跨文化交际unit6verbalcommunication市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

跨文化交际I

INTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONCHAPTER5VERBALCOMMUNICATION第1页Languagehelpsincommunicatingwithpeoplefromdifferentbackground.Howeverwemaybelessawarethatculturalliteracyisnecessaryinordertounderstandthelanguagebeingused.Ifweselectlanguagewithoutbeingawareoftheculturalimplications,wemayatleastcommunicatewellandatworstsentthewronglanguage.(Beamer,L.andVarner,IInterculturalcommunicationintheGlobalWorkplace.NewYork,NY:Teachingobjectives:InthispartyouareexpectedtounderstandsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishverbalcommunicationandlearntomakecross-culturalcomparisonsandanalysisinthefollowingaspects.1.culturaldifferencesintheattitudetowardsvoicedandunvoicedcommunication.2.culturaldifferencesonthelexicallevel;3.culturaldifferencesonthesyntacticallevel;4.culturaldifferencesondiscourselevel;5.culturaldifferencesonthepragmaticlevel6.translationproblemsandlanguageunderstanding第2页引言:各民族语言是自足.处于不一样语言世界里人,即使面对同一个现实面向,也会在描述它时沿着各自思绪,采取不一样策略,刻画出不一样版本.正如维特根斯坦所言:我语言就是我疆界,跨出我生于其中语言,冒险与隔膜就开始了.语言与文化紧密相连,不可分割;语言是文化一部分.Cultureandlanguageareintertwinedandareshapingeachother.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamassage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Language:asystemofarbitrarilychosen,conventionalized,vocal,graphicorgesturesymbolsservingtheneedsofcommunicationamongthemembersofagivencommunity.第3页ThepowerofverbalcommunicationⅠ.culturaldifferencesonlexicallevel(cases)1.typesoflexicalmeaningWordsarethebasicunitsofmeaning.Understandingthemeaningofwordsis,thereforecriticaltothesharingofmeaningsconveyedinverbalcommunication.Twotypesoflexicalmeaning:Denotation:theconceptualmeaningofthewordthatdescribesthings,eventsorprocesses.Itistheprimary,explicitmeaninggiveninthedefinitionofawordinadictionary.第4页2)connotation:referstotheemotionalorstylisticassociationsthatawordorphrasesuggestsinone’smind.Itistheimplicit,supplementaryvaluewhichisaddedtothepurelydenotativemeaningofawordorphrase.☻Meaningsofwordsarepersonal.☻Meaningsofwordsarealsoculturespecific.Culturaldifferencesindenotativemeaning:1).Absenceofreferentinthespeakerorlistener’slanguage.Each

culturecreatesvocabularytodescribeitsuniquephysicalandsocialenvironmentaswellastheactivitiesitspeopleengagedinthosecontexts.Sotheabsenceofcertainobjectsinoneculturewillnaturallyresultsintheabsenceofthenecessaryvocabularytorefertothem.)

第5页2)overlappingofdenotativemeaningInadditiontototalequivalenceofwordsandabsenceequivalenceindenotingofcertainreferents,culturesalsooverlapinthedenotationofcertainvocabulary.3.Culturaldifferencesinconnotativemeaning1)wordswithsamedenotationbutdifferentconnotation.

a.colorwordsb.animalwordsc.numbers第6页Ⅱ.Culturaldifferencesonsyntacticlevel

comparethefollowingtwosentences:

1.Keepingabasicbalanceofinternationalpaymentsisanimportantconditionforachievingsustainandsmootheconomicdevelopment…Lastyear,China’simportincreasedconsiderablyanditsgrowthofexportwasrelativelyslow,thusresultsinafairlyhugetradedeficit.2.Animportantconditionforachievingsteadyeconomicdevelopmentistomaintainabasicbalanceofinternationalpayments...Lastyearimportsincreasedconsiderablywhileexportsgrewrelativelyslowly,withtheresultsthattherewasahugetradedeficit.第7页1.paratacticstructurevs.hypotacticstructureParataxis:thearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Hypotaxis:dependedrelationorconstruction.Examples:1明早还赶路呢，去睡吧！Gotobednowasyou’llsetoutearlytommorrow.2.快点！迟到了会埃训。Hurryup!You’llbecriticizedifyouarelate.第8页枯藤，老树，昏鸦，小桥，流水，人家，古道，西风，瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。Crowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine---thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,Andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogodownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,trudgingtowardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.第9页2.Leftexpansionvs.rightexpansionExample：中：第二次世界大战后，因为科学和技术发展进入新时期，我们生后发生了很大改变。英：OurlifehasbeengreatlychangedthankstothenewageofscienceandtechnologysincetheSecondWorldWar.第10页3.Bamboostructurevs.treestructures

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theboyaparcel第11页ⅢCulturaldifferencesondiscourselevel1.Discourse:apieceofspeechorwriting.Itmaybeasshortasanchangeofgreetings,oraslongasalectureoranessay.胡壮麟先生：“语篇指任何不完全受句子与法约束，在一定语境下表示完整意义自然语言”----《语篇衔接与连贯》

第12页Peopleindifferentculturesshowconsiderabledifferencesintheirpreferenceoverthewaysaspokenorwrittendiscourseisorganizedordelivered.Inthissection,wewillapproachthediscoursedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesefromtheperspectiveofform,styleandorganizationwithafocusonthewrittendiscourseinthetwolanguages.第13页2.Coherence&Cohesion

Coherence:unbrokenmovement.(Awriterorspeakerislikeapianistwhohopestoplayacompositionfrombeginningtotheendwithoutstopping.He/shetriestomovesmoothlyinpresentinghisorhermainideaCohesion:themeanstoachievecoherence.第14页Coherence&Cohesionarethenaturalorreasonableconnectioninthoughtsandwordsthatresultsfromthepresentationofallpartsinlogicalrelationswhereascohesionisthemeanstoachievecoherence.所谓信息自然合理链接，其自然性与合理性源于对信息有逻辑性编排与组合。我们通常把衔接与连贯相提并论是因为二者本身关系密不可分，衔接是达成连贯伎俩。Grimes（格莱姆斯）在《语篇经纬》中指出：衔接是使正在说内容与已经说过内容含有联络。他认为：“衔接关系是累进，直线，包含怎样保持已知信息和引入信息方法”。第15页3.Differentemphasisonform

3.1

Englishspeakerorwriterusesthetechniquesoftransition,repetition,parallelstructuresetc.toholdthesentencesandparagraphstogetherandatthesametimecreateastrongunityofideas.eg.(….)Comparativelyspeaking,Chinesewritingputmoreemphasisontheconnectionofmeaningbetweensentencesandparagraphs;theformalconnectioncouldbeoverlookedifmeaningiswellexpressed.(liesinmeaningbetweenlines.)第16页e.g.西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光绮丽。TheWestLakeislikeamirror,embellishedallaroundwithgreenhillsanddeepcavesofenchantingbeauty.人言鼎沸Manypeopletalkedtogetherandthenoiseislikethebubblingofwaterboilinginacauldron.第17页3.2“readerresponsible”vs.“writerresponsibleChinese:dependsalotonthecontext.Itisassumedthatthereaderandthewriterhavesharedknowledgeofthecontextandthebackgroundinformation,sothereadercantaketheresponsibilityoffindingconnectionsbetweenwordsandparagraphs.English:communicationbetweenthereaderandthewriterdependsmostlyonthelanguageusedandlinguisticforms.第18页Discussion:Ofstudies荀子《劝学》第19页4.DifferentstylepreferenceChinese:prefertousedescriptivewordsandphrases,especiallyfour-characteridioms,quotationsfromwell-knownpeople,variouskindsoffiguresofspeech,toaddstrengthandbeautytotheirwriting.English:simplelanguageandplainstyle.e.g.第20页5.DifferentwaysoforganizationChinese:(holisticandcyclicalpatternofthinking)approachtheirthemesfromgeneralcoveragetospecificdiscussions.Themostimportantmessageorexpositionisnottoucheduponuntilallrelevantbackgroundinformationisprovided.English:(linearandrationalwayofthinking)donotdeveloptheirwritinginaround-aboutway;gettothepointatthebeginning,startingwiththeintroductionofatopicorthesis,whichisdevelopedcloselyrelatedsupportingdetails.Withthedetailsbeinglogicallychainedtogether,thetopicorthethesisisprovedtobetrue.第21页6.Differentwaysofdevelopment

Chinese:developcyclically,movinginacircle,tendingtocomebackormovingaroundthefirstlevelinsteadofmovingforwardtomorespecificdetails.Itisusuallyregardedbynativespeakerasunderdevelopmentorillogicalandconfusing.English:tendtoacceptthedirectbutparticularisticapproachandtheiremphasisisonspecificationratherthangenerality.第22页Chinese:moresubjectiveinpresentingviews;notskillfulinpresentingtheirpointswithstatisticsorevidence;English:arerequiredtopresentviewsobjectivelyandsupportviewswithinformationoffacts,evidence,dataetc.第23页Chinese:liketoresorttothereviewbyhistoryinsteadofdirectlydevelopingthetopic;English:donotusuallytalkabouthistoryandgivecomparisonofthepast.第24页Chinese:preferparallelstructuresinawayofwordform,phraseandsentenceform.English:dotnotnormallyuseitasthekeystructureinthewholeparagraphinarepetitivewaystodevelopthesentence.第25页Electricityhasbeenplayinganimportantroleinmanyaspectseversinceitsdiscovery.Beforethediscoverypeoplehadbeenlivinginthedarkness,withoutmodernelectriclight,radio,washingmachines,videosandcomputer.Now,weareenjoyingeverythingtheworldcouldoffer.Itiselectricitythatdrivesawaythedarkness,modernizesourindustry,acceleratesthefarmerproductiveprocessanddramatizesourpresentlives.第26页Electricityhasplayedanimportantroleinmanyaspectseversinceitsdiscovery.Ithasmodernizedourcountryanddevelopedoureconomy,makingourindustrystrongerandproducingmoreprofit.Besid