计算机组成原理英文版第一章Computer-Abstractions-and-Technology-课件

Chapter1ComputerAbstractionsandTechnologyChapter1ComputerAbstractionsTheComputerRevolutionProgressincomputertechnologyUnderpinnedbyMoore’sLaw

WhatisMoore’sLaw???Moore'slawdescribesalong-termtrendinthehistoryofcomputinghardware.Thequantityoftransistorsthatcanbeplacedinexpensivelyonanintegratedcircuithasdoubledapproximatelyeverytwoyears.§1.1Introductionppt课件TheComputerRevolutionProgresMoore’sLawThetrendhascontinuedformorethanhalfacenturyandisnotexpectedtostopuntil2015orlater.ppt课件Moore’sLawThetrendhascontiTheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleComputersinautomobiles§1.1Introductionppt课件TheComputerRevolutionMakesnTheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleCellphones§1.1Introductionppt课件TheComputerRevolutionMakesnTheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleHumangenomeprojectWorldWideWebSearchEngines§1.1Introductionppt课件TheComputerRevolutionMakesnTheComputerRevolutionComputersarepervasive§1.1Introductionppt课件TheComputerRevolutionComputeClassesofComputersQuestion:Howdoyouclassifycomputers?DesktopComputersServerComputersEmbeddedComputersppt课件ClassesofComputersQuestion:ClassesofComputersDesktopcomputersPCGeneralpurpose,varietyofsoftwareSubjecttocost/performancetradeoffppt课件ClassesofComputersDesktopcoClassesofComputersServercomputersNetworkbasedHighcapacity,performance,reliabilityRangefromsmallserverstobuildingsized

World’ssmallestwebserverppt课件ClassesofComputersServercomClassesofComputersEmbeddedcomputersHiddenascomponentsofsystemsStringentpower/performance/costconstraintsppt课件ClassesofComputersEmbeddedcTheProcessorMarketppt课件TheProcessorMarketppt课件WhatYouWillLearnHowprogramsaretranslatedintothemachinelanguageAndhowthehardwareexecutesthemThehardware/softwareinterfaceWhatdeterminesprogramperformanceAndhowitcanbeimprovedHowhardwaredesignersimproveperformanceWhatisparallelprocessingppt课件WhatYouWillLearnHowprogramLevelsofProgramCodeHigh-levellanguageLevelofabstractionclosertoproblemdomainProvidesforproductivityandportabilityAssemblylanguageTextualrepresentationofinstructionsHardwarerepresentationBinarydigits(bits)Encodedinstructionsanddatappt课件LevelsofProgramCodeHigh-levBelowYourProgramApplicationsoftwareWritteninhigh-levellanguage(HLL)SystemsoftwareCompiler:translatesHLLcodetomachinecodeOperatingSystem:servicecodeHandlinginput/outputManagingmemoryandstorageSchedulingtasks&sharingresourcesHardwareProcessor,memory,I/Ocontrollers§1.2BelowYourProgramppt课件BelowYourProgramApplicationUnderstandingPerformanceAlgorithmDeterminesnumberofoperationsexecutedProgramminglanguage,compiler,architectureDeterminenumberofmachineinstructionsexecutedperoperationProcessorandmemorysystemDeterminehowfastinstructionsareexecutedI/Osystem(includingOS)DetermineshowfastI/Ooperationsareexecutedppt课件UnderstandingPerformanceAlgorComponentsofaComputerSamecomponentsfor

allkindsofcomputerDesktop,server,

embeddedInput/outputincludesUser-interfacedevicesDisplay,keyboard,mouseStoragedevicesHarddisk,CD/DVD,flashNetworkadaptersForcommunicatingwithothercomputers§1.3UndertheCoversTheBIGPictureppt课件ComponentsofaComputerSamecAnatomy(结构)ofaComputerOutputdeviceInputdeviceInputdeviceNetworkcableppt课件Anatomy(结构)ofaComputerOutpAnatomyofaMouseOpticalmouseLEDilluminatesdesktopSmalllow-rescameraBasicimageprocessorLooksforx,ymovementButtons&wheelSupersedesroller-ballmechanicalmouseppt课件AnatomyofaMouseOpticalmousThroughtheLookingGlassLCDscreen:pictureelements(pixels)Mirrorscontentofframebuffermemoryppt课件ThroughtheLookingGlassLCDsOpeningtheBoxppt课件OpeningtheBoxppt课件InsidetheProcessor(CPU)Datapath:performsoperationsondataControl:sequencesdatapath,memory,...CachememorySmallfastSRAMmemoryforimmediateaccesstodataSRAM–StaticRandomAccessMemoryppt课件InsidetheProcessor(CPU)DataInsidetheProcessorAMDBarcelona:4processorcoresppt课件InsidetheProcessorAMDBarcelASafePlaceforDataVolatile(易变的)mainmemoryLosesinstructionsanddatawhenpoweroffNon-volatilesecondarymemoryMagneticdiskFlashmemoryOpticaldisk(CDROM,DVD)ppt课件ASafePlaceforDataVolatileNetworksCommunicationandresourcesharingLocalareanetwork(LAN):EthernetWithinabuildingWideareanetwork(WAN):theInternetppt课件NetworksCommunicationandresoAbstractionsInstructionSetArchitecture(ISA)Aninterfacebetweenthehardwareandthelowest-level

softwareTheabstractimageofacomputingsystemthatisseenbyamachine/assemblylanguageprogrammerIncludinginstructions,registers,memoryaccess,I/O,…TheBIGPictureppt课件AbstractionsInstructionSetArISAsSystem/360andupwardscompatiblesuccessorsz/ArchitecturePowerArchitecturePDP-11SPARCSuperHTricoreTransputerUNIVAC1100/2200seriesVAXx86IA-32(32-bitx86,firstimplementedintheIntel80386)x86-64(64-bitsupersetofIA-32,firstimplementedintheAMDOpteron)EISC(AE32K)4004,40406800,6502,6809,68HC11,68HC08.8008,8080,8085,Z80,Z180,eZ80,etc.8048,8051,etc.Z8,eZ8,etc.AlphaARMBurroughsB5000seriesBurroughsB6000/B7000serieseSi-RISCIA-64(Itanium)Mico32MIPSMotorola68kPA-RISCIBM700/7000linesppt课件ISAsSystem/360andupwardscomAbstractionsApplicationBinaryInterface(ABI)thelow-level

interface

betweenanapplicationprogramandOS

ABIscoverdetailssuchasdatatype,size,alignment,callingconvention,binaryformatofobjectfiles,etc.Definesastandardforbinaryportabilityacrosscomputers.ppt课件AbstractionsApplicationBinaryAbstractionsImplementationHardwarethatobeysthearchitectureabstraction

ManyimplementationsforthesameISAExample:IntelPentiumvsAMDAthlon,almostidenticalISA,butradicallydifferentinternaldesigns.ppt课件AbstractionsImplementationppt课PERFORMANCEppt课件PERFORMANCEppt课件DefiningPerformanceWhichairplanehasthebestperformance?§1.4Performanceppt课件DefiningPerformanceWhichairpDefiningPerformanceWhichairplanehasthebestperformance?§1.4Performanceppt课件DefiningPerformanceWhichairpDefiningPerformancePerformance=SpeedE.g.,takingasinglepassengerfromonepointtoanotherWinner:ConcordePerformance=PassengerThroughputPassengersxm.p.hE.g.,transporting450passengersfromonepointtoanotherWinner:Boeing747ppt课件DefiningPerformancePerformancResponseTimeandThroughputResponsetimeHowlongittakestodoataskThroughputTotalworkdoneperunittimee.g.,tasks/transactions/…perhourppt课件ResponseTimeandThroughputReResponseTimeandThroughputHowareresponsetimeandthroughputaffectedbyReplacingtheprocessorwithafasterversion?Addingmoreprocessors?We’llfocusonresponsetimefornow…ppt课件ResponseTimeandThroughputHoRelativePerformanceDefinePerformance=1/ExecutionTime“XisntimefasterthanY”Example:timetakentorunaprogram10sonA,15sonBExecutionTimeB/ExecutionTimeA

=15s/10s=1.5SoAis1.5timesfasterthanBppt课件RelativePerformanceDefinePerMeasuringExecutionTimeElapsedtimeTotalresponsetime,includingallaspectsProcessing,I/O,OSoverhead,idletimeDeterminessystemperformanceCPUtimeTimespentprocessingagivenjobDiscountsI/Otime,otherjobs’sharesComprisesuserCPUtimeandsystemCPUtimeDifferentprogramsareaffecteddifferentlybyCPUandsystemperformanceppt课件MeasuringExecutionTimeElapseCPUClockingOperationofdigitalhardwaregovernedbyaconstant-rateclockClock(cycles)Datatransfer

andcomputationUpdatestateClockperiodClockcycletime:durationofaclockcyclee.g.,250ps=0.25ns=250×10–12sClockfrequency(clockrate):cyclesperseconde.g.,4.0GHz=4000MHz=4.0×109Hzppt课件CPUClockingOperationofdigitCPUTimePerformanceimprovedbyReducingnumberofclockcyclesIncreasingclockrateHardwaredesignermustoftentradeoffclockrateagainstcyclecountppt课件CPUTimeppt课件CPUTimeExampleComputerA:2GHzclock,10sCPUtimeDesigningComputerBAimfor6sCPUtimeCandofasterclock,butcauses1.2×clockcyclesHowfastmustComputerB’sclockratebe?

ppt课件CPUTimeExampleComputerA:2GInstructionCountandCPIInstructionCountforaprogramDeterminedbyprogram,ISAandcompilerAveragecyclesperinstructionDeterminedbyCPUhardwareIfdifferentinstructionshavedifferentCPIAverageCPIaffectedbyinstructionmixCPIppt课件InstructionCountandCPIInstrCPIExampleComputerA:CycleTime=250ps,CPI=2.0ComputerB:CycleTime=500ps,CPI=1.2SameISAWhichisfaster,andbyhowmuch?Aisfaster……bythismuchppt课件CPIExampleComputerA:CycleTCPIinMoreDetailIfdifferentinstructionclassestakedifferentnumbersofcyclesWeightedaverageCPIRelativefrequencyppt课件CPIinMoreDetailIfdifferentCPIExampleAlternativecompiledcodesequencesusinginstructionsinclassesA,B,CSequence1:IC=5ClockCycles

=2×1+1×2+2×3

=10Avg.CPI=10/5=2.0Sequence2:IC=6ClockCycles

=4×1+1×2+1×3

=9Avg.CPI=9/6=1.5Whatisavg.CPI?IC=InstructionCountppt课件CPIExampleAlternativecompilePerformanceSummaryPerformancedependsonAlgorithm:affectsIC,possiblyCPIProgramminglanguage:affectsIC,CPICompiler:affectsIC,CPIInstructionsetarchitecture:affectsIC,CPI,TcTheBIGPictureppt课件PerformanceSummaryPerformancePOWERppt课件POWERppt课件PowerTrendsInCMOSICtechnology§1.5ThePowerWall×1000×305V→1Vppt课件PowerTrendsInCMOSICtechnolReducingPowerSupposeanewCPUhas85%ofcapacitiveloadofoldCPU15%voltageand15%frequencyreductionThepowerwallWecan’treducevoltagefurtherWecan’tremovemoreheatHowelsecanweimproveperformance?ppt课件ReducingPowerSupposeanewCPUniprocessorPerformance§1.6TheSeaChange:TheSwitchtoMultiprocessorsConstrainedbypower,instruction-levelparallelism,memorylatencyppt课件UniprocessorPerformance§1.6TMultiprocessorsMulticoremicroprocessorsMorethanoneprocessorperchipRequiresexplicitlyparallelprogrammingComparewithinstructionlevelparallelismHardwareexecutesmultipleinstructionsatonceHiddenfromtheprogrammerHardtodoProgrammingforperformanceLoadbalancingOptimizingcommunicationandsynchronizationppt课件MultiprocessorsMulticoremicroManufacturingppt课件Manufacturingppt课件ManufacturingICsYield:proportionofworkingdiesperwafer§1.7RealStuff:TheAMDOpteronX4ppt课件ManufacturingICsYield:proporAMDOpteronX2WaferX2:300mmwafer,117

chips,90nmtechnologyX4:45nmtechnologyppt课件AMDOpteronX2WaferX2:300mmIntegratedCircuitCostNonlinearrelationtoareaanddefectrateWafercostandareaarefixedDefectratedeterminedbymanufacturingprocessDieareadeterminedbyarchitectureandcircuitdesignppt课件IntegratedCircuitCostNonlineBenchmarkingppt课件Benchmarkingppt课件SPECCPUBenchmarkProgramsusedtomeasureperformanceSupposedlytypicalofactualworkloadStandardPerformanceEvaluationCorp(SPEC)DevelopsbenchmarksforCPU,I/O,Web,…SPECCPU2006ElapsedtimetoexecuteaselectionofprogramsNegligibleI/O,sofocusesonCPUperformanceNormalize

relativetoreferencemachineSummarizeasgeometricmeanofperformanceratiosCINT2006(integer)andCFP2006(floating-point)ppt课件SPECCPUBenchmarkProgramsuseCINT2006forOpteronX42356ppt课件CINT2006forOpteronX42356ppSPECPowerBenchmarkPowerconsumptionofserveratdifferentworkloadlevelsPerformance:ssj_ops/secPower:Watts(Joules/sec)ppt课件SPECPowerBenchmarkPower