）10LowpowerdistancecultureLowPDmeansthatpowerisshared(共享的)andwelldispersed(被分散的).Italsomeansthatsocietymembersviewthemselvesasequals.11LowpowerdistancecultureUsetaxation

orsocialwelfare

program(社会福利)

to

reduceinequality

inrightsandopportunity

intheworkplace.Lowpowerdistanceculturesareguidedby

laws,norms,andeverydaybehaviors

whichmakepowerdistinctions(差别，级别)minimal（最小的）.Supervisors（上级）andemployees（下属）

areconsideredalmostas

equals.12Low-power-distancecountries：Australia,Finland['finlənd]芬兰

,Denmark['denma:k]丹麦

,Norway挪威

,U.S13Individualism/Collectivism[kə'lektivizəm](个人主义/集体主义)Thisdimensioncanbedefinedas“thedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryprefertoactasindividualsratherthanasmembersofgroups”Collectivism=Lowindividualism14Individualisticculture个人主义文化Individualachievement个人成就FreedomCompetitionSelf-interest自身利益PersonalgoalsratherthangroupgoalsIndividualhastherighttohisprivateproperty,thoughts,andopinions.15Individualisticculture个人主义文化theUnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,Canada,Netherlands['neðələndz]荷兰andNewZealandIDV=individualism16Collectivisticculture集体主义文化GroupharmonyCohesiveness（凝聚力）Consensus(大多数人的意见)[kən'sensəs]GroupinterestPeoplerelyontheirin-group(自己人集团,派系,小集团）andbeloyaltotheirgroup.17CollectivisticculturePakistan['pækistæn]巴基斯坦,Colombia[kə'lʌmbiə]哥伦比亚(拉丁美洲国家),Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉,Peru[pə'ru]秘鲁

andmuchofAfrica.

Yellowislowincollectivism,redishigh.FromChiaoandBlizinsky2009.18Masculinity/Femininity

(男性主义/女性主义)Hofstedeusedmasculinity[,mæskju'liniti]

andfemininity[femi'niniti]

torefertothedegreetowhichmasculine（男性的）['mæskjulin]

orfeminine（女性的）traits（特性）arevalued（重视）andrevealed（显示）.19CountriesthatareMasculinityoriented（以男性为导向的国家）Theyvalueassertiveness（魄力，自信）performance,successandcompetition.Theyexpect

men

tobeassertive（坚定而自信的）,ambitious,andcompetitive.Menareexpectedtobetough,tobetheprovider,tobeassertiveandtobestrong.Ifwomenworkoutsidethehome,theyhaveseparateprofessionsfrommen.2021CountriesthatareMasculinityorientedIreland,thePhilippines,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉

,Austria['ɔstriə]奥地利

,Japan,Italy,Mexico22CountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女性为导向的国家）Thequalityoflife.MaintainingwarmpersonalrelationshipsServiceandcarefortheweak.womenandmenworkingtogetherequallyacrossmanyprofessions.Menareallowedtobesensitiveandwomencanworkhardforprofessionalsuccess.

2324

CountriesthatareMasculinityoriented

CountriesthatareFemininityoriented25CountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女