口腔口腔前庭

DENTALANATOMYDepartmentofStomatologyBeijingHospitalTounderstandthemainstructuresofmouth.Tograspthemaintermsoftoothanatomy.Tobefamiliarwiththeerupttimeofprimaryandpermernentdentition.固有口腔propercavityofmouthORGANSINMOUTHANDTHEIREXTERNALSIGNS口腔前庭vestibuleofmouthpropercavityofmouthvestibuleofmouth固有口腔界上：硬腭、软腭下：舌、口底前、侧：上下牙弓后：咽门唇（Lips）:上下唇系带颊（Cheeks）：颊系带、腮腺导管口、颊脂垫尖舌（Tongue）：舌体、舌根腭（Palate）:硬腭（HardPalate）软腭（SoftPalate）切牙乳头、切牙孔、腭大孔、上颌硬区及上颌隆突、腭小凹、舌腭弓、咽腭弓口底（Floorofmouth）:舌下肉阜、舌下皱襞HardpalateFloorofmouthUpperlipCheek丝状乳头菌状乳头：具有味觉功能。轮廓乳头：具有味觉功能。叶状乳头舌乳头：Thetongueisastrongmuscleinthemouththatiscoveredwithpapillae(smallbumpsonthetongue)andtastebuds(thatsensebitter,salty,sweet,andsourtastes).Thetastebudsareclusteredalongthesidesofthetongue.一、牙齿的形态（Toothconformation）牙齿由牙冠、牙根和牙颈构成。据牙列所在部分分为前牙和后牙。据功能和形态分为切牙、尖牙、双尖牙和磨牙。DENTALANATOMYCrown-thevisiblepartofatooth.Root-theanchorofatooththatextendsintothejawbone.Thenumberofrootsrangesfromonetothree.AnteriorTeethPosteriorTeethIncisorsCanineBicuspidsMolarsPeopleusetheirteethtobiteandchewfood-theyarethefirststepinthedigestionoffood.Thelong,sharpcanineteethtearupfood(likemeat).Thewide,flatmolarsgrindandmashupfood.Whilewechewfood.Thetonguepushesthefoodtotheteethandsalivahelpsdigestionandwetsthefood.Teethalsohelpussaycertainsounds.唇面（LabialSurface），颊面（BuccalSurface）舌面（LingualSurface）近中面（MesialSurface）远中面（DistalSurface）咬合面（OcclusalSurface）沟（Groove），窝（Fossa）点隙（Pit），嵴（Ridge）MEDIAL-nearthemiddleormedialplane.LABIAL-relatingtothelip.LINGUAL-relatingtothetongue.MESIAL-towardthemiddle.DISTAL-apartfromthemiddle.OCCLUSAL-relatingtothebitingsurface.PROXIMALSURFACE-thesurfaceofthetoothadjacenttothenexttooth;referstothemesialanddistalsurfaces.牙根的数目与形态：单根：中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙、下双尖牙双根：上双尖牙、下第一、二磨牙三根：上第一、二磨牙二、牙齿的组织结构牙釉质（enamel）：半透明的钙化组织---羟磷灰石，无机物95%以上。牙本质（dentin）：牙的主体，淡黄，无机物70%，有神经末梢穿过。牙骨质（cementum）：覆盖牙根表面，淡黄，无机物55%，有新生和修复功能。牙髓（pulp）：位于髓腔内的疏松结缔组织，包含血管、神经、淋巴管、成纤维细胞、成牙本质细胞等。神经无髓鞘。Enamel

-thetough,shiny,whiteoutersurfaceofthetooth.Dentin

-thehardbutporoustissuelocatedunderboththeenamelandcementumofthetooth.Dentinisharderthanbone.

Cementum-alayeroftough,yellowish,bone-liketissuethatcoverstherootofatooth.Ithelpsholdthethetoothinthesocket.Thecementumcontainstheperiodontalmembrane.

Pulp

-thesoftcenterofthetooth.Thepulpcontainsbloodvesselsandnerves;itnourishesthedentin.Thecrownisencasedinenamelandtherootincementum.Enamelisthehardestsubstanceinthebodybeingdenselypackedwithhydroxyapatite(mineral)crystalandheavilymineralizedwithcalciumsalts.Cementumiscalcifiedconnectivetissue.Dentin,abonelikematerial,isundertheenamelandmakesupmostofthetooth.Thepulpcavityincludesbloodvessels,lymphaticsandnerves.PULPCAVITY-theentirespacewithinthetooththatcontainspulptissue.PULPCANAL-theportionofthepulpintherootofthetooth.APICALFORAMEN-anapertureintheapexoftheroot.三、牙周组织牙槽骨（alveolarbone）：包绕牙根，疏松，有弹性，牙重要的支持组织。牙周膜（periodontalmembrane）：牙根与牙槽骨之间的结缔组织。固定牙齿、调节咀嚼压力、营养牙齿。牙龈（gingiva）：色粉红、韧、有弹性、点彩。游离龈和附着龈。龈沟<3mm。龈乳头。Alveolarbone-bonesurroundingtheroot.Periodontalmembrane/ligament-thefleshytissuebetweentoothandthetoothsocket;itholdsthetoothinplace.Thefibersoftheperiodontalmembraneareembeddedwithinthecementum.Gingiva-themucosathatcoversthealveolarboneandsurroundstheteeth.上下颌牙在静止和运动时的接触关系称为咬合关系。正中合、前伸合、侧方合上牙覆盖于下牙唇侧，水平向成为覆盖，<3mm；垂直向成为覆合，<1/3牙面。四、咬合关系OCCLUSION-therelationshipofthemaxillaryandmandibulararchinaclosedposition.CENTRICOCCLUSION-therelationshipoftheocclusalsurfacesofonearchtothoseintheopposingarchatphysicalrestposition.MALOCCLUSION-anydeviationfromtheidealpositioningoftheteeth.MAXILLARY-relatingtotheupperlawormaxilia.MANDIBULAR-relatingtothelowerjaw,ormandible.PorjectionOpenbiteCrossBiteCrowdingOverbiteOverjet五、乳牙和恒牙Peoplehavetwosetsofteethintheirlives,theprimaryteeth(alsocalledthebaby,milkordeciduousteeth)andthepermanentteeth(alsocalledtheadultorsecondaryteeth).Childrenhave20primaryteeth;theyarereplacedbythepermanentteethbyaboutage13.Adultshave32permanentteeth.乳牙列（DeciduousDentition）混合牙列（MixedDentition）恒牙列（PermanentDentition）乳牙（DeciduousTeeth）数目：20颗名称：乳中切牙、乳侧切牙、乳尖牙、乳磨牙。萌出时间：6个月---2.5岁Mostbabiesarebornwithnoteethshowing(theteethareforminginsidethegums).The20primaryteeth(alsocalledbabyteethorfirstteeth)erupt(pokethroughthegums)overthetimefromwhenababyisfromabout6monthstoayearold.牙名称与顺序萌出时间（月）乳中切牙6—8乳侧切牙8—10第一乳磨牙12—16乳尖牙16—20第二乳磨牙24—30乳牙萌出时间与顺序乳牙标志与书写DentalFormulaeEDCBAABCDEEDCBAABCDEⅤⅣⅢⅡⅠⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅤⅣⅢⅡⅠⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ上下右左恒牙（PermanentTeeth）数目：28-32颗名称：中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙、第一双尖牙、第二双尖牙、第一恒磨牙、第二恒磨牙、第三恒磨牙萌出时间：6岁—12岁MaxillaryArcadeMandibularArcadePrimaryteethfalloutandarereplacedby32permanentteeth(alsocalledtheadultteeth).Thishappensoverthetimefromwhenachildisfromabout6to14yearsold.Asapermanenttoothformsunderthegumsandinthejawbone,therootsoftheprimarytoothitisreplacingdissolve.Thentheprimarytootheslooseandfallsout.Thepermanenttoothwillfillthespace.Thethirdmolarsofhumansarealsoknownas"wisdomteeth".Theseteethtypicallyemergebetween17and25yearsofage,andoftencrowdotherteethsuchthattheymustbepulled.Somepeopledon'thavewisdomteeth,whichsparesthemthistrauma.DentalFormulaeDeciduous2102

2102=10Permanent2123

2123=16ToothEruptionDeciduousPermanentIncisors6-10months7-8yearsCanine16-20months11yearsPremolars11-13yearsMolars10-24months6-25years恒牙萌出时间和顺序牙名称与顺序萌出时间（岁）牙名称与顺序萌出时间（岁）

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